Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Biocontrol and Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Bacillus and Actinomycetes Isolated from the Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from Different Agroecological Zones of Peru
(MDPI, 2025-12-23) Mamani Rojas, Lizbeth Margarita; Rengifo Sánchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramírez Rojas, Max; Cántaro Segura, Hector
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a key staple crop in the Peruvian Andes, but its productivity is threatened by fungal pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternata. In this study, 71 native bacterial strains (39 from phyllosphere and 32 from rhizosphere) were isolated from potato plants across five agroecological zones of Peru and characterized for their plant growth-promoting (PGPR) and antagonistic traits. Actinomycetes demonstrated broader enzymatic profiles, with 2ACPP4 and 2ACPP8 showing high proteolytic (68.4%, 63.4%), lipolytic (59.5%, 60.6%), chitinolytic (32.7%, 35.5%) and amylolytic activity (76.3%, 71.5%). Strain 5ACPP5 (Streptomyces decoyicus) produced 42.8% chitinase and solubilized both dicalcium (120.6%) and tricalcium phosphate (122.3%). The highest IAA production was recorded in Bacillus strain 2BPP8 (95.4 µg/mL), while 5ACPP6 was the highest among Actinomycetes (83.4 µg/mL). Siderophore production was highest in 5ACPP5 (412.4%) and 2ACPP4 (406.8%). In vitro antagonism assays showed that 5ACPP5 inhibited R. solani and A. alternata by 86.4% and 68.9%, respectively, while Bacillus strain BPP4 reached 51.0% inhibition against A. alternata. In greenhouse trials, strain 4BPP8 significantly increased fresh tuber weight (11.91 g), while 5ACPP5 enhanced root biomass and reduced stem canker severity. Molecular identification confirmed BPP4 as Bacillus halotolerans and 5ACPP5 as Streptomyces decoyicus. These strains represent promising candidates for the development of bioinoculants for sustainable potato cultivation in Andean systems.
Creole goat morphological diversity partially mirrors district-level variation in the seasonally dry forest of Piura in Peru
(Public Library of Science, 2025-12-31) Haro Reyes, José Antonio; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Cruz Flores, Danny Julio; Gonzales Guevara, Pablo Ross; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Livestock systems in marginal ecosystems such as seasonally dry forests (SDFs) face increasing sustainability challenges, yet the role of morphology in mediating animal adaptation to local environmental and management conditions remains underexplored. In the Piura region of northern Peru—home to the country's most extensive SDF and its leading hub of goat production—Creole goats represent a diverse and under-characterized resource shaped by natural and human selection. Despite Creole goats' relevance, little is known about the spatial structure of their phenotypic variation or how it may signal emerging regional morphotypes. Addressing this gap, we conducted a comprehensive morphometric analysis of 617 female Creole goats across three distinct districts within Piura's SDF. Using linear body measurements (LBMs), morphometric indices, and multivariate analyses, we revealed significant district-level phenotypic differentiation. Goats from Catacaos exhibited consistently larger body dimensions and higher compactness indices, forming a distinct cluster in hierarchical analyses and suggesting the emergence of a localized morphotype. Notably, this phenotypic pattern was largely driven by animals from four specific farmers, pointing to the potential influence of herd-level management practices or breeding history. Despite this within-district heterogeneity, the Catacaos subgroup remained clearly differentiated from goats in Lancones. Principal component analysis of LBMs identified a dominant size axis explaining over 70% of variance, with Catacaos goats diverging along this dimension. In contrast, morphometric indices showed weaker discriminatory power. These findings suggest that LBMs outperform derived indices in capturing fine-scale phenotypic structure and may reflect both ecological adaptation and management-driven selection. Our results underscore the potential of morphometric profiling for identifying regionally adapted livestock types and lay the groundwork for future geographic indication schemes that valorize local biodiversity and support rural livelihoods.
Adaptability, Yield Stability, and Agronomic Performance of Improved Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Across Diverse Agro-Ecological Zones in Peru
(MDPI, 2025-12-25) Garcia Pando, Gilberto Arquimides; Montero Bances, Fernando; Torres Limascca, Maria Elena; Alvarez Contreras, Selwyn Omar; Vasquez Damiano, Wildo; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham; Ruiz, Yoel; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is a nutraceutical crop of increasing economic importance in Peru, yet its productivity is highly influenced by genotype × environment (G × E) interactions across heterogeneous agro-ecological zones. Therefore, selecting suitable genotypes for specific environments is essential to optimize variety deployment and maximize site-specific yield. Five purple-maize genotypes (INIA-601, INIA-615, Canteño, PMV-581, and Sintético-MM) were evaluated in four contrasting Peruvian sites using a randomized complete-block design. Grain yield, field weight, anthesis–silking interval (ASI), plant height, and ear-rot incidence were analyzed with combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplots, Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (WAAS), weighted average of absolute scores and best yield index (WAASBY), and Y × WAAS indices. Environment accounted for 90.1% of field-weight variation (p < 0.0001) and 50.2% of grain-yield variation (p < 0.001), while significant G × E interactions (3.93% and 18.14%, respectively) justified bilinear modeling. AMMI1 and GGE "which-won-where" biplots identified INIA-615 and PMV-581 as broadly adapted, with INIA-615 achieving the highest WAASBY and positioning in quadrant IV of Y × WAAS (high yield, high stability). INIA-601 and Sintético-MM exhibited exceptional stability (low ASV) but moderate productivity; Canteño showed limited adaptability. Chumbibamba emerged as a key discriminating, high-productivity location. From an agronomic perspective, INIA-615 is recommended for high-productivity valleys such as Sulluscocha and Santa Rita, where its yield potential and stability are maximized. These findings underscore the potential of integrating multivariate stability metrics with physiological and disease-resistance traits to guide the selection of superior purple corn cultivars. Overall, INIA-615 represents a robust candidate for enhancing yield stability, supporting sustainable intensification, and expanding the nutraceutical value chain of purple corn in the Andean highlands.
Extracto de hojas de Lonchocarpus utilis (Smith, 1930) reduce el ataque de Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin en frutos de Theobroma cacao
(Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 2025-10-10) Guerra Arévalo, Héctor; García Navarro, Víctor; Ucañay Ayllón, Tatiana Mildred; Cerna Mendoza, Agustín; Doria Bolaño, Manuel Santiago; Amasifuen Amasifuen, Emerson; Arévalo Gardini, Enrique; Vásquez Bardales, Joel; Vásquez Vela, Ana Lucía Milagros; Del Castillo Torres, Dennis; Rodríguez Sotelo, Jefferson Alexander; García Soria, Diego Gonzalo; Revilla Chávez, Jorge Manuel; Abanto Rodríguez, Carlos; Guerra Arévalo, Wilson Francisco
Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin es considerada una de las principales plagas en el cultivo de cacao, por tanto, estrategias de control de fácil adquisición, preparación, uso y de bajo costo deben ser generadas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto insecticida del extracto de hojas de Lonchocarpus utilis-LU sobre el control de Carmenta foraseminis en frutos de Theobroma cacao. Fue empleado un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA), con 6 tratamientos, 3 bloques y 10 frutos por parcela experimental. Los tratamientos fueron 6 concentraciones del extracto (T1:0%; T2:10%; T3:20%; T4:30%; T5:40% y T6:50%). Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de presencia de huevos en el fruto (PPHF), el porcentaje de eclosión larval (PEL), número de larvas eclosionadas (NLE), porcentaje de frutos atacados (PFA) y número de orificios (NO). Fue determinado que las concentraciones de 30% y 40%, tuvieron mayor capacidad de inhibición de eclosión de larvas de 10,89% al cuarto día y de 22,85% al sexto día de exposición. Las concentraciones de 30% y 40% fueron más eficientes en la reducción del ataque de la plaga, con 3.77% y 6,79% al cuarto y quinto día de exposición. En tanto, las concentraciones de 10% y 20% presentaron mayor ataque en 34% y 28% al cuarto y quinto día de exposición. Se concluye que, las concentraciones de 30% y 40% del extracto de hojas de Lonchocarpus utilis provocaron mayor eficiencia en el control de Carmenta foraseminis en frutos de Theobroma cacao.
Multi-Year Assessment of Phenotypic Variability and Stability in 49 Peruvian Grapevine (Vitis spp.) Accessions Using AMMI, GGE, and WAASBY Models
(MDPI, 2025-12-23) Ccapa Ramírez, Karina Beatriz; Tarazona Ramírez, Cesar Mario; Carrillo Zavala, Pedro Víctor; Cueva Carhuatanta, César Aldair; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Saenz Rodriguez, Hanz; Hermoza Gutiérrez, Marián Alicia; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Dina Lida; Quispe Jacobo, Fredy Enrique
Grapevines face the dual challenge of sustaining yield and fruit quality under arid and increasingly variable environmental conditions. This study characterized the phenotypic variability and multi-year stability of 49 grapevine (Vitis spp.) accessions conserved in the Chincha germplasm bank over three consecutive growing seasons, with the aim of identifying promising material for table grape, pisco (a traditional grape-based distille spirit from Peru), and wine production. Morphological traits (cluster weight, berry weight and dimensions), colorimetric parameters (CIELAB), and physicochemical attributes (moisture, dry matter, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, and reducing sugars) were evaluated. Multivariate analyses (PCA, hierarchical clustering), genotype × environment interaction models (AMMI and GGE), stability indices (ASV and WAASBY), and assessments of interannual stability were applied, together with a multi-criteria selection index tailored to the intended end use. The results revealed two contrasting phenotypic profiles: one characterized by high berry volume/weight and elevated water content and another with smaller berries but higher dry matter, sugars, balanced acidity, and superior maturity indices. Genotypic effects were predominant for size-related traits such as berry weight, whereas titratable acidity and reducing sugars exhibited a more pronounced genotype × year interaction, supporting the use of AMMI models and the WAASBY index to select genotypes that are both productive and stable. The ranking identified accessions PER1002061, PER1002062, and PER1002168 as outstanding candidates for table grape production; PER1002076, PER1002097, and PER1002156 for pisco; and PER1002122, PER1002131, PER1002135, and PER1002098 as accessions with high oenological potential. Overall, these findings highlight the value and diversity of Peruvian grapevine germplasm and provide a foundation for breeding programs targeting varieties adapted to specific market niches, including table grape, wine, and pisco.
Linking Grain Mineral Content to Pest and Disease Resistance, Agro-Morphological Traits, and Bioactive Compounds in Peruvian Coffee Germplasm
(MDPI, 2025-12-24) Choque Incaluque, Ester Maryeta; Cueva Carhuatanta, César Aldair; Carreraa Rojo, Ronald Pio; Maravi Loyola, Jazmín Yurema; Hermoza Gutiérrez, Marián; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Dina Lidna; Quispe Jacobo, Fredy Enrique; Ccapa Ramírez, Karina Beatriz
Mineral composition modulates plant health, agro-morphological attributes, and functional quality in coffee, yet large-scale evaluations remain limited. In 150 Coffea arabica L. accessions, we quantified grain minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn); resistance to coffee leaf miner (CLM), coffee berry borer (CBB), and coffee leaf rust (CLR); agro-morphological traits; bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, caffeine); and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP). Mn and Zn were associated with greater resistance to CBB and CLM, whereas P and Ca related with lower susceptibility to CLR; a P–Zn antagonism emerged as a critical nutritional axis. Phosphorus was linked to larger size and higher 100-bean mass; Ca and Mg to greater fruit number and fruit mass per plant; and Fe to improved filling and higher 100-bean mass in parchment coffee. For bioactive compounds, P and K were positively associated with total phenolics, total flavonoids, caffeine, and ABTS/FRAP antioxidant activity, while trigonelline and chlorogenic acid correlated positively with the micronutrients Zn, Cu, and Fe. Cluster analysis resolved groups associated with resistance, Zn/Fe biofortification, productivity, and functional quality. PER1002287, PER1002216, PER1002207, and PER1002197 emerged as promising accessions balancing plant health, yield, and phytochemical quality. Overall, grain mineral composition is linked to plant health, productivity, and functional quality in coffee, providing a foundation for precision nutrient management and breeding programs aimed at resilient and high–value-added coffee.
Respuesta productiva de Phaseolus vulgaris L. a la aplicación de compost local y microorganismos eficientes en una zona semiárida de Ayacucho, Perú
(Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2025-12-12) Solano Ramos, Rómulo Agustín; Tineo Bermúdez, Alex Lázaro; Aronés Quispe, Raúl Javier; Sulca Castilla, Orlando Fidel; Carrillo Medina, Pelayo; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham
Una alternativa para mejorar el rendimiento de cultivos en regiones semiáridas es el uso de abonos orgánicos de origen natural que contribuyan al suministro de nutrientes por descomposición y mejoren la capacidad de almacenamiento y retención de agua del suelo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la influencia de un compost de preparación casera denominado "Compuesto San Cristóbal" (CSC) y de microorganismos eficientes (ME) en el rendimiento de frijol rojo en condiciones semiáridas. El estudio se desarrolló en el Centro Experimental Canaán de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho. Se implementó un diseño experimental factorial 2A×2B (A: con y sin CSC; B: con y sin ME) bajo un arreglo de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las parcelas experimentales de 20 m² estuvieron constituidas por cinco surcos distanciados a 0,80 m. Los tratamientos con CSC mostraron rendimientos significativamente superiores comparados con el testigo sin aplicación. Los ME también evidenciaron efectos positivos en el rendimiento, aunque en m12enor magnitud que el CSC. El incremento relativo del rendimiento de grano (Irrg) por aplicación del CSC fue 73,40 %, mientras que para rastrojos (Irrr) fue 21,96 %. La aplicación de ME incrementó el rendimiento de grano en 37,84 % y rastrojos en 9,91 %; la aplicación conjunta de CSC y ME produjo los mayores incrementos: 109,32 % en rendimiento de grano y 26,67 % en rastrojos. Se concluye que tanto el CSC como los ME mejoran significativamente el rendimiento del frijol en condiciones semiáridas; siendo más efectivo el CSC, potenciándose su efecto en aplicación conjunta con ME.
Caracterización agromorfológica del algodón de costa (Gossypium barbadense L.–G. hirsutum L.) del banco de germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2026-01-01) Oyola Medina, Mercedes Tarcila; Mendez Farroñan, Sandra Johana; Chapoñan Vásquez, Miguel; Bustamante Carrasco, Lesly Ysabel; Lindo Seminario, David Enrique
En Perú y el sur de Ecuador se cultiva principalmente Gossypium barbadense L., o algodón nativo, del cual provienen las variedades Pima, Tangüis y Áspero. Se caracterizaron morfológica y agronómicamente 82 accesiones de este algodón del banco de germoplasma de Lambayeque. Se emplearon 37 descriptores (20 fueron cuantitativos y 17 cualitativos) durante 3 años. El análisis de conglomerados agrupó las accesiones en seis grupos. El análisis de varianza reveló que el número de bellotas por planta (NBELPL) y el peso de algodón en rama por planta (ALGRAM) fueron determinantes en la agrupación, con diferencias altamente significativas (p=0,001). El Grupo 4 presentó el mayor rendimiento (0,853±0,199 kg de algodón en rama y 224,0±40,7 bellotas por planta), mientras que los grupos 1 y 6 mostraron los valores más bajos. El análisis de correspondencia múltiple de los descriptores cualitativos mostró que las características de la flor explicaron el 62,4 % de la variabilidad total, destacándose como el factor más influyente. Estos resultados confirman la utilidad de la caracterización morfológica y fenotípica para identificar accesiones nativas con potencial de mejoramiento genético y aplicación en la industria textil peruana.
Evaluación del rendimiento del maíz forrajero (Zea mays L.) intercalado con frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el distrito de Molinopampa, Perú
(Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 2025-12-10) Mori Servan, Diana; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; García Rosero, Ligia M.; Condori Apfata, Jorge A.; Pinedo Canlla, Coralli; Yalta Chappa, Merbelita; Santillan Gomez, Homar; Vigo, Carmen N.; Banda, Duber; Gosgot Ángeles, Wildor
En este estudio se evaluó la intercalación de variedades de maíz forrajero (Zea mays L.) y frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) en la región Amazonas, Perú, con el objetivo de identificar combinaciones que optimicen el rendimiento agrícola. Se aplicó un diseño factorial con 11 tratamientos, combinando tres variedades de maíz (Chuska INIA, Marginal 28T, y Advanta) y de frijol (Vidillo y Wasca). Los resultados revelaron que la asociación entre Chuska INIA y frijol Vidillo (T1) obtuvo los mejores resultados en altura de planta (252.13 ± 3.33 cm) y número de hojas (14.08 ± 0.14), lo que sugiere una combinación favorable. Por el contrario, las asociaciones con maíz Advanta mostraron menores valores en estos parámetros, indicando una adaptación limitada a la intercalación. En cuanto a la longitud y el ancho de hoja, no variaron significativamente entre tratamientos, sugiriendo que estos rasgos son menos sensibles a las combinaciones de cultivos. En cuanto al rendimiento forrajero, el tratamiento T1 destacó con los mayores valores de forraje fresco y materia seca, demostrando el potencial de esta asociación para mejorar la productividad. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de seleccionar combinaciones de cultivos que maximicen la producción, promoviendo la sostenibilidad y eficiencia del sistema agrícola en la región. Se concluye que la intercalación de maíz Chuska INIA con frijol Vidillo es una alternativa prometedora para incrementar el rendimiento forrajero en la región de Amazonas, Perú, contribuyendo a la sostenibilidad agrícola mediante la reducción de insumos y la mejora de la salud del suelo.
Caracterización molecular y filogenética del gen 18S ARNr del nemátodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis indica aislado en el norte de Perú
(Universidad Nacional de Tumes, 2025-06-29) Córdova Campos, José Stalyn; Riojas Gonzáles, Joel Michel; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro S.; Cornejo Hidalgo, Rosa Emelda; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Rosillo Urbina, Erwin Saúl; Ruiz Turpo, Yair Eusebio; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro
La caracterización molecular y filogenética de especies de nematodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) permiten la diferenciación de genotipos circulantes así como el mapeo de su distribución geográfica. Además, de los genotipos más agresivos en la infección de insectos. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la caracterización molecular y filogenética del gen 18S del ARNr del nemátodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis indica aislado en el norte de Perú. Se analizaron 851 bases nitrogenadas de una secuencia consenso del gen 18S del ARNr de una cepa de H. indica, aislada de bosques de algarrobo ubicados en el norte del Perú, la cual ha demostrado actividad entomopatógena contra Galleria mellonella (polilla de la cera). La secuencia consenso fue sometida a un análisis de similitud mediante la herramienta BLAST del GenBank del NCBI, empleando como criterios de búsqueda un 90% de identidad y cobertura. Las secuencias con dichos criterios fueron sometidas a un alineamiento múltiple con la secuencia consenso utilizando el software MEGA v.11. Posteriormente, el alineamiento múltiple se insertó en el software DnaSP v.5 para su caracterización a nivel de variabilidad monomórfica y polimórfica, y así identificar y diferenciar haplotipos. En el alineamiento múltiple, se eliminaron 74 bases no alineadas en sus extremos, de las que quedaron 777 en las que se identificaron y excluyeron 10 huecos (gaps), obteniéndose una matriz final de 767 bases para la caracterización molecular y filogenética. En el análisis de similitud se identificaron 6 secuencias con identidad de 84,89% a 85,11% y coberturas de 92% a 99%. En la caracterización, se encontró 658 sitios conservados (monomórficos) y 109 mostraron variabilidad (polimórficos), lo cual representa posibles eventos mutacionales. Asimismo, se identificaron seis haplotipos distintos (Hap-1 a Hap-6), con un índice de diversidad haplotípica (Hd) de 0,9524, evidenciando que la secuencia consenso evaluada presentó un solo haplotipo (Hap-2) por lo que se le asignó un código de diferenciación genotípica (C05HI). En la filogenética, la secuencia se emparentó con una secuencia registrada en el GenBank (OK493747.1), formando un grupo monofilético. Se sugiere la ampliación de estudios de H. indica C05HI el cual puede ser encontrado en suelos de bosques de algarrobo en el norte de Perú. Así mismo, se recomienda que organismos estatales implementen en sus programas de capacitación, asistencia y/o control de plagas de la especie de nematodo analizada.
Variabilidad genética en cultivares de Musa spp. mediante ADN polimórfico amplificado aleatoriamente (RAPD)
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2025-06-30) Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Campaña Olaya, Jalmer Fidel; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Riojas Gonzales, Joel Michel; Rimanaycuna Ramirez, Jhon Henrry; Seminario Juárez, Karla Lucía; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Córdova Campos, José Stalyn; Suarez Peña, Erick Antonio
El norte de Perú presenta condiciones abióticas favorables para la producción de banano. Sin embargo, la selección artificial ha generado cultivares que, en ocasiones, son difíciles de distinguir fenotípicamente, lo que limita la selección de especímenes con resistencia a plagas y alta calidad productiva. Por esta razón, se recurre al análisis del material genético para identificar los genotipos presentes. Como objetivo se determinó la variabilidad genética de 9 cultivares de Musa spp. mediante ADN polimórfico amplificado aleatoriamente (RAPD). Se seleccionó la tercera hoja de cada planta de banano perteneciente a un cultivar, y utilizando tijeras estériles, se extrajo una porción que luego se disectó en pequeñas secciones. Posteriormente, se procedió a la extracción de ADN genómico, seguida de una amplificación mediante PCR-RAPD utilizando los marcadores OPA-1, OPA-2, OPA-3, OPA-4, A-01, OPC-2 y OPC-15, con el fin de identificar la variabilidad genética a través polimorfismos. Finalmente, el análisis del número de bandas amplificadas, polimórficas y sus respectivos porcentajes se realizó mediante el software R-Studio con el que se obtuvo un dendrograma como producto. En los cultivares IC2, Valery, Montecristo, Cavendish Gigante, Red Dacca, Williams, Gran enano, Gros Michel y M. paradisiaca cv. Zapatito, se amplificaron un total de 76 bandas, de las cuales 41 fueron polimórficas. El dendrograma reveló una relación genética estrecha entre cinco cultivares (Gran Enano, Williams, Montecristo, IC2 y Valery) debido a la similitud en las bandas polimórficas. En cambio, los cultivares Gros Michel, Red Dacca y Zapatito presentaron una diferenciación genética significativa, sin agruparse, debido a la ausencia o mayor cantidad de bandas polimórficas en cada uno. La evidencia sugiere que en el norte del Perú existe una notable diversidad genética entre los cultivares de Musa spp., lo que representa un recurso estratégico para el mejoramiento genético. Por ello, se plantea la integración sistemática de herramientas moleculares en los procesos de selección y certificación, con el objetivo de potenciar la sostenibilidad y competitividad del cultivo en la región.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae asociado a manchas foliares en Musa acuminata empleando la región ITS en ADN fúngico
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2025-06-29) Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Córdova Campos, José Stalyn; García García, Segundo Melecio; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro
Lasiodiplodia theobromae es un hongo multifitopatogeno que infecta a distintas especies de cultivos agrícolas entre los que se encuentran más de un cultivar de banano. No obstante, hasta la fecha no se ha reportado su asociación con manchas foliares. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar a Lasiodiplodia theobromae asociado a manchas foliares en Musa acuminata empleando la región ITS en ADN fúngico. Se analizaron secuencias consensuadas de la región ITS de dos cepas de Lasiodiplodia spp. (C1-LT-HM y C2-LT-HM), las cuales fueron previamente caracterizadas morfológicamente a partir de aislamientos obtenidos de manchas foliares en Musa acuminata. Las secuencias, con 409 y 183 pares de bases respectivamente, fueron introducidas en la herramienta BLAST para buscar secuencias similares disponibles en el banco de genes del NCBI. Posteriormente, se construyó un árbol filogenético utilizando el software MEGA v.11 para analizar la evolución y agrupar los clados. Se encontró que las secuencias de C1-LT-HM y C2-LT-HM presentaban similitudes con 12 secuencias de Lasiodiplodia theobromae disponibles en dicho banco de genes. Además, la secuencia de la cepa C1-LT-HM se agrupó en un clado con una secuencia de Lasiodiplodia theobromae del banco de genes, mientras que la secuencia de la cepa C2-LT-HM se agrupó de manera independiente con ancestros de esta especie. Este estudio constituye el primer informe sobre la asociación de Lasiodiplodia theobromae con manchas foliares en banano en el Perú, utilizando la región ITS en ADN fúngico como herramienta molecular para la identificación del patógeno.
Synergistic effects of potassium and gibberellin on the yield and quality of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) fruits in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-24) Santos Pelaez, Julio Cesar; Leiva Espinoza, Santos Triunfo; Espinoza Núñez, Erick; Saravia Navarro, David; Castillo Torrejon, Carlos Luis; Cruz Delgado, Julio Humberto Ignacio; Klauer Garcia, Dieter Fritz; Casanova Nuñez Melgar, David Pavel
The cultivation of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) is increasing in tropical regions due to its nutritional value and market potential. Yet, agronomic strategies integrating nutrient and hormonal regulation remain scarcely studied. This research evaluated the combined effect of potassium (K₂O) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on yield and fruit quality in field-grown pitahaya in the Peruvian Amazon using a 4 × 2 factorial randomized block design with four potassium doses (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha⁻¹) and two GA₃ levels (0 and 50 mg L⁻¹). The combination of 100 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ and 50 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ significantly improved fruit performance, with fruit weight (369.5 g), yield (12 t ha⁻¹), volume (322 cm³), and soluble solids (22.8°Brix), while acidity decreased (pH 4.87 vs. 4.55 in the control). Potassium alone had a limited impact on fruit weight per plant, but under GA₃ application, a quadratic response was evident, with maximum values between 100–110 kg K ha⁻¹. Multivariate analyses confirmed that yield gains were driven by increases in fruit size and quality, with fertilized treatments clearly separated from controls. These findings demonstrate a synergistic interaction between potassium and GA₃, providing a basis for precision fertilization protocols that enhance yield and quality in high-value tropical fruit systems.
Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Control Agents Against the Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc) Under Field Conditions
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-12-03) Cárdenass Huaman, Gabriela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Casas Niño, Sebastian; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Lozano Isla, Flavio; Morocho Romero, Henry
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop worldwide and a cornerstone of food security across the Andean region. However, its production is increasingly threatened by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, the causal agent of the purple-top complex associated with zebra chip disease, which severely reduces both tuber yield and quality. This study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in the province of Huancabamba, Peru, to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical control agents against B. cockerelli under field conditions. A randomized complete block design was implemented with five treatments and four replicates, totaling 20 experimental units, each consisting of 20 potato plants (S. tuberosum L.), of which 10 plants were evaluated. Treatments included an untreated control (T0), a chemical control (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and imidacloprid) (T1), and three biological control agents: Beauveria bassiana CCB LE-265 (>1.5 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T2), Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T3), and Metarhizium anisopliae (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T4). Foliar applications targeted eggs, nymphs, and adults of the psyllid. Results indicated that B. cockerelli mortality across developmental stages was lower under biological treatments compared with T1, which achieved the lowest probability of purple-top symptom expression (46%) and a zebra chip incidence of 60.60%. Among the biological agents, M. anisopliae (T4) reduced incidence to 56.60%, while P. lilacinus (T3) demonstrated consistent suppression of nymphal populations. In terms of yield, T1 achieved the highest tuber weight (198.86 g plant⁻¹) and number of tubers (7.74 plant⁻¹), followed by T3 (5.08) and T4 (4.24). Nevertheless, all treatments exhibited low yields and small tuber sizes, likely due to unfavorable environmental conditions and the presence of the invasive pest. Overall, chemical control was more effective than biological agents; however, the latter showed considerable potential for integration into sustainable pest management programs. Importantly, vector suppression alone does not guarantee the absence of purple-top complex symptoms or zebra chip disease in potato tubers.
Malformaciones congénitas. Reporte de meromelia, amelia y anuro en terneros
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), 2025-11-18) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Pomatanta Escobal, Nevil Itamar; Portal Torres, Jorge; Alvarado C., Wigoberto; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
La amelia es una malformación representada por la ausencia de una extremidad o extremidades. Las causas de esta anomalía son multifactoriales, involucrando componentes genéticos, ambientales y epigenéticos. Las mutaciones en genes críticos como Shh (Sonic Hedgehog) y los genes Hox, esenciales para la formación y diferenciación de las extremidades durante el desarrollo embrionario, las interrupciones en Shh y Hox o en su ruta de señalización pueden resultar en amelia. Asimismo, mutaciones en estos genes pueden provocar disrupciones severas en el desarrollo de las extremidades. La amelia se caracteriza anatómicamente por la ausencia completa de una o más extremidades anteriores o posteriores. En cuanto a la meromelia, este tipo de anomalía se trata de la ausencia parcial de una o varias extremidades. Tres casos de bovinos presentaron una malformación en las extremidades anteriores, el primer y tercer caso con anuro. En el examen macroscópico se identificó el primer caso con meromelia y anuro. En el segundo se identificó amelia de las extremidades anteriores derecha e izquierda y el tercer caso con presencia de anuro. Concluyendo que, en los tres casos se presentaron anomalías congénitas.
Ensemble machine learning for digital mapping of soil pH and electrical conductivity in the Andean agroecosystem of Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-06) Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Barja , Antony; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
In agricultural systems, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) are crucial chemical properties that directly affect nutrient availability and microbial activity, but the challenging environment of the Peruvian Andes has limited research on their estimation. This study aimed to develop an ensemble learning method to predict soil pH and EC in Andean agroecosystems using environmental predictors. By using simple and weighted averaging, we developed a heterogeneous ensemble learning approach that integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The weighted ensemble assigns weights to models based on their predictive accuracy, measured by R² from spatial cross-validation. Spatial patterns are noticeable, and pH displays greater spatial clustering than EC. Elevation was the most important predictor in ML models for both parameters. Ensemble models significantly outperformed individual models, with the weighted ensemble achieving R² >0.93 and reducing RMSE by approximately 72%. Among standalone models, RF and XGBoost performed best for pH, while SVM performed the best for EC. ANN models were the least effective. Uncertainty analysis indicated high confidence in pH predictions but moderate to high uncertainty in EC predictions, suggesting that EC is more challenging to predict. Ensemble models with optimized weighting provide robust and accurate mapping of spatially autocorrelated soil properties. The high-confidence pH maps are reliable for soil management decisions, while EC predictions, though more uncertain, effectively identify priority areas for future sampling and investigation.
Evaluating soil cover strategies for enhancing water conservation, biomass contribution, and weed control in rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) cultivation under arid conditions
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2025-11-11) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Cama Moreno, Elick Melissa; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sustainable crop production in arid regions is challenged by soil moisture loss, low organic matter content, and intense weed competition. This study aimed to assess the impact of different mulching strategies on the main crop yield, soil moisture conservation, the contribution of dry biomass and nitrogen to the soil by living covers, and the efficacy of weed control. The experiment was conducted in Santa Rita de Siguas (Arequipa, Peru) using a completely randomized block design with four treatments and three replicates. Measurements included biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens), volumetric soil moisture, dry biomass, and nitrogen content in living covers, as well as weed density. Results indicated that most treatments had no significant impact on the biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto. Plastic mulch reduced irrigation demand and suppressed weeds, although crop yield did not significantly differ among treatments. Among the living mulches, Trifolium pratense was more effective than Melilotus albus in conserving soil moisture, maintaining levels up to 15.86%. In contrast, Melilotus albus produced the highest above-ground dry biomass (8.57 t·h⁻¹), although both legume species accumulated similar amounts of nitrogen in their biomass. Both living covers gradually reduced weed populations, though without complete eradication. In conclusion, plastic mulch represents a potential option under conditions of severe water limitation. Meanwhile, leguminous cover crops, particularly M. albus, offer an alternative complementary strategy for enhancing soil organic matter and could promote long-term sustainability of the cropping system. These findings warrant extended temporal validation to confirm their reproducibility and reliability.
Territorial zoning as a strategy for sustainable natural resource management in Cajamarca, Northwestern Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-09-25) Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Generating agricultural suitability analyses that are objective, consistent, and accessible through digital platforms remains a technical and methodological challenge, creating an information gap for certain stakeholders. To address this issue, we assessed the territorial suitability of the Cajamarca region for coffee and cocoa cultivation using 18 subcriteria grouped into climatic, edaphological, topographic, and socioeconomic categories. To reduce subjectivity and improve consistency in variable comparisons, we applied multicriteria evaluation techniques, including the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Shannon entropy method. On the basis of the resulting weights, suitability models were generated using two approaches: one based on threshold reclassification and another using continuous suitability functions. Both approaches were validated using 3886 presence points for coffee and 671 for cocoa. The continuous approach demonstrated a greater ability to capture internal variability and spatial transitions, with greater dispersion and significant differences between classes. The most influential subcriteria for coffee were annual mean temperature, soil texture, elevation, and land use/land cover (LULC); for cocoa, they were annual mean temperature, soil pH, elevation, and LULC. In key districts, up to 59.8 % of the territory was classified as highly suitable, highlighting localized production potential. Finally, the results were integrated into the Suitability Watch Cajamarca application, developed in the Google Earth Engine, enabling interactive inspection of spatial suitability. This tool aims to support evidence-based agricultural planning and is intended for national scaling to other strategic crops.
Diversity and Selection of Superior Algarrobos (Neltuma pallida) Phenotypes in the Natural Dry Forests of Peru for Sustainable Conservation and Genetic Improvement
(MDPI, 2025-11-20) Casas Niño, Sebastian; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanet; Nauray , William; Tirabante Terrones, Nery; Ramírez Rojas, Max Augusto; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization in the regions of Piura and Tumbes in northern Peru. A stratified random sampling design was applied, establishing forest plots in 13 localities and evaluating 631 adult individuals. Dendrometric and phenotypic traits were recorded together with physiographic, climatic, and edaphic variables obtained from soil analyses and geographic information systems. Phenotypic differentiation among populations was assessed using the index PST, which quantifies between- and within-population variance components. High morphological variability was detected across populations, with significant differences in tree height, diameter, and fruit production, largely explained by environmental heterogeneity, particularly soil fertility and organic matter. The PST values, ranging from 0.83 to 0.98, revealed strong phenotypic divergence among populations, suggesting adaptive differentiation rather than neutral variation. Eight superior individuals were identified as potential candidates for inclusion in a germplasm bank to support breeding and restoration programs. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management and conservation of N. pallida in the arid ecosystems.
Impact of interstock and rootstock on the growth and productivity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Kent in the San Lorenzo valley, Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-24) Casas Niño, Sebastián; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Cárdenas Huamán, Gabriela; Nuñez Ticliahuanca, Esdwin Oberti; Montañez Artica, Ana Gabriela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit tree characterized by vigorous growth and high fruit production, making it one of Peru's main export crops. However, its extensive vegetative development requires substantial space, limiting productivity per unit area. This study evaluated the effects of rootstock and interstock combinations on agronomic traits and fruit biometrics, highlighting the potential of interstocks to modulate tree vigor in mango orchards of Peru's dry forest region. A total of 216 trees were established using 'Chulucanas' and 'Chato' as rootstocks and 'Chulucanas,' 'Chato,' 'Irwin,' and 'Julie' as interstocks, apically grafted with the 'Kent' cultivar, with a spacing of 6.0 m × 6.0 m. Tree performance was assessed after 10 years during the 2017–2019 growing seasons in Piura, Peru, under a randomized complete block design (2 × 4 factorial). The combination of the 'Chulucanas' rootstock with 'Chulucanas' and 'Julie' interstocks reduced tree height by 10.94% and 11.70%, respectively, facilitating orchard management and potentially increasing planting density. Yield varied significantly among growing seasons, with a 15% reduction in 2017 attributed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related increases in temperature and rainfall that affected flowering and fruit set. These results underscore the importance of cultivar selection and climate-adaptive strategies to sustain mango productivity in regions prone to climatic variability.

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