Artículos científicos
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8
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Ítem Integrative agromorphological, physicochemical, and microstructural characterization of Andean Phaseolus germplasm from Peru(MDPI, 2026-06-17) Hernandez Diaz, Elgar; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Tejada Alvarado, José Jesús; Fernandez Huaytalla, ElizabethThis study characterized 58 Phaseolus spp. accessions conserved in the INIA–Amazonas Germplasm Bank (Peru) using an integrated agromorphological, physicochemical, and microstructural approach. Significant variability was observed among vegetative, reproductive, and seed-related traits, reflecting the broad phenotypic diversity of Andean germplasm. Cluster analysis identified groups with contrasting agronomic characteristics, particularly regarding plant height, number of pods per plant, and seed weight. Physicochemical analyses revealed significant differences in colorimetric parameters, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity among accessions. Darker-seeded accessions generally exhibited higher phenolic contents and greater antioxidant capacity. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, rheological analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed differences in molecular composition, starch functionality, and granule morphology among accessions. Overall, the evaluated germplasm exhibited substantial phenotypic and biochemical diversity, underscoring its potential value for breeding programs and food-related applications. These findings contribute to the conservation, sustainable utilization, and valorization of native bean genetic resources.Ítem Manejo de plaguicidas en la agricultura familiar: perspectivas desde Perú(Universidad de Tarapacá, 2026-04-21) Hancco Paccori, Joad David; Medrano Damián, Soledad; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Pacheco Castañeda, Rolando Benjamín; Berroeta, Héctor; Castro, Mónica; Neaman, AlexanderA nivel mundial, el uso de plaguicidas en agricultura trae consigo graves riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente. Los limitados estudios en Perú motivaron a realizar la presente investigación. Se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas a agricultores provenientes de ocho regiones del Perú. El análisis cuantitativo se basó en los resultados de todas las encuestas (n = 310). Para el análisis cualitativo, se seleccionaron en forma aleatoria 31 entrevistas. Este estudio revela complejas relaciones entre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en torno al uso y la gestión de plaguicidas por parte de pequeños agricultores en Perú. Escasos agricultores (5% de los encuestados) entregan los envases usados de plaguicidas en la tienda comercial, mientras que la gran mayoría (95%) los bota, vende o reutiliza. Por otro lado, el 55% de los agricultores encuestados indicaron usar el equipo de protección personal, requiriendo realizar más capacitaciones y mejorar las modalidades de entrega de información. El 98% de los encuestados indicaron estar dispuestos a recibir capacitaciones y mayor información sobre el uso adecuado de los plaguicidas, mientras que el 64% de los participantes indicaron la falta de capacitación como el motivo por el cual no usan correctamente los plaguicidas. Los arrendatarios de campos demostraron menor uso del equipo de protección personal, en comparación con los propietarios de terrenos (ANOVA, p < 0,05). No obstante, los factores psicológicos involucrados en este fenómeno no están claros, requiriendo futuros estudios. La presente investigación proporciona valiosa información de cómo enfocar las futuras capacitaciones respecto al uso de plaguicidas en la agricultura familiar en Perú.Ítem Biochar enhances the use efficiency of guano de isla and could boost profitability and food security for smallholders in the global south(Springer, 2026-06-22) Lukuy Espejo, Sandro Esteban; Cosme De La Cruz, Roberto Carlos; Loret de Mola León, Ursula; Martin Carruitero, Jean Luc; Zavalaga, Carlos; Ladd, BrentonGuano de isla (seabird guano) is a strategic organic fertilizer in Peru, reserved primarily for economically vulnerable smallholder farmers. However, its availability is declining due to ecological pressures on seabird populations, creating an urgent need to improve its use efficiency. This study tested the hypothesis that biochar can enhance the nutrient use efficiency of guano de isla, allowing reduced application rates without compromising yield or profitability. A randomized complete block experiment (n=10 replicates per treatment) was conducted in sandy soil in Lurín, Peru, to evaluate lettuce (Lactuca sativa) yield under eight fertilization treatments, including inorganic fertilizer (NPK), guano de isla (400 kg ha⁻¹), biochar (3 t ha⁻¹), and combinations thereof. The biochar+guano de isla (BG) treatment applied 200 kg ha⁻¹ of guano de isla (50% of the standard rate). Economic viability was assessed using the value/cost ratio (VCR) under conventional and organic market scenarios, with and without carbon credits. The highest lettuce yields were obtained in the full-rate guano de isla (G) and biochar+guano de isla (BG) treatments, representing a 40% increase compared to the control. Importantly, the BG treatment achieved statistically equivalent yields to the full-rate guano de isla treatment while using 50% less guano de isla. Under conventional market conditions, all treatments resulted in VCR values<1. However, under organic market conditions, the G, BG, and biochar treatments exceeded the profitability threshold (VCR>2), with the BG treatment reaching a maximum VCR of 12.9 when carbon credits were included. These findings demonstrate that biochar can significantly enhance the use efficiency of guano de isla in sandy soils, allowing reduced application rates while maintaining productivity. Integrating biochar with guano de isla could help conserve a strategic national fertilizer resource, improve farm profitability, and strengthen food security for smallholder farmers in the Global South.Ítem Chicken manure-based organomineral fertilization improves nutrient use efficiency and reduces greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in maize(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-05-30) Samaniego Vivanco, Tomás Daniel; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Chung Montoya, Fernando; Gómez Palomino, Laura; Quispe Callasi, Flor; Rodríguez Pérez, Berlan; Jia, Fang; Achata Böttger, JorgeOrganomineral fertilizers (OMF) represent an opportunity to develop locally sourced fertilizers to decarbonize grain value chains. A two-location field study comparing OMF and mineral fertilizers (MF) agronomic and environmental performance was established at two Peruvian valleys, the environmental impacts of maize grain produced with locally produced OMF and imported MF were modelled through cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis (LCA). The carbon footprints (CF) of OMF resulted smaller than those of imported MF. Fully replacing MF with OMF results in equivalent grain yield, 43% higher phosphorus agronomic efficiency and reduced cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in up to 232 kg carbon dioxide (CO₂) eq Mg⁻¹ grain. Estimated NOx emissions, nutrient lixiviation and mineral resource depletion were reduced as well, providing support for OMF as a tool for sustainable grain production.Ítem Mapping and future prediction of land use and land cover dynamics using Google Earth Engine and an artificial neural network model in the Jucusbamba River Basin, Amazonas (NW-Peru)(ALÖKI Kft, 2026-01-30) Zabaleta Santisteban, J.A.; Cachay Reynaga, R.; Rojas Briceño, N.B.; Silva López, J.O.; Medina Medina, A.J.; Tuesta Trauco, K.M.; Rivera Fernandez, A.S.; Sánchez Vega, J.A.; Silva Melendez, T.B.; Grandez Alberca, M.A.; Salas López, R.; Oliva Cruz, M.; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Barboza, E.Monitoring land use and land cover (LULC) changes is essential due to its close relationship with ecological processes, land-use planning, and environmental sustainability. In the Jucusbamba River sub-basin (Amazonas, Peru), knowledge of spatial transitions and cover change dynamics remains limited. This study analyzed LULC changes from 1992 to 2022 using Landsat and Sentinel satellite imagery classified with the Random Forest algorithm on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Additionally, future scenarios for 2037 and 2052 were simulated using the MOLUSCE plugin along with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Five main land cover classes were the followings: urban areas, pasture and cropland mosaics, forests, grasslands, and secondary shrub/herbaceous vegetation. Between 1992 and 2022, pasture/cropland mosaics increased by 24.36% and urban areas by 0.76%, while forests and secondary vegetation decreased by 8.89% and 16.25%, respectively. Projections to 2052 indicate further expansion of agricultural (4.74%) and urban (0.07%) land use, along with additional losses in forest cover (-1.47%) and secondary vegetation (-3.35%). The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 89.8% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.86. These findings provide a robust foundation for evidence-based decision-making in land management, ecological zoning, and natural resource conservation within the Andean-Amazonian region.Ítem Modeling the potential distribution of Musa (AAB), cv. 'Bellaco' and Carica papaya under climate change scenarios in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio(Elsevier B.V., 2026-06-06) Cubas Sanchez, Jefferson Anthony; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Gómez Fernández, DarwinPlantain (Musa (AAB), cv. 'Bellaco') and papaya (Carica papaya) are key crops for the economy and food security in northwestern Peru; however, the lack of spatially explicit information on their current and future suitability limits agricultural planning and climate change adaptation. This study modeled the current and future potential distribution (2050 and 2070) of both crops in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio under the SSP1– 2.6, SSP2– 4.5, and SSP5– 8.5 scenarios, using 262 occurrence records for plantain and 125 for papaya, together with bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic predictors standardized to a spatial resolution of 1 km. MaxEnt models calibrated with 25-fold cross-validation showed excellent performance (current AUC = 0.922–0.928; projected AUC = 0.957–0.965). The main predictors were elevation (58.97%), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19, 13.39%), and silt content (7.55%) for plantain, and temperature seasonality (Bio4, 82.06%) for papaya. Projections indicate a marked spatial redistribution for both crops. Although between 78.93% and 85.92% of the territory remained in the same suitability class, plantain showed consistently negative net balances across all scenarios, with losses of up to −1690.87 km² under SSP5– 8.5 in 2070. For papaya, some scenarios showed short-term gains in high-suitability areas (up to 26.50% in 2050), but by 2070 net losses predominated, reaching −34.59% under SSP5– 8.5. These findings reveal crop-specific patterns that are overall unfavorable under climate change and provide a spatial basis for crop zoning, territorial prioritization, and the planning of adaptation measures aimed at site selection, crop diversification, and water management.Ítem Dinámica subpoblacional del semen criopreservado de alpaca obtenido de conductos deferentes y post cópula(UCOPress, Universidad de Córdoba, 2026-01-15) Ccalta Hancco, Ruth; Sevilla, F.; Araya Zúñiga, I.; Mata, X.; Cucho, H.; Valverde, A.Los camélidos suramericanos poseen una relevancia económica, biológica y cultural para estas regiones. A pesar de ello, la conservación y la utilización de tecnologías de reproducción asistida no se ha promovido lo suficiente. La caracterización y conservación de los eyaculados seminales de estas especies, pueden favorecerse con estos procesos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los patrones la morfométricos del semen criopreservado de alpaca recuperado mediante dos métodos de colecta sobre la dinámica subpoblacional espermática. El estudio se realizó en el distrito de Marangani de la provincia de Canchis, Cusco, Perú por el Laboratorio de Biotecnologías Reproductivas de la Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco y el Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal (AndroTEC) del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Agronomía, Costa Rica. Se utilizaron un total de 18 eyaculados de seis alpacas adultas (6-8 años). Se utilizó un sistema computarizado de análisis seminal (módulo CASA-morph) para la determinación de la forma y tamaño de la cabeza del espermatozoide de alpaca. Se utilizaron modelos generales lineales y mixtos para evaluar las variables morfométricas de la cabeza del espermatozoide de alpaca. Hubo un efecto sobre las variables de morfometría de acuerdo con el método de colecta y el proceso de conservación del semen. Se determinaron cuatro subpoblaciones espermáticas en los eyaculados de alpaca. Los procesos de conservación seminal influyen sobre el tamaño y forma de los espermatozoides de alpaca. También, tienen efecto sobre la distribución de los espermatozoides en subpoblaciones dentro de un eyaculado. La valoración de la morfología espermática puede favorecer a seleccionar los animales para los procesos de conservación de estas especies.Ítem Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) inclusion improves some growth, production, and carcass characteristics of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) in the Peruvian highlands(Tripoli University / Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, 2026-05-31) Pariona Rodas, Shirley B.; Rodríguez, Misael; Mejía , Flor L.; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; López Mendoza, Yolvi; Vásquez, Héctor V.; Saucedo Uriarte, José A.; Zamora Huamán, Segundo J.; Paucar, YsaiBackground: Alternative forages, such as chicory and plantain, have been successfully applied in various animal species. As a result, these forages could serve as an alternative for raising guinea pigs in high Andean regions; however, few, if any, reports have been published on the effects of their inclusion on growth, production, and carcass yield. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of incorporating chicory and plantain into the diet of guinea pigs on growth, production, and carcass yield, elucidating the possibility of using these species for feeding guinea pigs. Methods: The study was conducted in Andahuaylas—Perú, in an experimental period of 6 weeks. Five guinea pigs were randomly assigned to each diet treatment (30% chicory–70% lucerne, 30% plantain–70% lucerne, 50% chicory–50% lucerne, 50% plantain–50% lucerne, and 100% lucerne as a control). Growth, production, and carcass yield were measured. Covariance analysis was performed using R software, and the means were compared using Dunnett's method (α=0.05). Results: Diets with chicory (30%–50%) improved the final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hot carcass weight, whereas diets with plantain (30%) improved the final live weight, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, and carcass weight compared with diets with 100% lucerne. Conclusion: Chicory and plantain can optimize the growth, production, and hot carcass weight of guinea pigs in high Andean areas, surpassing traditional lucerne diets.Ítem Variabilidad fenotípica de accesiones de caupí Vigna unguiculata del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, 2026-05-19) León Mendoza, Luis Humberto; Castro Angulo, Raúl Ericson; Angulo Villacorta, Carlos Darwin; Campos Cedano, Johnny Carlos; Vásquez Inuma, Lady Liliana; Sangama Arirama, Misael Nemecio; Solano Vargas, Jhordy Janno; Martínez Zapata, Boris GuillermoEl caupí (Vigna unguiculata) es un cultivo transitorio adaptado a climas tropicales y subtropicales, importante para la seguridad alimentaria. En este contexto, el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) en 2021 implementó la colección de leguminosas tropicales para su propagación, conservación y estudio. Este estudio evaluó su variabilidad fenotípica e identificó accesiones promisorias mediante descriptores agromorfológicos. En 2022-2023 se evaluaron 23 accesiones con 10 descriptores (7 cuantitativos y 3 cualitativos); se detectó variación sólo en tres descriptores cuantitativos, y los cualitativos mostraron alta concordancia. En 2024 se evaluaron 26 descriptores (14 cualitativos, 12 cuantitativos), encontrándose diferencias significativas en todos los descriptores; los de mayor partición fueron peso de 100 semillas y tamaño del pedúnculo. El análisis multivariado de componentes explicó el 60,3 % de la varianza total, Dim1 separó principalmente los rasgos biométricos de la semilla y Dim2 la variación fenológica. Los índices de Shannon-Weaver y Gini-Simpson evidenciaron que el patrón del hilio, textura de la testa, forma de la semilla, color del hilio y pigmentación de la vaina inmadura presentaron mayor capacidad discriminante y diversidad. Se seleccionaron accesiones promisorias con registro PER, valores superiores en el número de vainas por planta, tamaño de la vaina, número de lóculos por vaina y peso de 100 semillas, así como, el hábito de crecimiento y patrón de crecimiento compatibles con el destino de uso (consumo humano o forraje verde). Con base en estos criterios, se seleccionaron accesiones promisorias para consumo humano (PER1005854 y PER1005858) y para forraje/cobertura (PER1005851, PER1005852, PER1005853 y PER1005857).Ítem Association of agro-morphological traits with cup quality in accessions of Coffea arabica L. from the INIA germplasm bank, Peru(Global Initiative of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd., 2026-06-05) Carrera Rojo, Ronald Pio; Ramírez Peralta, José Antonio; Cornejo Herrera, José Manuel; Reategui Vega, José; Oscco Medina, Itnan; Maraví Loyola, Jazmín Yurema; Huayta Hinojosa, L. DavidIn recent years, Peruvian coffee production has increasingly focused on specialty coffees, with cup quality (CQ) as a key criterion. While previous studies have characterized the Coffee Germplasm Collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation (CGC-INIA), few studies have analyzed coffee cup quality. The present study assessed the association between agro-morphological traits and sensory quality of CGC-INIA. A total of 123 accessions from six departments were evaluated during two crop seasons (2022–2023 and 2023–2024). Fourteen agro-morphological traits (morphological, reproductive, and phytosanitary) and cup quality were recorded. Mean cup quality of the accessions was 81.56 points, which is classified as "very good" according to the Specialty Coffee Association. Most traits remained stable across seasons, except for fruit production and two phytosanitary traits (leaf miner infestation and rust incidence). Correlation analysis showed weak associations between individual agro-morphological traits and CQ (r < 0.3). Principal component analysis explained 28.6% of the total variance in the first two components, indicating limited overall association between agro-morphological variation and sensory quality. Generalized linear model results showed that Plant height (PH) and young shoot color (YSC) were the only traits positively associated with CQ. However, the weak associations and small effect sizes indicate that PH and YSC should be considered complementary indicators in CQ evaluation, and only within integrated selection frameworks that combine phenotypic, genetic, environmental, and management factors to improve specialty coffee quality.Ítem Assessment of soil fertility variability for maize production in highland agroecosystems of Peru(Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE), 2026-04-01) Garcia Seguil, Erika Janina; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Sanabria Quispe, Samuel; Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Gavino Lulo, Esthefany Irene; Azabache, Andres; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel EdwinMaize (Zea mays L.) is central to food, feed, and rural livelihoods, yet the yields in Peru’s highlands remain modest, underscoring the need for spatially explicit soil diagnostics. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of soil fertility in a highland maize production area of the southern Mantaro Valley and translate those patterns into site-specific management zones. The authors sampled the arable layer (0–30 cm) at 100 plots and analyzed pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable acidity, texture, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Laboratory data were integrated with environmental covariates using geostatistics, Random Forest, and GIS to generate high-resolution maps. Results showed uneven distributions in key attributes about 25% of the area with P deficiency, 15% with localized K shortages, and ~20% with OM < 2% while pH and CEC were comparatively stable. Random Forest achieved strong predictive performance for relatively stable properties (e.g., OM, pH, exchangeable cations), whereas mobile nutrients (available P, exchangeable K) were less predictable. The resulting products constitute the first high-resolution soil-fertility baseline for maize in the southern Mantaro Valley. The maps delineate fertilization management zones and provide a practical basis for preliminary rate recommendations that target constraints while avoiding surpluses. Future work will refine these zoned recommendations through yield-response trials, seasonal monitoring of mobile nutrients, and farmercentered decision-support tools, with the goal of improving nutrient-use efficiency, sustaining maize productivity, and reducing environmental risks across the valley.Ítem Moderate deficit irrigation improves agronomic performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) compared to full irrigation in the central highlands of Peru(Learning Gate, 2026-03-19) Gavino Lulo, Esthefany Irene; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Garcia Seguil, Erika Janina; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Contreras, Jose; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Betega, S.D.; Yaranga, Raúl M.; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel EdwinThis study evaluated the agronomic performance and water productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. cv. INIA 433) under three irrigation regimes in the central highlands of Peru: optimal irrigation (Ks = 1.00), moderate deficit (Ks = 0.66), and severe deficit (Ks = 0.49). The experiment combined constant water table lysimeters and field plots, integrating crop coefficient estimation, water balance analysis, and multispectral monitoring (NDVI, NDRE, SRWI) using UAV imagery and ground spectroradiometry. Moderate water stress (Ks = 0.66) significantly improved reproductive performance, producing approximately 8,000 grains per plant compared with ~3,900 grains per plant under optimal irrigation. Grain protein content increased from 4.8% to 6.0%, while evapotranspiration decreased by 37% (from 374.5 to 234.4 mm), markedly improving water use efficiency. In contrast, optimal irrigation promoted maximum vegetative growth (plant height ~110 cm; NDVI 0.7–0.8) but lower reproductive output, whereas severe stress (Ks = 0.49) reduced yield to 4,400 grains per plant and accelerated senescence. Multispectral indices effectively distinguished water stress levels: NDVI reflected canopy vigor, NDRE detected chlorophyll variation, and SRWI captured plant water status. The results demonstrate that regulated deficit irrigation enhances water productivity and grain quality in quinoa. Maintaining Ks values around 0.65–0.70 appears to optimize yield and resource use efficiency in water-limited Andean agroecosystems.Ítem Geographic information system applications in bee research(MDPI, 2026-05-29) Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Guzman Valqui, Betty Karina; Ix Balam, Manuel A.; Ramos Tejeda, José L.; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Veneros, Jaris; García, LigiaBees play crucial ecological, economic, and environmental roles, and research on them increasingly includes a spatial dimension. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) enable the acquisition, storage, analysis, management, and visualization of spatial data. However, GIS applications in bee research have expanded while remaining dispersed across topics, tools, taxa, and methodological approaches. This study provides a comprehensive and updated review of GIS applications in bee research by integrating bibliometric analysis with a structured synthesis of GIS purposes and techniques. A total of 228 publications were analyzed to assess publication trends, co-authorship patterns, keyword themes, study areas, taxonomic coverage, GIS application themes, and methodological tools. GIS was used to select suitable apiary sites, map floral resources, analyze bee behavior, assess diseases and pests, monitor bee products, evaluate urban and landscape contexts, and predict climate change effects. The main GIS-related approaches included multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), remote sensing, species distribution models (SDMs), spatial interpolation, WebGIS platforms, and emerging machine-learning applications. The review also identified underrepresented taxa, especially wild bees, stingless bees, and other Apis species. Future advances should integrate MCDA with data-driven models, improve floral-resource mapping with remote sensing, and strengthen reproducibility through standardized spatial data and workflows.Ítem Genomics and reproductive biotechnologies in goat production systems in Peru(2026-06-01) Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Pinazo Herencia, René Alfredo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos AlejandroGoat production in Peru is primarily carried out under extensive systems shaped by climatic variability, forage seasonality, infrastructure limitations, and persistent sanitary pressure. In this context, Creole goats represent a strategic animal genetic resource due to their capacity to adapt to arid and high-Andean environments. This review integrates the available evidence on production typologies in the main goat-producing regions of the country, the major sanitary and structural bottlenecks, and the state of the art of genomic, multi-omics, and reproductive biotechnology tools applicable to goats. It discusses how the transition from traditional markers to SNP genotyping, together with functional approaches such as microbiome analysis, transcriptomics, and proteomics, can contribute to understanding the biological basis of complex traits related to resilience, feed efficiency, and reproductive performance. Likewise, the potential of precision livestock farming to generate longitudinal phenotypes and strengthen genetic improvement programs in low-input systems is highlighted. Finally, priorities and considerations are outlined to advance the integration of phenotyping, genomics, and reproductive biotechnologies in extensive contexts, with emphasis on the generation of systematic data, interinstitutional coordination, and technology transfer aimed at the sustainability and conservation of goat resources. These insights may also inform genetic improvement strategies in other developing countries facing similar environmental and structural constraints in low-input goat production systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.Ítem Integrated assessment of water quality and trophic status in High Altitude Andean lagoons: a multi-index and multivariate approach for sustainable fish farming management(Elsevier Inc., 2026-05-27) Custodio, María; Huarcaya, Javier; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Alvarez, Daniel; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Ortega Quispe, Kevin AbnerHigh-altitude Andean lagoons are ecologically sensitive systems whose water quality is under increasing pressure from the expansion of aquaculture and other human activities. An integrated assessment of water quality and trophic status was carried out in three lagoons located in the highlands of central Peru, using a multi-index and multivariate approach that combined physicochemical parameters, trophic indices (TRIX, TSI, molar N:P ratio), and heavy-metal indices, evaluated against Peruvian EQS, USEPA, and CCME water-quality standards. Principal component analysis explained 60.1% of the total variability, with the first axis (40.4%) structured by an organic loading and nutrient gradient that consistently separated Tipicocha from the other lagoons. Total phosphorus in Tipicocha reached concentrations well above the Peruvian EQS threshold, and TRIX values classified all lagoons as eutrophic to hypertrophic (5.46–6.21). TSI (TP) classified Tipicocha and Tranca Grande as hypereutrophic, whereas TSI (Chl-a) remained within the eutrophic range (53–60), a pattern consistent with additional environmental constraints on phytoplankton biomass. Molar N:P ratios indicated strong nitrogen limitation in Tipicocha and Tranca Grande, whereas Pomacocha showed a seasonal shift from co-limitation during the dry season to potential nitrogen limitation during the rainy season. Metal contamination was low according to EQS and USEPA criteria, whereas CCME thresholds suggested moderate to high contamination (HPI up to 105.1), with systematic exceedances of Cd, Cu, and Zn at all sites. Taken together, the results point to strong trophic enrichment associated with fish-farming activity as the main pressure on water quality in these ecosystems and show that the choice of regulatory framework has a decisive influence on metal-risk classification.Ítem Spatial assessment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils of the lower Chancay–Huaral valley, Peru(Wiley, 2026-05-29) Samaniego Vivanco, Tomás Daniel; Ramirez Aparicio, Jorge Adrian; Solórzano Acosta, Richard AndiSoil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) poses a potential threat to agricultural productivity and food security, particularly in rapidly developing coastal regions. This study evaluates the spatial distribution and contamination levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in agricultural soils from the Huaral, Chancay, and Aucallama districts of the Lima region, Peru, an area undergoing urban expansion, mining concessions, and the establishment of a new international port. A total of 88 soil samples were analyzed for metal concentrations using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), along with key physicochemical properties. Geostatistical interpolation techniques, including ordinary kriging (OK) and cokriging (CK), were applied to generate spatial prediction maps for each element. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) were used to determine the contamination status. Mean Igeo values ranged from −0.59 to −0.46, while mean CF values ranged from 1.09 to 1.21, indicating generally unpolluted to moderately polluted conditions. Although maximum values reached 1.41 for Igeo and 4.21 for CF, these were spatially localized. Results revealed that most metal concentrations remained below the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standards for agricultural soils, suggesting predominantly natural geochemical origins. However, a small proportion of samples showed slight and localized exceedances (4.54% for Cd and 3.41% for Mn). For elements not regulated under national standards, international guidelines were considered, further supporting the absence of widespread anthropogenic contamination. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mn were spatially clustered in the north-central sector of the study area, suggesting responses to soil properties such as pH, texture, and moisture. Notably, areas of higher concentration did not coincide with zones of higher contamination indices, indicating limited anthropogenic influence. However, proximity to urban expansion, mining activities, and port infrastructure highlights the need for continuous soil monitoring to prevent accumulation and ensure agricultural sustainability.Ítem Ecological risk associated with potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils across coastal and highland valleys(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-05-06) Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel EdwinSoil elemental composition in heterogeneous agroecosystems is shaped by interacting environmental and anthropogenic controls. This study evaluated the spatial variability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs: Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, As, and Cd) across coastal (Chancay and Pativilca) and highland (Mantaro and Tarma) agricultural valleys of Peru. A stratified sampling design was combined with multivariate analyses (PCA, PERMANOVA, PERMDISP, and variance partitioning) and ecological risk assessment using integrated indices (PLI, mCd, SRI, and Nemerow index). The first two principal components explained 50.2% of total variance (PC1 = 36.8%; PC2 = 13.4%), reflecting distinct soil–geochemical and climatic–spatial gradients. The Valley × Zone interaction significantly structured elemental composition (R² = 0.049, p = 0.011), whereas crop type showed no significant effect (p = 0.838). Variance partitioning indicated that soil physicochemical, climatic, and spatial/topographic predictors jointly explained 60% of total variation (adjusted R² = 0.597), with the three-way shared fraction accounting for 28%, highlighting strong coupling among pedogenic, climatic, and topographic drivers. Ecological risk indices revealed clear spatial differentiation between systems. Highland valleys exhibited greater contamination intensity, spatial heterogeneity, and more frequent high-risk categories according to PLI, mCd, and SRI. In contrast, coastal valleys showed more homogeneous and diffuse accumulation patterns associated with long-term agricultural intensification. These findings underscore the need for regionally adapted soil monitoring frameworks that incorporate environmental gradients in the assessment and management of PTE-related ecological risk in agricultural landscapes.Ítem Mathematical modeling of the germination and growth of Leucaena leucocephala under different substrates and nursery conditions(Polish Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026-05-28) Sauceo Uriarte, José Américo; Milla Pino, Manuel Emilio; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni Tatiana; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Gongora Bardales, Deiner Jhonel; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge LuisLivestock production in tropical regions is predominantly extensive and relies heavily on native or monoculture pastures, which often prove insufficient for ruminant nutrition. The incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala into silvopastoral systems represents a promising strategy due to its high forage quality; however, information on its early establishment under nursery conditions remains limited. This study aimed to model the germination dynamics and early seedling growth of L. leucocephala under different substrate compositions during the nursery phase. Germination percentage and daily plant height were recorded over a 30-day period. Treatment effects were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and growth dynamics were described using non-linear sigmoidal models (Gompertz, Logistic, von Bertalanffy, and Brody). Significant differences in germination rate among substrates were detected (p<0.05), whereas no significant effect of substrate on plant height was observed during the evaluation period (p>0.05). Among the evaluated models, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic functions provided the best fit for plant height based on R² and AIC criteria. Although some models showed high R² values for germination, elevated AIC values suggest limited biological adequacy. These findings highlight the usefulness of predictive modeling to support nursery management decisions, optimize substrate selection, and facilitate the establishment of L. leucocephala in sustainable silvopastoral systems.Ítem Metabarcoding reveals rhizosphere microbiome differences in healthy and basal rot-affected dragon fruit plants(Elsevier B.V., 2026-02-18) Guelac Santillan, Marly; Fernandez Castro, Paul; Huaman Pilco, Angel F.; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Rodríguez Grados, Pedro; Arbizu, Carlos I.The rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in plant health, yet its dynamics in Selenicereus megalanthus (yellow dragon fruit) remain poorly understood. This study employed high-throughput sequencing to characterize the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of healthy and basal rot-affected plants across four commercial production sites in Amazonas department from Peru. Amplicon sequencing Metagenomics Sequencing (WOBI) targeting to 16S rRNA (for bacteria) and ITS (for fungi) gene regions show differences in microbial community structure associated with plant health status. Multivariate analyses revealed a clear disease-driven reassembly of the bacterial microbiome, marked by the loss of health-associated taxa (Xanthobacteraceae, Geminicoccaceae, Nocardioidaceae) and enrichment of oligotrophic and stress-tolerant groups (Nitrososphaeraceae, Acidobacteriaceae Subgroup 1). In contrast, fungal assemblages displayed structural inertia, responding primarily through pathogen-associated increases in Nectriaceae. Soil physicochemistry particularly pH, exchangeable aluminum, and nutrient levels modulated the strength of bacterial differentiation, highlighting the role of edaphic filters in microbiome resilience. Our findings provide evidence of a bacterial-centered dysbiosis associated with basal stem rot in S. megalanthus, while positioning fungal communities as structurally resilient components of the holobiont. Together, these results outline a framework in which disease is linked to altered plant microbe soil feedbacks rather than pathogen presence alone, and suggest that bacterial assemblages could inform the development of microbiome-based early-warning indicators and soil health strategies for sustainable dragon fruit management.Ítem Forest structure and fragmentation dynamics in cacao-producing landscapes of Amazonas, Peru, revealed by multi-temporal land-use change and spaceborne LiDAR(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature, 2026-05-27) Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Barboza, Elgar; Veneros, Jaris; Huaman Pilco, Angel Fernando; García, Ligia; Guzman Valqui, Betty Karina; Oliva, Manuel; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Torresani, MicheleThe ongoing loss and degradation of tropical forests poses a significant threat to biodiversity, carbon storage, and ecosystem services throughout the Amazon Basin. Agroforestry systems such as cacao cultivation can help balance production and conservation, yet integrated analyses combining spatial and structural forest data remain limited. This study integrates multi-temporal land-use/land-cover (LULC) data, fragmentation metrics, and canopy indicators from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission to assess forest transformation across two contrasting cacao-producing landscapes in the Amazonas region of Peru. LULC dynamics (1985–2020) were derived from the 30m Global Land Cover Change Dataset (GLC_FCS30D), with 2020 used as a baseline consistent with the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). The 2020 forest/non-forest map was compared with the 10m Global Forest Cover 2020 product to quantify fragmentation across multiple grid sizes. GEDI L2A and L2B data provided structural metrics, including relative height (RH25–RH98), plant area index (PAI), foliage height diversity (FHD), and canopy cover, which were linked to fragmentation indicators. In the indigenous territories of Condorcanqui, cacao landscapes maintained stable forest cover, while rural areas in Bagua and Utcubamba showed greater forest loss and landscape modification. Fine-scale (10m) data revealed localised zones of conservation and degradation, particularly in lowland cacao areas. Taller, more structurally complex canopies were associated with less fragmented forests, whereas shorter and more heterogeneous structures reflected long-term disturbance. Integrating spaceborne LiDAR with multi-scale fragmentation metrics provides robust indicators of forest integrity, supporting sustainable cacao agroforestry management and conservation plannin.