Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Spatial modelling of soil quality index using regression–kriging and delineation of nutrient management zones in high-Andean quinoa fields, southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-12-29) Cuellar Condori, Nestor Edwin; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Quiñones Trejo, Robert Adrián; Mercado Chinchay, Ruth Lizbeth; Silva Ali, Cristhian; Chávez Zea, Karla Licelly; Ccosi, Elvis; Cahuide, Madeleiny; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
The pronounced heterogeneity of high-Andean soils constitutes a critical constraint to the sustainable productivity of quinoa in southern Peru, where current yields (1.6 t ha⁻¹) remain well below potential (>5 t ha⁻¹). This study aimed to develop a spatially predictive model of a weighted soil quality index (SQIw), the edaphic supply of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and the agricultural gypsum requirement by integrating edaphoclimatic covariates through regression–kriging. A total of 198 quinoa-cultivated soil samples were analysed; a minimum data set (MDS) was defined using correlation and principal component analyses, and regression–kriging was applied to map SQIw and the variables of interest. The MDS comprised electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), available P, exchangeable Na, sand, clay, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC); exchangeable Na (Wi = 0.160) and available P (Wi = 0.158) received the largest weights in the SQIw. SQIw values ranged from 0.22 to 0.84 and supported a five-class soil quality taxonomy; spatial modelling revealed a dominance of moderate-quality soils across the territory (85.21% of the agricultural area, 13,461.19 ha). The model achieved R² = 0.56, RMSE = 0.05, and MAE = 0.04 for SQIw. Most of the area (12,175.65 ha; 77%) exhibited an intermediate gypsum requirement (9.73–14.33 t ha⁻¹). Nitrogen and phosphorus showed the greatest territorial limitations, whereas potassium was largely non-limiting (84.82–570.17 kg ha⁻¹). These results indicate that sodicity and N–P deficiencies are the primary functional constraints; the generated maps enable prioritisation of gypsum amendments and targeted variable-rate fertilisation strategies to optimise the sustainability of quinoa production in the Altiplano.
Assessment of flood-prone areas in the Lacramarca River Basin in the Santa Clemencia and Pampadura region, Peru, under climate change effects
(MDPI, 2026-03-26) Pérez Camponanes, Giovene; Romero Valdez, Karla Karina; Martínez García, Víctor Manuel; Cacciuttolo, Carlos; Bernal Camacho, Jesús Manuel; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel
Floods are among the extreme events associated with climate variability in the Lacramarca River basin, located in the department of Ancash, Peru. Meteorological phenomena such as El Niño during the periods 1982–1983 and 1997–1998, as well as the Coastal El Niño in 2017, constitute key reference events that motivated the development of the present study, based on a case study conducted in the area between the rural settlements of Santa Clemencia and Pampadura. This research is based on maximum precipitation data derived from historical climate records and from the climate scenarios ACCESS 1-3, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR, as well as the median projected scenario for 2050, obtained from the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru (SENAMHI) data platform. This information was analyzed considering the spatial location of the basin and its position relative to the area of interest, using Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves. To demonstrate the changes in the river hydrological behavior before and after the 2017 Coastal El Niño event, a Random Forest modeling approach was applied using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Design peak discharges for return periods of 50, 100, and 140 years were estimated using the HEC-HMS software. Hydraulic simulation of the Lacramarca River basin, carried out using HEC-RAS version 6.7 beta 3 and IBER version 3.3.1 software, made it possible to identify flood-prone areas affecting agricultural land and areas adjacent to population centers, covering 149,000 m² and 172,000 m² for return periods of 100 and 140 years, respectively, based on information from the historical scenario. In contrast, using data from the 2050 projection scenario, affected areas of 242,000 m² and 323,000 m² were estimated for the same return periods.
Soil organic carbon content mapping along the coast of northern Peru: an ensemble machine learning approach
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-03-26) Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan
Introduction: Soil organic carbon (SOC) content plays a fundamental role in regulating the global carbon cycle and mitigating climate change. It is also a key marker of soil health and a vital plant component. Its distribution in space varies in dry ecosystems, where climate and land use affect it. This study aimed to estimate and map SOC in the Motupe River Basin, northern Peru, by applying machine learning algorithms and ensemble methods. Methods: Four predictive models were evaluated: Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), together with two ensemble approaches—simple averaging and weighted — integrating topographic, climatic, edaphic, and vegetation indices variables. Spatial autocorrelation was minimized by spatial block cross-validation. Uncertainty was measured with bootstrapping and the Prediction Interval Ratio (PIR) derived from 90% prediction intervals. Results and discussion: Best performance was achieved by XGBoost (R² = 0.83), weighted ensemble (R² = 0.70), and RF (R² = 0.63). The most influential predictors were EVI, GNDVI, temperature, TRI, and pH. SOC contents showed relatively higher concentrations (>0.7%) in areas with greater vegetation density, within a semi-arid context where SOC levels are generally low. In contrast, lower areas exhibited reduced SOC contents (< 0.6%). The uncertainty analysis indicated that SOC predictions had high to moderate confidence (PIR < 0.2) in the middle-and upper zones of the basin, and moderate confidence (0.1–0.2) in the lower areas. The results suggest that machine learning and ensemble methods improve SOC prediction, benefiting the sustainable management of soil fertility and quality in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of northern Peru.
Production of biochar derived from guinea pig manure as a soil amendment in high Andean and coastal acidic soils in Peru: agronomic potential and cost analysis for sustainable circularity
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-03-17) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Damián, Lucía; Herrera, Sherly; Pichis García, Roger; Cabello Torres, Rita; Padilla Castro, Cesar Franco; Arias Arredondo, Alberto; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: The valorization of local resources, such as guinea pig manure, allows traditional inputs to be transformed into more stable products with higher added value, such as biochar, rather than being used as raw manure. Methods: This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, toxicity, and neutralizing capacity of biochar obtained from guinea pig manure, produced by open pyrolysis in a pyrolytic oven in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. Fresh manure was also characterized prior to pyrolysis, and its median lethal dose was determined. Results: The results indicated that guinea pig manure had an approximate volume of 2,883.99 cm3 in an uncompacted state and 2,205.41 cm3 in a compacted state, with densities of 0.293 and 0.380 kg/cm3, respectively. Guinea pig manure biochar has high N, P, and K contents, as well as a significant percentage of ash (34.6%) and fixed carbon (37.9%). Its alkaline pH (9.17), high cation exchange capacity (48.8 meq/100 g), and high organic matter content (62%) suggest its potential for improving acidic soils. It also has a considerable moisture content (34.8%) and microelements such as Mg, Cu, Ca, and Zn. In economic terms, the production of 1 ton of guinea pig manure has an estimated cost of 231.23 soles, while the sale price of biochar reaches 3,515.31 soles per ton, demonstrating its high added value. Discussion: Biochar derived from guinea pig manure has a superior nutritional profile compared to biochars obtained from plant biomass, making it a viable alternative for agriculture. Its application, however, must take into account specific safety tests for each crop to ensure both safety and effectiveness.
Effects of conservation time and ingredient proportion on the nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of Musa spp. silages for small ruminant feeding
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-03-24) Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Villanueva, David; Jibaja, Omar; Godoy Padilla, David; Sánchez , Héctor; Vásquez García, Cesar Alejandro; Soca Jorge, Jhony; Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
This study evaluated the effects of conservation time and ingredient proportion on the nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of Musa spp. silages intended for small ruminant feeding. A 3×3 factorial design was applied, considering three conservation periods (60, 90, and 120 days) and three ingredient proportions (100% fruit, 70% fruit–30% crop residues, and 50% fruit–50% crop residues). Silage samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract, ash, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Ingredient proportion significantly affected CP content, which ranged approximately from 3.4 to 6.9% of dry matter, whereas IVDMD varied between 50.8 and 74.2%, with the highest values observed in silages produced with 100% fruit at 90 days of conservation (p < 0.05). NDF and ADF contents ranged from 30–40% and 15–35% of dry matter, respectively, showing a significant interaction between conservation time and ingredient proportion. Principal component analysis clearly discriminated treatments according to their nutritional composition and digestibility attributes. Overall, the results demonstrate that both conservation time and ingredient proportion play a decisive role in determining the nutritional and digestive quality of Musa spp. silages, supporting their potential use as a strategic feeding alternative for small ruminants in tropical production systems.
Use of yeasts for the biological control of toxigenic Aspergillus sp. associated with Zea mays L.
(Wiley, 2026-03-09) Sánchez Purihuamán, Marilín; Córdova Rojas, L.M.; Caro Castro, Junior; Barturen Quispe, Ada; Vásquez Llanos, Segundo; Robles Castillo, Heber; Carreño Farfán, Carmen
Zea mays "maize" is one of the most important staple foods for both humans and animals, but it is highly susceptible to pathogens such as toxigenic Aspergillus flavus. Yeasts, however, have the potential to control the growth and activity of toxigenic fungi, representing a viable and economical alternative for biocontrol. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficiency of yeasts in controlling toxigenic A. flavus associated with maize grains. To achieve this, toxigenic A. flavus and yeast isolates were obtained and identified, then coinoculated in vitro to assess their effect on mycelial growth inhibition and total aflatoxin production through yeast-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We found that 147 of the isolated yeasts, when coinoculated with A. flavus, reduced mycelial growth up to 89%. VOCs from five yeast strains of the genera Saccharomyces and Meyerozyma inhibited colony growth up to 86% and induced changes at both the macro- and micromorphological levels in toxigenic A. flavus. Additionally, VOCs from four yeast strains reduced total aflatoxin levels up to 98%. In conclusion, one yeast strain, identified as Meyerozyma caribbica, effectively inhibited both mycelial growth and toxin production in toxigenic Aspergillus sp., demonstrating its potential as a biocontrol agent to reduce fungal contamination in maize grains.
Impact of organic fertilizers on the quality of mango var. ‘Kent’ during physiological and commercial maturity
(MDPI, 2026-03-06) Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Peña Castillo, Ricardo; Morales Pizarro, Arturo; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Casas Niño, Sebastian; Cárdenass Huaman, Gabriela; Nuñez Ticliahuanca, Esdwin Oberti; Montañez Artica, Ana Gabriela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a key fruit crop in Peru; however, its reliance on chemical fertilizers raises concerns regarding fruit quality and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated the effects of soil-applied compost and foliar-applied biol on the quality of 'Kent' mango fruits at physiological and commercial maturity stages. Conducted during the 2022–2023 season, the experiment used a 3 × 3 factorial design with compost applied at 0, 5, and 15 t/ha and biol at 0, 5, and 10%, plus a chemically fertilized control. Results revealed significant compost–biol interactions. At physiological maturity, treatments 5-10, 15-5 and 15-10 improved pulp color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and dry matter content, achieving a desirable yellow pulp (2.0 on the scale), 9.29 °Brix, 1.23% acidity, and 20.96% dry matter—surpassing the control. At commercial maturity, these treatments also enhanced fruit firmness (0.42 MPa), reduced acidity (0.47%), increased pulp pH (4.69), and intensified orange pulp color. Overall, organic fertilization, particularly higher compost and biol doses, significantly improved fruit quality parameters compared to conventional chemical management. These findings highlight the potential of integrating organic amendments to promote sustainable mango cultivation while maintaining or enhancing fruit quality, thus providing a viable alternative for eco-friendly nutrient management in mango orchards.
Native entomopathogenic nematodes from Peru control Spodoptera frugiperda, a major pest of Zea mays in the Peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2026-03-09) Fachin Ruiz, Grecia; Córdova Sinarahua, Deyvis; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Alvarado Ramírez, Jaime; Quesquen Lopez, Cesar; Flores García, Eybis; Koch Duarte, Christian; Cerna Mendoza , Agustín; Vásquez Bardales, Joel; Corazon Guivin, Mike
This study evaluated entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) isolated from a cacao agroforestry system in the Peruvian Amazon, focusing on their molecular characterization and efficacy against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Thirteen EPN isolates were obtained from 50 soil samples using the Galleria mellonella baiting technique. Mortality assays revealed significant differences among isolates at 24, 48, and 72 h, with isolates 11N-A4 and 8N-B1 being the most virulent, achieving maximum mortalities of 100% and 96.3% at 72 h, respectively. Median lethal time (LT50) values indicated rapid action of these isolates on G. mellonella larvae, with 33.3 h for 11N-A4 and 32.4 h for 8N-B1. Molecular identification using ITS, D2-D3 (LSU), and COI markers confirmed the isolates as Heterorhabditis sp. (11N-A4) and Heterorhabditis amazonensis (8N-B1). In bioassays with S. frugiperda larvae, both EPNs exhibited dose- and time-dependent mortality. H. amazonensis showed rapid action, reaching 100% mortality at the highest dose (60 IJs/larvae) within 48 h, whereas Heterorhabditis sp. displayed a gradual, sustained increase, attaining 91% mortality at 72 h. Median lethal dose (LD50) and LT50 values reflected the efficiency of both isolates, with Heterorhabditis sp. achieving lower LD50 at later stages and shorter LT50 at low-to-intermediate doses. These findings highlight the potential of Heterorhabditis sp. and H. amazonensis as effective biocontrol agents adapted to local conditions and represent the first report of H. amazonensis in Peru. Further studies under field conditions are required to confirm their suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies in the Peruvian Amazon.
Native halotolerant consortia modulate soil–plant interactions under moderate salinity
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2026-03-02) Palomino Arias, Mickel; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Paredes Jacinto, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Johan; Muñoz Leiva, Yulissa Marisol; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Jaramillo Carrión, María; Valladolid Suyón, Esteban; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Soil salinity is a major limitation for rice production in arid regions, reducing plant growth, yield, and grain quality. This study assessed the effect of halotolerant strains of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida on the growth, productivity, and soil chemical properties of Oryza sativa L. INIA 515 'Capoteña' under initial soil salinity of 4.75 dS m⁻¹. Eight treatments were evaluated, including bacterial consortia, and non-inoculated control. The selected strains exhibited high salt tolerance, with B. subtilis BacF and P. putida P4 growing at up to 10% NaCl. Although most physiological and agronomic variables did not differ significantly among treatments, treatment T5 (BacF + P4) showed a moderate tendency towards better values, particularly in panicle number, aerial biomass, total biomass, grain yield, and SPAD across the growth cycle. At the edaphic level, T5 significantly increased soil pH and promoted a slightly synergistic mobilisation of K, Mg, and Na. Structural equation modelling indicated that magnesium strongly enhanced total plant biomass, while organic matter positively influenced grain yield. These findings indicate that native halotolerant consortia may influence soil–plant interactions under controlled conditions, but agronomic benefits remain limited and require field validation.
Spatial Modelling of Soil Quality and Lime Requirement for Precision Management in Humid Tropical Coffee Systems
(MDPI, 2026-02-25) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Mercado Chinchay, Ruth Lizbeth; Arroyo Julca, Michell Karolay; Ore Valeriano, Ruddy Adely; Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Manrique Gonzales, Luis Fernando; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Soil heterogeneity and acidity are major constraints to Coffea arabica production in the Amazonian soils of Peru. This study developed a spatial predictive framework that integrates a weighted Soil Quality Index (SQIw) and geostatistical modelling (Regression–Kriging and Ordinary Kriging) to estimate lime requirements (LRs) and delineate management zones. A total of 69 coffee-cultivated soil samples were analysed, and spectral information (NDVI) was incorporated to estimate relative yield (RR). Multivariate analysis defined a Minimum Data Set (MDS) composed of exchangeable Na, available P, pH and silt percentage; the highest weights were assigned to P (Wi = 0.292) and pH (Wi = 0.276). SQIw exhibited wide variability (0.01–0.87; CV = 51.8%) and was grouped into five classes, with low (43.5%)- and very low (21.7%)-quality classes predominating. SQIw showed a strong relationship with RR (r = 0.64). Geostatistical models performed differently between localities: in Nuevo Huancabamba, Regression–Kriging improved prediction accuracy (SQIw: R² = 0.58; LR: R² = 0.396), whereas in San José de Sisa, Ordinary Kriging provided better fits only for LRs (R² = 0.32). Nuevo Huancabamba is dominated by moderate-to-high-quality soils (87.29%; SQIw > 0.6) and low lime requirements (74.94%; <0.84 t ha⁻¹), in contrast with San José de Sisa, where low-quality soils prevail (89.45%; SQIw < 0.4) alongside high LRs (75.26%; 2.54–7.13 t ha⁻¹). The resulting maps enable targeted interventions—precision liming and focused P fertilisation—to correct acidity and phosphorus deficiency, thereby improving input-use efficiency and enhancing the sustainability of Amazonian coffee systems.
Optimizing maize yield and nutritional quality through synergistic use of guinea pig manure and mineral fertilization: a sustainable approach for coastal Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-25) Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Excessive reliance on mineral fertilizers in maize cultivation has raised environmental concerns, highlighting the need for more sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the effects of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.) manure and the application of N, P and K fertilizers on the yield and nutritional quality of hybrid maize grown in the central Peruvian coast. Methods: A split-plot design with three replications, was implemented, testing four manure doses (0, 2, 5, 10 t ha⁻¹) in combination with four mineral fertilizer levels (0, 50, 75, and 100% of recommended N, P and K). Results: The 5 t ha⁻¹ manure + 75% mineral fertilizer treatment achieved the highest yield (8.82 t ha⁻¹), representing a 28.38% increase relative to the full mineral fertilization treatment, accompanied by a grain weight of 152.80 g and an ear weight of 171.31 g. Nutritional quality peaked at 5 t ha⁻¹ manure + 100% mineral fertilizer, with 7.85% protein and 363 kcal 100 g⁻¹ energy content. Multivariate analysis revealed strong positive correlations between combined organic-mineral inputs and key productivity parameters. These findings demonstrate that the strategic integration of 5 t ha⁻¹ of guinea pig manure with a 25% reduction in mineral fertilization (i.e., 75% of the recommended dose) enhanced both grain yield and nutritional value. Discussion: This combination offers a practical, cost-effective pathway for smallholder farmers to improve yellow maize production under coastal Peruvian conditions while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. These results demonstrate a clear synergistic interaction between organic and mineral fertilization, leading to improved crop productivity under conditions of limited soil organic matter in the coastal soils of Peru. This finding supports the use of guinea pig manure as a sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural input.
Geospatial distribution of cadmium in soil profiles of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations in the Peruvian Amazon basin
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-25) Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Marín, César; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Cacao plants can translocate heavy metals from the soil to vegetative tissues, potentially leading to concentrations that exceed maximum permissible limits. This study aimed to analyze the geospatial distribution of cadmium (Cd) in soil profiles of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations in the Amazon basin of Peru. Methods: The research was conducted in the localities of Jeberillos, Arahuante, and Luz del Oriente, within the department of Loreto. In each locality, 10 plots of 100 m² were selected, totaling 30 plots. Cd concentrations and physicochemical soil parameters were evaluated. Results: In cacao soils from Luz del Oriente at 0–30 cm depth, Cd concentrations averaged 1.11 ± 0.26 mg.kg⁻¹, representing the highest values; whereas the lowest average was recorded in Arahuante at the same depth, with 0.61 ± 0.15 mg.kg⁻¹. Cd levels in Luz del Oriente cacao soils (0–30 cm) were above the average among all localities, while Jeberillos and Arahuante soils showed comparatively lower Cd levels. Discussion: Overall, Cd in cacao soils was found to be strongly associated with edaphic factors such as pH, texture, effective cation exchange capacity (CEC), and cation composition. The maps represented the spatial distribution of the metal and guided the identification of potential accumulation zones. These findings provide essential insights for guiding agricultural management decision-making, environmental monitoring, and metal contamination risk assessment in cacao-growing areas and other agrarian systems in the Peruvian Amazon basin.
Caracterización de la calidad nutricional de 10 variedades de maíz con destino forrajero en Tarapoto
(Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSM), Tarapoto, Perú, 2025-07-20) Torres García, Sheila Rosy; Rojas Vásquez, Zulema; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Ramos, Iris; Terán Piña, Julio Cesar; Gutiérrez Arce, Felipe Baltazar; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Roque Alcarraz, Roberto Edgardo
La investigación tuvo como propósito caracterizar y evaluar la calidad nutricional de diez variedades de maíz forrajero en Tarapoto mediante una parcela experimental y un diseño aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones. Se midieron FDN, FDA, PB, H, MS, EE y FB. El efecto varietal se analizó con ANOVA (p<0,05) y comparación de medias de Tukey; entre partes de planta (tallo y hoja–mazorca) se aplicó t de Student. Los supuestos se verificaron con Shapiro-Wilk y Bartlett. Los resultados evidenciaron un buen porcentaje de materia seca para la mayoría de las variedades estudiadas; así mismo, respecto al porcentaje de Proteína, la variedad "INIA–617 Chuska" presentó mayor nivel de este nutriente (7.83 %). En la Humedad, la variedad INIA–616 presentó la mayor concentración de este indicador (60.39 %). Para FDN, las variedades "INIA–617 Chuska" (65.36 %), DK-399 (65.11 %), M-28 (66.26 %) y Pionner (65.61 %) fueron las que presentaron mayor concentración. Además, no se observaron diferencias en cuanto a la Fibra Bruta (p=0.0748) y la Fibra Detergente Ácido. Por otro lado, la mazorca del maíz presentó mejores niveles de proteína y materia seca, en comparación a la hoja más tallo.
Características físicas y composición de ácidos grasos de las especies palma americana (Elaeis oleifera), palma africana (E. guineensis) y su híbrido palma OxG
(Universidad Tecnológica de los Andes (UTEA), 2026-01-10) Sotero Solís, Víctor; Velazco Castro, Ena Vilma; Monteiro Temmerman, Úrsula; Castro Muñoz, Cindy Paola; Muñoz Espino, Juana; Camacho Villalobos, Alina Alexandra; García de Sotero, Dora; Sotero García, Miguel
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las características físicas y composición del aceite de las especies E. oleífera, E. guineensis y su hibrido palma OxG. Se codificaron cinco frutos de E. oleífera, procedente de la Estación genealógica del Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria de Pucallpa (INIA). Se determinaron, longitud y diámetro; se analizaron humedad, proteína cruda y cenizas (peso seco). La extracción del aceite de pulpa y cascara según método de Soxhlet; el análisis de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gas. El peso de los frutos varió de 9,3 g a 10,8 g y la nuez de 4,5 a 6,3 g. La concentración de pulpa y cascara fluctuó entre 1,23 g a 2,3 g y la concentración de aceite, de 27 a 65 %; proteínas, de 8,5 a 12,9 %, ambas en peso seco. Los ácidos grasos con mayor concentración en el aceite de las especies evaluadas fueron oleico (42,8 – 62,8 %) y palmítico (28,2- 45,2 %).
Fertigation with Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis: impact on growth and productivity of off-season quinoa grown in coastal Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-18) Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a nutritionally valuable crop adapted to adverse agroclimatic conditions, but its production in arid regions such as the Peruvian coast is limited by water scarcity, low soil fertility, and heat stress. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from Pseudomonas and Bacillus offer a sustainable strategy to improve growth and yield. This study evaluated the impact of fertigation with Pseudomonas putida (P3 strain) and Bacillus subtilis (BacF strain) on the growth and yield of the Salcedo INIA quinoa variety cultivated out of season under arid environment. A split-plot design was implemented, in which the main-plot factor was microbial inoculation [inoculated (+) vs. non-inoculated (−)], while the subplot factor was synthetic fertilization (75% vs. 100% of the recommended NPK dose). Inoculation was performed at two time points during the crop cycle at a concentration of 1 × 10⁹ CFU mL⁻¹, whereas fertigation was applied at four-day intervals. Rhizobacterial inoculation significantly improved plant biometric characteristics, resulting in a 12% increase in dry biomass accumulation. Photosynthetic capacity increased, as indicated by higher leaf area index and SPAD values than uninoculated plants. Thus, the main effect of inoculation was the significant increase of yield potential (i.e. panicle weight increasing by 12% and thousand-grain weight increasing by 19%) with yield improvements significant at both fertilization levels. Despite these positive effects, high temperatures (>30 °C) during the growing season limited commercial yields [(+)100%: 2.20 ± 0.30 t ha⁻¹, (+)75%: 1.42 ± 0.19 t ha⁻¹, (-)100%: 1.50 ± 0.30 t ha⁻¹, (+)75%: 1.02 ± 0.13 t ha⁻¹]. This reduction is likely due to heat stress during flowering, which may have compromised pollen viability and grain set efficiency. The findings suggest that P. putida (P3 strain) and B. subtilis (BacF strain) are promising biotechnological tools for improving quinoa productivity in arid climates.
Mathematical Models for Studying Growth of Retrophyllum rospigliosii in Agroforestry Systems with Coffee: A Case Study in Northern Peru
(MDPI, 2026-02-14) Oblitas Troyes, Jhon Franklin; Ocaña Zúñiga, Candy Lisbeth; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Sánchez Fuentes, Teiser; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Romerillo (Retrophyllum rospigliosii), a vulnerable conifer native to the cloud forests of Cajamarca, Peru, persists in small remnants at high altitudes in San Ignacio province, where its integration into agroforestry systems may support both conservation and sustainable production. This study aimed to model the growth of R. rospigliosii associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) using diameter and height as indicators. Field data were collected over 18 months in two experimental plots and the study analyzed 329 individuals selected from 600 initially planted, with monthly monitoring to evaluate early growth and survival dynamics. The data were analyzed with nonlinear mathematical models, including Schumacher, Chapman–Richards, and Weibull, with model selection based on goodness-of-fit and prediction statistics such as R², AIC, and BIC. Results showed that Schumacher provided the best performance for height (R² = 0.98, AIC = 27,978.54), while Weibull (R² = 0.80, AIC = 27,204.63) and Chapman–Richards (R² = 0.80, AIC = 27,207.97) also yielded consistent estimates. For diameter, Schumacher was the most accurate (R² = 0.92, AIC = 2627.87). Survival analysis revealed significant differences between plots (p = 0.011), with higher survival at 1820 m (87.8% at 18 months) compared to 1540 m (77.3%). These findings indicate that the Schumacher model is most suitable for growth estimation, while altitude plays a critical role in survival, underscoring its importance in establishing R. rospigliosii within coffee-based agroforestry systems.
Assessing soil and native high Andean grassland quality under grazing: A case study from the wet Puna of Peru
(John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2026-02-13) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Turín Canchaya, Cecilia Claudia
High Andean grasslands are vulnerable to changes in their nutritional quality and carbon sequestration capacity, especially in grazing systems. This study evaluated soil quality and native grasses by measuring carbon, physicochemical parameters, and the nutritional quality of predominant species in the wet Puna of Junín, Peru. Significant differences were found in carbon storage and nutritional quality across different grazing grassland sites. Soil carbon levels were consistently high across all sites, with significant concentrations at San Pedro de Cajas (14.26% ± 11.7%; p < 0.05), and its carbon stock (210.7 ± 111.3 Mg/ha) exceeded that of Junín (+68%) and Ulcumayo (+107%). Also, the flat topography at this site is presumed to have influenced its soil fertility. No adverse relationship was observed between carbon content and animal units, regardless of continuous or rotational grazing system, and a strong negative Pearson correlation (r = 0.84) between total carbon and bulk density indicated the prevalence of organic materials and no soil compaction. It emphasizes how landscape features affect soil quality and ecosystem processes. The protein content of key species exhibited a strong Pearson correlation with plant phosphorus (r = 0.93), digestible organic matter (DOM), and metabolizable energy (ME; r = 0.75). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that plant functional traits are driven by chemical and physical gradients, underscoring the combined effects of nutrient availability and site constraints on pasture productivity and forage quality. Among native grasses, Cebadilla (Calamagrostis vicunarum [Wedd.] Pilg.) emerged as the most favorable option for animal nutrition and exhibited a significantly higher crude protein content (8.23% ± 0.89%), Metabolizable energy value (8.16 MJ/kg), and C/N ratio (~40). Future research should focus on linking soil and forage quality with animal physiological responses to improve understanding of grazing impacts and guide sustainable management in high-altitude grasslands.
Co-infection with bovine herpesvirus type 1 and bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in Cajamarca, Peru: A seroprevalence study
(College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, 2026-01-01) Bazán Arce, José Luis; Caruajulca, V.; Mendo, M.; Coronado, J.; Ramos, J.; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Alvarez Garcia, Wuesley Yusmein; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Chavez, J.; Alvarado, W.; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are among the most important pathogens affecting dairy cattle, causing significant economic losses worldwide. The present study determined the seroprevalence of IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis) and BLV in dairy herds in Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 464 animals were sampled, and the presence of antibodies against BoHV1 and BLV was determined using commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) kits. Among the sampled animals, the overall seroprevalence was 8.84% (95% CI: 0.5–35.12) for BoHV1 and 7.54% (95% CI: 5.13–9.95) for BLV. The highest BLV seroprevalence was observed in Cajamarca (23.68%), while no positive cases were detected in four provinces. Regarding BoHV1 seroprevalence, it was highest in Cajamarca (26.32%) and Santa Cruz (28.13%), with no cases detected in five of the ten provinces evaluated. This indicates that seroprevalence rates varied among the different provinces studied.. Furthermore, 3.66% (95% CI: 1.95-5.38) of the animals tested positive for both BoHV1 and BLV, indicating that they were infected with both viruses simultaneously. The study found that BoHV1 and BLV infections are widespread in numerous provinces of the Cajamarca region, making it necessary to undertake control programmes to prevent the further spread of those two viruses in bovine
Productive potential of three Urochloa hybrids in low-fertility soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(De Gruyter, 2026-02-09) Durand Chávez, Luz Marlene; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Ghandi; Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Torres Jara, Giovanna P.; Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Padilla Macedo, Betsabeth T.
Tropical livestock production relies on the availability of adapted forages capable of sustaining productivity under limiting soil conditions. This study evaluated the performance of three Urochloa hybrids grown in low-fertility soils of a seasonally dry tropical forest in the Peruvian Amazon. The experiment was conducted at the Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir–INIA under a randomized complete block design with three replications and five consecutive harvests at 60-day intervals. Soil characteristics and Growth, yield, productive, and quality parameters were evaluated. Rotational harvesting improved soil properties, including organic matter and nutrient availability. During the initial harvests Cobra showed better growth and yield performance; however, Mavuno and Mulato II surpassed it at later stages, especially in fresh and dry matter yield. In the fourth and fifth harvests, Mavuno achieved the highest production (32.10 and 32.94 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 7.65 and 7.18 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter), followed by Mulato II (28.82 and 29.15 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 6.73 and 6.70 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter), both significantly better than Cobra (20.51 and 21.51 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 5.00 and 5.16 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter). Annual carrying capacity was highest for Mavuno (3.72 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹), followed by Mulato II (3.41 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹) and Cobra (2.97 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹). The protein contents of Mavuno (9.61 g⸱kg⁻¹) and Mulato II (9.54 g⸱kg⁻¹) were significantly higher than that of Cobra (6.33 g⸱kg⁻¹). Mavuno and Mulato II hybrids have proven to be promising forage alternatives for sustainable livestock systems in seasonally dry tropical conditions.
Varietal Identification and Yield Estimation in Potatoes Using UAV RGB Imagery in the Southern Highlands of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-02-12) Tueros Munive, Miguel Luis; Galindo Sánchez, Malú Massiel; Alvarez Martínez, Jean; Pozo Huacha, Jesús; Condezo Márquez, Patricia Kelly; Gutierrez Ruti, Rusbel; Bautista Gómez, Rolando; Mateu Mateo, Walter Rolando; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
The cultivation of potatoes is essential for rural food security, and the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Red-Green-Blue (UAV-RGB) imagery allows for precise and cost-effective estimation of yield and identification of varieties, overcoming the limitations of manual assessment. We evaluated four INIA varieties (Bicentenario, Canchán, Shulay and Tahuaqueña) by integrating agronomic measurements (height, number and weight of tubers, leaf health) with color and textural indices derived from RGB orthomosaics. Yield prediction was modeled using Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting (GB); varietal identification was approached with (i) a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that classifies RGB images and (ii) classical models such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs), Decision Trees and Logistic Regression trained on EfficientNetB0 embeddings. The results showed significant genotypic differences in yield (p < 0.001): Tahuaqueña 13.86 ± 0.27 t ha⁻¹ and Bicentenario 6.65 ± 0.27 t ha⁻¹. The number of tubers (r = 0.52) and plant height (r = 0.23) correlated with yield; RGB indices showed low correlations (r < 0.3) and high redundancy (r > 0.9). RF achieved a better fit (Coefficient of determination, R² = 0.54; Root Mean Square Error, RMSE = 2.72 t ha⁻¹), excelling in stolon development (R² = 0.66) and losing precision in maturation due to foliar senescence. In classification, the CNN and RF on embeddings achieved F1-macro ≈ 0.69 and 0.66 (Receiver Operating Characteristic—Area Under the Curve, ROC AUC RF = 0.89), with better identification of Bicentenario and Shulay. We conclude that UAV-RGB is a cost-effective alternative for phenotypic monitoring and varietal selection in high Andean contexts. These findings support the integration of UAV-RGB imagery into breeding and monitoring pipelines in resource-limited Andean systems.

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