Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

Examinar

Mostrando 1 - 20 de 1092

Local animal genetic resources for biodiversity conservation, climate resilience and rural bioeconomies in Ibero-America: A scoping review
(Conservation, 2026-10-03) Jiménez Marín, Gerald; Sevilla, Francisco; Araya Zúñiga, Ignacio; Barrientos Morales, Manuel; Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio; Ccalta Hancco , Ruth; Cucho Dolmos, Hernán Carlos; Valverde, Anthony
Local animal genetic resources are a strategic component of agrobiodiversity and represent key assets for food security and sustainable development. The aim was to analyze the available evidence on the role of local animal genetic resources in biodiversity conservation, productive resilience, food security, and sustainable rural development in Ibero-America. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The literature and institutional documents published from January 2001 to June 2026 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, AGRIS/FAO, and relevant institutional repositories. The final search was completed on 15 June 2026. Eligibility was defined using the Population-Concept-Context framework, and evidence was synthesized thematically and comparatively. The scientific literature published was considered, with emphasis on local breeds, in situ and ex situ conservation, gene banks, phenotypic and genomic characterization, bioeconomy, public policies and rural production. The search identified 187 records. After removal of one duplicate, 186 records were screened by title and abstract, of which 77 were excluded. A total of 109 full-text reports were assessed and included in the scoping review. An additional 43 contextual or supporting references were cited outside the screened evidence set. Evidence indicates that creole and local breeds provide adaptive traits, heat tolerance, disease resistance or tolerance, cultural value and productive resilience. However, conservation initiatives remain fragmented and face limitations related to census data, funding, governance, genetic monitoring, traceability and economic valorization. Regional evidence indicates relevant progress in genetic characterization, germplasm banks, and research programs. The review concludes that animal genetic resources conservation will only be sustainable if it integrates living populations, representative germplasm banks, reproductive biotechnologies, genomic information, public policies, economic incentives, differentiated markets, and active producer participation. Local animal genetic resources must be considered as biological infrastructure for climate adaptation, food security, and inclusive rural bioeconomies.
Geospatial suitability of cacao in Amazonas (Peru): An ensemble predictive modeling approach (BIOMOD2) integrating multisource data, territorial management, and plant health
(Public Library of Science, 2026-10-09) Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Medina Medina, Angel J.; Tuesta Trauco, Katerin M.; Rivera Fernandez, Abner S.; Silva Melendez, Teodoro B.; Grandez Alberca, Marlen A.; Puscan Rojas, Julio; Salas López, Rolando; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Leiva Espinoza, Santos Triunfo; Huaman Pilco, Angel F.; Barboza, Elgar
Identifying climatically suitable areas for cacao cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.) is essential to guide sustainable intensification, territorial planning, and compliance with emerging environmental standards in tropical regions. This study assessed the current climatic suitability of cacao in the Amazonas department (northwestern Peru) using an ensemble modeling approach implemented in biomod2, integrating bioclimatic, topographic, and edaphic predictors with spatial biophysical exclusion criteria, legal conservation constraints, regulatory eligibility associated with the European Union Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR), and local phytosanitary evidence. A total of 403 quality-controlled presence records were used to calibrate multiple machine-learning algorithms under cross-validation, retaining only those with high predictive performance (AUC>0.9; TSS>0.7). Decision tree–based models, particularly Random Forest and XGBoost, showed the best individual performance, while the consensus model exhibited greater spatial stability and overall accuracy. Results indicate that approximately 14.8% of the regional territory presents high climatic suitability under current conditions, concentrated in inter-Andean valleys and low- to mid-elevation zones, with thermal seasonality identified as the main environmental predictor. However, the incorporation of territorial and regulatory constraints substantially reduced the effectively available area, especially under the EUDR scenario, demonstrating that cacao expansion potential is strongly conditioned by conservation and regulatory frameworks. High-priority degraded areas emerged as focal opportunities for productive restoration through agroforestry systems. Phytosanitary validation (2021–2024) revealed high spatial concordance between areas of greatest climatic suitability and the prevalence and incidence of major cacao pathogens and pests, particularly Moniliophthora roreri and M. perniciosa, confirming that optimal climatic niches for cultivation also favor biotic pressure. Overall, this study provides an integrative framework combining climatic modeling, territorial management, and phytosanitary risk, delivering robust scientific inputs to inform public policy, land-use planning, and sustainable cacao production strategies in the Amazon.
Influence of soil texture and organic matter on the erosion resistance of sloped agricultural soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(Wiley, 2026-09-24) Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Soil erosion is a major driver of soil degradation in the Peruvian Amazon, compromising the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems established on sloping terrain. This study evaluated the relationship between soil texture, soil organic matter (SOM) and relative erosion susceptibility, expressed through the comprehensive soil erosion resistance (CSER) index, across 48 plots distributed among four sites representing contrasting land-use systems: oil palm in Lamas (LA-OP), primary forest in Picota (PI-FO), coffee in Alto Saposoa (RM-CO) and rice in Yurimaguas (YU-RI). The CSER was calculated using principal component analysis and membership functions based on structural, textural and erodibility indicators. The results revealed positive correlations between CSER and clay content, elevation and SOM, whereas sand content was negatively correlated with the index. Redundancy analysis showed that land use, soil texture and SOM jointly explained 90.34% of the variation in the evaluated indicators, with clay content accounting for the largest independent contribution (32.58%). Generalised linear models indicated that a one-standard-deviation increase in SOM was associated with a 0.04-unit increase in CSER, whereas an equivalent increase in silt content was associated with a 0.04-unit decrease in CSER. In contrast, clay exhibited a positive nonlinear relationship with CSER. These findings suggest that clay and SOM act as protective factors by enhancing soil erosion resistance, whereas higher silt contents are associated with greater soil vulnerability to erosion.
Co-inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Azospirillum brasilense outperforms nitrogen fertilisation in terms of yield, crude protein content, and profitability of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation in the Peruvian Andes
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-09-17) Bellido Tenorio, Enrique; Alarcón Romani, Susan Milagros; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Palomino Espinoza, Claudio Carlos; Rengifo Sanchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Erazo Huarache, José Manuel; García Blásquez, Cayo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a key crop for food security in communities of the Peruvian Andes; however, its productivity is constrained by low soil fertility and the high cost of nitrogen fertilisers. In this context, the effects of co-inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (strain Ar-014) and Azospirillum brasilense (strain Az-007) on crop yield, crude protein content, and economic profitability were evaluated in comparison with conventional nitrogen fertilisation. The study was conducted at the Canaan Agrarian Experimental Station (Ayacucho, Peru; 2,750 m.a.s.l.) using a randomised complete block design with five treatments and four replicates: T01 (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae inoculation), T02 (Azospirillum brasilense inoculation), T03 (co-inoculation), T04 (mineral-N comparator, 82.5 kg N ha−1), and T05 (uninoculated and unfertilised control). The results showed that T03 (co-inoculation) significantly outperformed nitrogen fertilisation (T04) (p < 0.01), achieving higher green pod yield (6.73 vs. 5.63 t ha−1), crude protein content (24.28 vs. 23.67%), and economic profitability (262.75 vs. 176.78%). Furthermore, T03 recorded the highest values for root length (21.73 cm), number of nodules per plant (20.27), and number of seeds per pod (6.07). Individual inoculation treatments (T01 and T02) also improved specific agronomic traits, such as aboveground biomass and number of pods per plant, respectively, although neither surpassed the performance of the co-inoculation treatment (T03). The Relative Yield Index (RYI_N) in the inoculated treatments was 16.85–19.49% higher than that observed under nitrogen fertilization. Overall, these results indicate that co-inoculation with R. leguminosarum b. viciae and A. brasilense (T03) represents a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization for green pea production under the evaluated high-Andean conditions, improving agronomic performance and economic profitability.
Evaluation of the response of creole cows (Bos taurus) to two fixed-time artificial insemination protocols in the High-Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru
(Sociedade de Medicina Veterinária, 2026-08-11) Contreras Huamaní, Mijaíl; Mendoza Leiva, César Jorge; Guzman Santaria, Hamilton; Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Unlike specialized breeds, High-Andean Creole cattle have developed a remarkable adaptability and hardiness to challenging high-altitude conditions, albeit at the expense of productivity. However, the efficiency of their reproductive performance under estrus synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) remains scarcely addressed. This study aimed to evaluate the response of Creole cows to two FTAI protocols in the districts of Chuschi (Cangallo) and Chipao (Lucanas), Ayacucho, Peru. From a sample of 60 Creole cows (identified by phenotype and coat color), with uniform body condition scores and management system, 35 were synchronized using a three-handling protocol (T1: estradiol cypionate and Bovine Intravaginal device (BID) removal on day 8), and 25 using a four-handling protocol (T2: BID removal on day 7 and estradiol benzoate on day 8). The cows were inseminated using thawed semen from Fleckvieh and Brown Swiss bulls, the latter belonging to the genetic nucleus of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Estrus detection rates ranged from 88.6% to 80.0%, yielding pregnancy rates of 57.1% and 56.0% for T1 and T2, respectively (p>0.05). No significant effects of protocol, age, number of calvings, body condition score, or bull breed were found on estrus detection, pregnancy, or calf sex (p>0.05). However, cows with a corpus luteum had 7.1-fold higher odds of pregnancy than those presenting only follicles (p<0.05). In conclusion, both FTAI protocols demonstrated comparable reproductive performance; however, the three-handling protocol with estradiol cypionate emerges as the preferred option due to its lower cost and greater operational simplicity under challenging High-Andean conditions.
Multivariate characterization and typology of cattle production systems in the high jungle of Peru: Insights for improving sustainability and productivity
(Eldaghayes Publisher, 2026-09-15) Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal; Barron Lopez, José Alberto; Meza Rojas, Elmer Raul; Sessarego , Emmanuel Alexander; Hermitaño Osorio, Fiorela Maritza; Vargas Gonzales, Francisco; Barrantes Campos, Cecilio
Background: In Peru's high tropical region, cattle production systems exhibit low productivity, largely due to heterogeneous management practices influenced by diverse environmental and socioeconomic conditions. Aim: This study aims to categorize cattle production systems in the Peruvian high jungle using multivariate analysis. This allows us to identify three distinct production systems with significant socioeconomic and technological differences. Methods: A survey was conducted among 210 cattle producers from the districts of Oxapampa, Chontabamba, and Huancabamba, located in the Pasco department (Peru). Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to group farms with similar productive features. This classification produced meaningful typologies that can inform tailored management practices and policy decisions. Results: CATPCA explained 22.46% of the total variance, identifying milk production, cattle dosing, and cow culling age as key factors. HCA revealed three distinct production systems that differed significantly (p < 0.05) across social, farm and pasture management, animal production, and economic-financial components: (1) Traditional Extensive System representing 17.14% of producers, characterized by low educational level and limited technology use. Farms are small, rely mainly on natural pastures, experience high pest incidence, and have low milk yield (36–50 L/day), with production primarily destined for self-consumption; (2) Improved Dual-Purpose Extensive System comprising 78.09% of producers, characterized by intermediate level of educational and technology adoption, diversified farm activities, effective pest control, moderate milk production (60–80 L/day), and varied milk marketing destination; and (3) Semi-Intensive System 4.77% of producers, characterized by higher education levels, mixed land use, aging pastures, high milk yield (140–150 L/day), and milk marketed mainly to dairy plants. Conclusion: The distinct characteristics of each system highlight the need for regional livestock extension programs that combine technical training, knowledge exchange, and participatory innovation with remote sensing and geospatial tools to monitor pastures, stocking rates, water resources, and land-use changes.
Evaluación de la variabilidad fenotípica de las accesiones de rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) del banco nacional de germoplasma del INIA, Peru
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 2026-07-15) Delgado Lazo, Andrea Graciela; Taco Huancara, Dimas; Dadther Huaman, Hans Adams; Hilari Hilari, Mari Carmen; Pacheco Lizárraga, Gonzalo Antonio
Antecedentes: El rocoto (Capsicum pubescens) es una especie domesticada del género Capsicum con creciente interés a nivel económico, debido a su reciente ingreso en diversos mercados internacionales. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad fenotípica de 261 accesiones de la colección de rocoto del Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), conservadas en la Estación Experimental Agraria Arequipa. Metodología: Se caracterizaron 261 accesiones mediante 52 descriptores agromorfológicos (37 cualitativos y 15 cuantitativos). En los descriptores cualitativos se aplicó el índice de Shannon-Weaver y el análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Los cuantitativos fueron analizados mediante análisis de correlación de Pearson, análisis de componentes principales y agrupamiento jerárquico. Resultados: Los descriptores cualitativos con mayor diversidad estuvieron asociados al fruto, principalmente el color del fruto en estado maduro, la forma del fruto y forma del fruto en unión con el pedicelo. En los caracteres cuantitativos, el peso del fruto, el ancho del fruto, el espesor de la pared del fruto y el diámetro de la placenta fueron los principales responsables de la variabilidad. Los análisis multivariados (ACP y agrupamiento jerárquico) evidenciaron la estructuración de la colección en dos grupos principales, diferenciados por características de vigor vegetativo y desarrollo del fruto, confirmando que los rasgos del fruto constituyen los principales factores de diferenciación entre accesiones. Implicaciones: El estudio evidencia la variabilidad fenotípica presente en la colección de rocoto. Los resultados proporcionan información útil para la identificación de accesiones con características agronómicas diferenciadas, facilitando la toma de decisiones en procesos de caracterización y conservación de germoplasma. Conclusiones: La colección de rocoto del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA presenta una alta variabilidad fenotípica, principalmente determinada por caracteres del fruto, los cuales constituyen los principales criterios de diferenciación entre accesiones. Esta variabilidad evidencia la existencia de divergencia morfológica dentro de la colección y representa una base sólida para la selección de materiales promisorios y el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genético y conservación de C. pubescens.
Pathogenicity of native isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema) against Spodoptera frugiperda under arid coastal conditions
(Taylor & Francis, 2026-09-24) Jaramillo-Carrión, María; Carbajal-Fanso, Segundo; Perez Regalado Fuentes, Jessica; Palomino Arias, Mickel; Valladolid Suyón, Esteban Anselmo
Given the increasing resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to chemical insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) offer a sustainable alternative. This study aimed to isolate and identify native EPNs from agricultural soils in Lambayeque, Peru, evaluate their spatial distribution, and determine their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda under arid coastal conditions. Out of 267 soil samples collected from various agroecosystems, 7.5% tested positive for EPNs, revealing a global distribution (R-index = 0.453) in perennial crops. Molecular analysis (ITS) confirmed identities with over 99.4% similarity to Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema diaprepesi, representing the first genetic report of the latter in Peru. In vitro bioassays against S. frugiperda showed that Heterorhabditidae strains caused mortality rates > 85% (at 80 IJs/larva); specifically, strain UNPRG.SV 01 exhibited the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50 = 4.63 IJs/larva), followed by UNPRG.SV 10 (LC50 = 8.02). Conversely, while UNPRG.SV 19 (Steinernematidae) showed less than 15% lethality in vitro, in vivo trials demonstrated 70.0% efficacy over 96 h, which was statistically comparable to chemical insecticide performance (72.5%). These results indicate promising biocontrol potential of these native isolates and their potential integration into integrated pest management programs.
Carbon footprint of Creole goat milk production in Peru under crop-residue and Andean shrubland systems
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-09-24) Ayala Roldan, Richard; Paredes Chocce, Miguel; Castillo Doloriert, Hugo; Godoy Padilla, David; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Haro Reyes, José Antonio
CONTEXT: Goat farming in Peru is economically marginal yet essential for rural livelihoods and food security. Creole goats are managed extensively on native rangelands or crop residues, but their greenhouse gas emissions remain poorly quantified. OBJECTIVE: To assess the carbon footprint (CFP) of Creole goat milk production under two contrasting extensive systems in Lima (crop-residue based) and Ancash (shrubland-based), Peru. METHODS: A cradle-to-farm-gate life cycle assessment was conducted on six farms per system during winter and summer. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ were estimated using IPCC methodologies and expressed per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). CFP were analyzed using univariate and mixed-effects models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: System differences in farm characteristics were more pronounced during summer, when Ancash system, compared to Lima system, showed higher dietary fiber concentrations (42.65% vs 33.10%; p < 0.001) and produced milk with greater total solids content (15.38% vs 13.70%; p < 0.05). However, CFP did not differ significantly between systems, ranging from 0.681 to 1.672 kg CO₂-eq kg⁻¹ FPCM, with enteric fermentation accounting for 74–79% of total emissions. Significant system × season interactions for fuel and electricity emissions revealed contrasting seasonal resource-use responses between systems. These findings indicate that seasonal dynamics are a major driver of emission variability, while overall CFP remained comparable between systems. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first CFP assessment of Creole goat milk production in Peru and highlights the importance of considering ecosystem and seasonal variability when assessing emissions from marginal goat systems.
LiDAR-based assessment of above-ground biomass and carbon stocks in coffee agroforestry systems: Implications for climate mitigation and smallholder livelihoods at different elevations
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-09-21) Goñas Goñas, Malluri; García, Ligia; Oliva, Manuel; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Torres Herrera, Pedro Antonio; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Veneros, Jaris
Coffee agroforestry systems (CAS) mitigate climate change, but their structural complexity hinders accurate carbon quantification. We combined aerial LiDAR and field data to assess vegetation height, aboveground biomass (AGB), and carbon stocks across three altitudinal strata (1277–1710 m a.s.l.) in six CAS plots (comprising 1559,858 LiDAR-derived observation cells) in northern Peru. Mean canopy height (2.47–8.79 m), AGB (1.55–40.59 Mg ha⁻¹), and carbon (0.73–19.08 Mg C ha⁻¹) varied widely; coefficients of variation often exceeded 100%, reflecting high heterogeneity. A mixed-effects logarithmic model (LiDAR-derived height as a fixed effect; farm as a random effect) revealed a significant positive height-biomass relationship (β₁ = 2.400; p < 0.001). The model's estimated parameters provide quantitative evidence of the importance of farm-level random effects. While the global fixed-effect slope for the height-biomass relationship was 2.400, the mixed-effects framework allowed this scaling rule to deviate by farm. For instance, the model quantified a distinct random slope of 3.065 for one specific farm. This represents a 27.7% increase in the rate of biomass accumulation per unit of canopy height compared to the global average. This quantitative divergence in allometric scaling across farms provides direct evidence that local conditions significantly alter biomass dynamics, justifying a random-effects structure over traditional fixed-effect models. Random effects captured local variations driven by management and species composition, with one farm showing distinct accumulation dynamics (β₁ = 3.065). Because of partial dependence between LiDAR metrics and field-calibrated biomass estimates, model performance reflects internal structural consistency rather than independent predictive validation. Consequently, LiDAR height should be interpreted as a robust structural indicator rather than an entirely independent indicator. Nevertheless, LiDAR-derived height reliably indicates AGB in CAS, though model transfer requires farm-scale calibration. This non-destructive, spatially explicit approach strengthens carbon monitoring in tropical agroforestry. By reducing the costs and uncertainties of Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV), this workflow lowers the barriers for smallholder integration into carbon markets and REDD+ programs, directly linking accurate carbon accounting to improved livelihood incentives.
Effect of pruning systems on vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of key lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) under growing conditions in the Piura region
(MDPI, 2026-09-11) Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Peña Castillo, Ricardo; Morales Pizarro, Arturo; Valencia Flores, Alex; Paiva Avendaño, Edgar Manuel; La Rosa Lama, Gerson Ommar; Ramírez Rojas, Max; San Martin Zapata, Carlos
Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) is an important fruit crop in northern Peru; however, inadequate canopy management can limit productivity and fruit quality. This study evaluated the effects of different pruning systems on vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality of key lime under the growing conditions of the Piura region. The experiment was conducted during the 2024 and 2025 growing seasons in two commercial orchards using a randomized complete block design with four pruning systems, namely maintenance pruning (MP), thinning pruning (TP), maintenance pruning combined with thinning pruning (MP + TP), and no pruning (NP), with four replicates per system. Vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality variables were evaluated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test (p < 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis, and correlation analysis. Pruning significantly affected vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit physical attributes, whereas juice soluble solids, vitamin C content, and titratable acidity were not significantly affected. MP, TP, and MP + TP were associated with higher yields than NP, while MP also showed greater values for several fruit physical attributes. Some responses varied with growing season and/or study site. Overall, pruning modified vegetative and productive responses in key lime, and MP combined relatively high yield with greater values for several fruit physical attributes under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the studied orchards in Piura.
Antagonistic activity of PGPR isolated from the avocado (Persea americana) rhizosphere on Phytophthora cinnamomi and Lasiodiplodia theobromae
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-08-10) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have proven to be a sustainable alternative for managing plant pathogens. Developing inoculants with these PGPRs requires a rigorous selection of highly effective native bacterial isolates. In the present study, 29 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of 'Zutano' avocado (Persea americana Mill.), a rootstock widely used for the commercial cultivar 'Hass', from a commercial orchard on the northern coast of Peru. Two antagonistic isolates showing the highest in vitro inhibition capacity were selected to evaluate their efficacy against the pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causal agents of avocado root rot and dieback, respectively. Results demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis exhibited strong in vitro antagonistic activity against P. cinnamomi and L. theobromae, with 44% and 33.33% inhibition, respectively. Additionally, inoculation of B. subtilis in avocado plants infected with P. cinnamomi resulted in an estimated 90% root viability based on a visual disease severity scale, while increasing root dry weight and length by 116.58% and 44.59%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of B. subtilis for the biological control of avocado diseases caused by P. cinnamomi, while Pseudomonas putida showed promising in vitro antagonistic activity.
Microbial inoculant-mediated transformation of Jarava ichu biomass: effects on nutrient availability and heavy metal concentrations
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2026-08-27) Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Goicochea Silva, Percy Yander; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Cuevas Giménez, Juan Pablo; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Jarava ichu is an abundant grass species in high-Andean ecosystems but remains underutilised because its slow natural decomposition limits its potential as an organic soil amendment. Its accumulation may also contribute to the retention of heavy metals in soils, potentially affecting soil quality and agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants on the physicochemical and mineral composition of J. ichu biomass and their potential to reduce heavy-metal concentrations. Methods: A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted under a randomised complete block design (RCBD), comprising eight treatments, including a non-inoculated control. The microbial inoculants evaluated were Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma viride, and EM-Compost. After 180 days of incubation, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), and heavy metals (Ni, Cr, and Pb) were determined. Treatment and interaction effects were evaluated to identify changes in biomass composition and contaminant concentrations. Results: T. viride and EM-Compost significantly increased EC to 53.57 and 56.83 mS·m⁻¹, respectively, and enhanced macronutrient availability, particularly P (4,455.24 and 4,462.60 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively) and Mg (3,630.33 and 3,706.39 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively). T. viride reduced Ni and Cr concentrations by 15.53% and 19.75%, respectively, whereas EM-Compost reduced Pb concentration by 43.98%. Among the interaction effects, the combination of B. bassiana and EM-Compost produced the highest K concentration (2,659.45 mg·kg⁻¹). Discussion and conclusion: Microbial inoculation promoted substantial changes in the chemical composition of J. ichu biomass after 180 days, particularly by increasing nutrient availability and reducing selected heavy-metal concentrations. T. viride and EM-Compost showed the greatest potential for enhancing nutrient release and reducing contaminants, suggesting that microbial treatment may improve the suitability of J. ichu biomass for subsequent valorisation as an organic soil amendment. Further studies should directly quantify decomposition rates, nutrient mineralisation, and the agronomic effects of the resulting biomass to confirm its potential for soil management.
Portable NIR spectroscopy for soil property prediction and fertility assessment in coffee and cocoa systems
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-09-01) Grandez Alberca, Marlen A.; Puscan Rojas, Julio; Silva Melendez, Teodoro B.; Juarez Contreras, Lily del Pilar; Medina Medina, Angel J.; Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Rivera Fernandez, Abner S.; Tuesta Trauco, Katerin M.; Coronel Alcalde, Mirella N.; Roman Peña, Alcides; Pizarro, Samuel; Barboza, Elgar
The study evaluated the potential of portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict soil physicochemical properties in coffee and cocoa production systems in Amazonas, Peru. A total of 126 topsoil samples were initially collected using a stratified sampling design. A total of 125 surface soil samples were analyzed using a stratified sampling design. Soil properties were determined using standard laboratory reference methods, and spectral data were acquired with a NeoSpectra portable spectrometer operating in the 1350–2550 nm (FT-NIR) range. Predictive models were developed using Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), and their performance was evaluated using nested five-fold cross-validation (CV). The predictive performance of portable NIR spectroscopy varied according to the soil property, production system, preprocessing technique, and machine learning algorithm. Coffee soils showed higher predictive performance than cocoa soils. The best results were obtained for clay (R²CV = 0.775; RPDCV = 2.276) using RF with first-derivative preprocessing, followed by phosphorus (R²CV = 0.772; RPDCV = 2.037) using PLSR with band-depth preprocessing. Soil pH and silt also showed satisfactory predictive performance in coffee soils. In cocoa soils, potassium exhibited the highest predictive capability (R²CV = 0.454; RPDCV = 1.378) using SVM with second-derivative preprocessing, although the overall model performance was lower than that observed for coffee soils. Portable NIR spectroscopy provided potentially useful estimates for selected soil properties, particularly clay, phosphorus, pH, and silt in coffee soils. However, its predictive performance was strongly dependent on the soil property, preprocessing strategy, machine learning algorithm, and production system.
Reproductive performance of Creole goats subjected to estrus synchronization protocols differing in duration and GnRH administration
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-09-17) Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Sessarego, Emmanuel Alexander; Benites Muñoz, Miriam Lizbeth; Rivas Flores, Josselin Kelly; Celiz Ygnacio, Rensson Homero; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Pinazo Herencia, René Alfredo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Reproductive efficiency in goats is essential for improving productivity, with estrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) being strategic reproductive tools. Although post-AI GnRH administration has been proposed to improve luteal function and fertility, its effectiveness under different synchronization protocols in goats remains unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of GnRH administration five days after AI on the reproductive response of goats synchronized using short- and long-term protocols. A total of 39 Creole goats were distributed according to protocol type (short-term: n = 26; long-term: n = 13) and treatment (control: n = 18; GnRH: n = 21). In both groups, intravaginal sponges containing medroxyprogesterone acetate were inserted on Day 0. Artificial insemination was performed 64 h after device removal, and the depth of cervical semen deposition was recorded. Estrus expression was concentrated between 24 and 48 h after device removal in both protocols, with greater synchrony in the long-term protocol. No significant differences were observed in pregnancy rate between protocols (57.7 vs. 53.8%) or treatments (57.1 vs. 55.6%). Intermediate cervical semen deposition resulted in a greater pregnancy rate (69.2%) than superficial deposition (25.0%). Multiple correspondence analysis revealed associations between reproductive variability, insemination depth, and estrus expression patterns. In conclusion, neither post-AI GnRH administration nor protocol duration affected pregnancy rate. However, reproductive performance appeared to depend more on insemination-related factors than on hormonal treatments under field conditions in Creole goats subjected to cervical artificial insemination programs.
Trichoderma mobilizes phosphorus and cobalt while excluding sodium in the foliar ionome of high-Andean grasses enriched with biochar
(Willey, 2026-09-11) Arias Arredondo, Alberto; Lopez Rodriguez, Melina; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Acidic high-Andean soils constrain grassland productivity by limiting nutrient availability and altering plant ionomic balance. Biochar inoculated with plant growth-promoting microorganisms has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate these constraints; however, the extent to which microbial identity modulates plant nutrient acquisition remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma sp., Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. as inoculants of guinea pig manure–derived biochar on soil pH and the foliar ionome of Carex sp., Dactylis glomerata, Festuca dolichophylla, and Lolium perenne in a high-Andean Andisol (4150 m a.s.l.). A randomised complete block design (4 × 4 factorial, three replicates) was used. Biochar (20 t ha⁻¹) was applied at establishment, and microbial inoculants (5 L ha⁻¹) were applied at sowing and during crop development. Foliar elemental concentrations were determined by MP-AES and analysed using ANOVA and multivariate approaches. Biochar significantly increased soil pH (p < 0.001). Ionomic responses depended on microbial identity: Trichoderma sp. enhanced P and Co accumulation while reducing Na (p < 0.05), indicating coordinated nutrient regulation. Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu) were primarily species-driven. These findings demonstrate that microbially functionalized biochar can selectively reconfigure plant ionomes, supporting microbiome-assisted strategies to improve nutrient efficiency and resilience in acidic agroecosystems.
Detection of Solanum betaceum Cav fruit maturity using YOLO11-based deep learning
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-09-10) Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Palomino Ojeda, Jose Manuel; Saravia Navarro, David; Bardales Escalante, William; Silva Valqui, Gelver; Chavez Jalk, Antony; Cruz Caro, Omer; Valqui, Leandro
The tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a Solanaceae fruit native to South America with nutritional, functional, and economic value. However, assessing fruit maturity and making harvest-related decisions continue to rely primarily on manual visual inspection, which can be subjective and inconsistent under field conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of YOLO11-based object detection models for the automatic detection of the ripeness of Solanum betaceum fruits in a real-world agricultural setting. To this end, a dataset of 200 images captured with smartphones was used, in which 1,361 fruits were annotated with bounding boxes corresponding to green and ripe fruits. The YOLO11n, YOLO11s, and YOLO11m models were trained with an input resolution of 640. For each setting, cross-validation (k = 5) was used, and data augmentation was applied to the training subsets. YOLO11m achieved the best overall performance, as it combined high values for precision, recall, and mAP. On the test set, YOLO11m achieved a precision of 0.9878 ± 0.0055, a recall of 0.9750 ± 0.148, and an mAP50 of 0.9618 ± 0.0188 for green fruit, as well as a precision of 0.9950 ± 0.0041, a recall of 0.9958 ± 0.0039, and an mAP50 of 0.9920 ± 0.0047 for ripe fruits. YOLO11s also demonstrated competitive performance, particularly in the detection of ripe fruits, with an mAP50 of 0.9894 ± 0.0070 and an mAP50–95 of 0.9754 ± 0.0081, positioning it as an efficient alternative given its substantially lower computational cost. In contrast, YOLO11n, the lightest architecture, showed the lowest performance for green fruits (mAP50-95: 0.8557 ± 0.0611), reflecting the limitations of its representational capacity.
Physicochemical soil characterisation and nutritional associations of Laccopetalum giganteum (Wedd) Ulbr. (Ranunculaceae) in its high-Andean habitat: a baseline for conservation
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-08-06) Quiñones Trejo, Robert Adrián; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Yalli Huamani, Teodoro Bill; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Background: Laccopetalum giganteum (Wedd.) Ulbr. is an endemic species of the Peruvian Andes classified as Critically Endangered. Its conservation is constrained by limited knowledge of its soil requirements. This study aimed to characterise soil physicochemical properties in their natural habitat and evaluate their relationships with plant biometric and nutritional traits to support conservation strategies. Methods: A total of 24 soil–plant pairs were collected from high-Andean populations near Lake Pelagatos, Ancash, Peru (4,567 m a. s. l.). Soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, texture, macronutrients, micronutrients, and carbonates) were evaluated as independent variables, while plant variables (biometry, dry matter, and mineral composition) were considered response variables using descriptive statistics, generalised linear models (GLM), and generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). Results: Soils were slightly alkaline (pH 7.73 ± 0.41), with moderate carbonate content (9.22 ± 4.76%), electrical conductivity of 17.8 ± 5.4 mS·m⁻¹, and predominantly sandy texture (73.5 ± 10.4%). Plant growth showed significant negative associations with exchangeable calcium (β = −0.12) and carbonates (β = −0.06). Positive associations were observed with zinc (β = 0.10), manganese (β = 0.29), and silt content (β = 0.12). Above-ground tissues contained 22.1 mg·kg⁻¹ Zn and 24.2 mg·kg⁻¹ Mn, with bioaccumulation factors of 5.8 and 43.2, respectively. Conclusions: L. giganteum shows low affinity for calcareous soils and persists in marginal environments through efficient micronutrient acquisition. These findings provide a quantitative basis for substrate selection in ex situ propagation (pH 6.2–6.8; CaCO3 < 2%; Zn and Mn supplementation) and for identifying priority microsites for in situ conservation
Application of Trichoderma viride immobilized on rice husk under reduced synthetic fertilization in yellow chili pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) var. pendulum
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-06-02) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Linares Escapa, Solmayra; Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: The intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in horticultural crops generates economic and environmental impacts, particularly in already degraded soils. Sustainable strategies are therefore required to reduce mineral fertilizer inputs without compromising crop productivity. This study evaluated the effect of an organic amendment containing Trichoderma viride immobilized on rice husk as a strategy to reduce mineral fertilization in yellow chili pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) var. pendulum. Methods: Four treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with three replications: T1 (complete fertilization with 200:66:42 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K), T2 (135:48:21 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K without organic amendment), T3 (135:48:21 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K plus organic amendment at 0.5 kg plant⁻¹), and T4 (organic amendment only). Crop variables (height, chlorophyll index, root depth, fruit number, yield, and dry matter) were evaluated. Results: Full fertilization (T1) increased plant height and showed a slight tendency toward higher chlorophyll index and fruit number values. However, yields under reduced fertilization (T2 and T3) were statistically similar to T1, indicating that mineral fertilization could be reduced by 30% without significant yield penalties under the evaluated conditions. The addition of the organic amendment in T3 did not significantly increase yield compared with T2, but promoted greater dry matter allocation to leaves, stems, and roots, suggesting a potential positive effect on vegetative development. Discussion: The results indicate that reducing mineral fertilization in yellow chili pepper is feasible without compromising productivity. The incorporation of T. viride immobilized on rice husk may represent a complementary strategy for agroecological transition while promoting the recycling of agro-industrial residues. Nevertheless, because the findings derive from a single growing season, multi-year studies are required to validate these results and to assess long-term effects on soil properties, microbiota dynamics, commercial scalability, and economic viability.
Unveiling Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum and associated rhizobacteria with Lepidium meyenii W.: PGPR potential and interaction with high Andean soil properties
(Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA-Chile), Chillán, Chile, 2026-08-03) Huasasquiche Sarmiento, Lucero; Cancan Loli, Johan Deyvi; Sanchez, Lilian L.; Salvador Espinoza, Sheydi Soledad; Cortez Juro, Ivana; Meseth Macchiavello, Enrique
Intensive cultivation of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) causes significant physicochemical degradation and a loss of microbiological resilience in High Andean soils. Native rhizobacteria-based biofertilizers emerge as a sustainable alternative to restore soil quality. This study explored the microbial diversity of the maca rhizosphere at extreme altitudes (>4000 m a.s.l.) and evaluated the potential of native isolates as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). A total of 133 isolates were obtained using selective methodologies. Six elite strains were molecularly identified (16S rRNA gene) as Peribacillus, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and notably, Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum. Low microbial density was observed, likely linked to degradation from intensive monoculture. Microbial functionality was associated with soil management, enabling the identification of strains with high viability (>10¹⁰ CFU mL⁻¹) adapted to extreme conditions. In this study, the presence of P. asaccharolyticum was identified in association with maca crops. This species is of particular interest due to its previously recognized potential for soil bioremediation. These findings suggest functional specialization of the native microbiota and a high biotechnological potential for developing specific bio-inputs. These results contribute to mitigating monoculture impacts, restoring degraded soils, and promoting sustainable High-Andean agriculture.

Examinar

Envíos recientes