Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Spatial variation of acidic sodic soils in high-andean environments and theoretical estimation of gypsum requirement
(John Wiley, 2026-06-03) Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Ccosi Mamani, Elvis David; Miranda Quispe, Dalmecio; Choquechambi Apaza, Luz Aleida; Choquehuanca Murillo, Katherin Heidy; Carrasco Ordoñez, Edgar Raddy; Cuellar Condori, Néstor Edwin
High-Andean forage systems are characterized by extensive management of cultivated forages, primarily through rotation of forage oats (Avena sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), under marginal edaphoclimatic conditions. Within this context, soil sodicity severely constrains the productivity of these systems in the districts of Ayaviri and Macarí, Melgar Province, Peru. However, spatially explicit information on gypsum requirements (GR) for sodic-soil reclamation remains unavailable. To address this gap, this study aimed to: (i) develop a weighted Soil Quality Index (SQIw) for sodic soils, (ii) delineate sodicity-affected areas across districts, soil classes and environmental conditions and (iii) generate high-resolution maps of gypsum requirements using regression kriging (RK). A total of 1273 soil samples were analysed in high-altitude areas of Ayaviri and Macarí. Key sodicity-related variables included exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), clay flocculating charge and Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) selected through Pearson correlation and principal component analysis to construct the SQIw, while regression kriging was used to generate spatially explicit gypsum requirement maps. Results showed wide variability in pH and ESP, reflecting heterogeneous sodicity conditions across the study area, with Macarí presenting higher soil quality (SQIw = 0.61) than Ayaviri (SQIw = 0.44). Sandy loam soils and acid saline–sodic soils exhibited the greatest vulnerability. Regression kriging achieved high predictive accuracy for GR estimation (R² = 0.97 in Ayaviri; R² = 0.85 in Macarí), enabling precise delineation of priority intervention zones. The resulting GR maps provide a robust basis for site-specific gypsum application, improving amendment efficiency, reducing unnecessary costs and supporting sustainable sodicity management in vulnerable High-Andean agroecosystems.
A new species of Neorthopleura (coleoptera: cleridae: korynetinae) from northern Peru
(Springer, 2026-06-30) Chuquibala-Checan, Beimer; Hernández May, Manuel A.; Leavengood, John M. Jr.; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Neorthopleura pomahuacensis Hernández-May, Chuquibala-Checan and Leavengood, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Korynetinae) from Pomahuaca, Peru, is described. This beetle species is named after the locality where it was collected. Similar species are discussed and the lectotype of N. suturalis (Chevrolat, 1874) is illustrated for comparison.
Genetic structure of traditional cacao reveals four new genetic lineages in indigenous Amazonian sites in Peru
(Public Library of Science (PLOS), 2026-07-06) Motilal, Lambert A.; Calderon, Martha S.; Bustamante, Danilo E.; Gopaulchan, David; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Márquez Romero, Fanny R,; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Díaz Valderrama, Jorge R.; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Oliva, Manuel; Umaharan, Pathmanathan
Cacao genetic resources in Peru are largely uncharacterized. Knowledge of their genetic structure is needed for their conservation and use. Indigenous on-farm cacao trees (n = 390) from the Departments of Amazonas (n = 130), Ayacucho (n = 76), Cajamarca (n = 1), Cusco (n = 110), Madre de Dios (n = 10), Piura (n = 59), San Martín (n = 3) and Ucayali (n = 1) in Peru were fingerprinted with 192 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. Identity, group differentiation, phylogenetic, multivariate and ancestry analyses were conducted. Four new populations were identified guided by phylogenetic, accepted ancestral backgrounds of reference samples and least admixture among samples. The cacao from these eight Departments were variably mixed containing both pure members of new populations and admixed samples with these new populations and Amelonado, Contamana, Criollo, Curaray, Guiana, Iquitos, Marañon, Nacional, Nanay and Púrus. The findings of this study suggest that while the cacao germplasm is genetically related across different departments, each region harbors its own distinct genetic composition. The Clade IV (Chuncho 2) population was associated with the Contamana cluster and Clade I (Chuncho 1) was associated with Purus cluster. Clades II (Awajun) and III (Porcelana) were associated with the Nacional cluster. The ancestry of the economically desired CCN 51 cultivar was revealed to be better assigned as 15% Amelonado, 13% Criollo, 25% Iquitos and 45% Awajun. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the genetic landscape in Peru, enhance genebank collections in Peru and enable the differentiation of the fine flavour industry in Peru. The new groups of cacao identified in this study will help understand the genetic structuring of cacao and represent a valuable new resource to search for valuable traits for breeding and commercialization programmes in the fine flavour cacao industry in Peru.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community shifts driven by heavy metals in cocoa agroecosystems at different crop age
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2026-06-09) Del Aguila Torres, Cecil Eduardo; Pezo Torres, Maria Nelly; Vega Herrera, Sergio Sebastian; Verde Girbau, Carlos; Meseth Macchiavello, Enrique; Corazon Guivin, Mike Anderson; Paz Urrelo, Jorge Luis
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an economically important tropical crop, but its production is increasingly constrained by strict regulations related to heavy metal accumulation in soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a key biological component of cocoa agroecosystems due to their role in soil processes and plant nutrition. However, information on AMF diversity and their response to heavy metals remains limited. In this study, AMF communities were evaluated in cocoa plantations of different ages established under contrasting heavy metal conditions. A total of 53 AMF taxa were identified, indicating high fungal richness across all plantations. No significant differences were found in α-diversity indices or community composition among plantation ages. In contrast, multivariate analyses showed that variation in AMF community structure was primarily associated with soil heavy metal gradients, particularly cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Species-level models revealed contrasting responses among taxa, with both positive and negative associations along Cd and Zn gradients, suggesting differential tolerance strategies. Overall, these results indicate that edaphic factors, especially heavy metal concentrations, play a more important role than plantation age in shaping AMF community composition. These findings provide a basis for identifying AMF taxa adapted to metal-enriched soils and for developing management strategies that support sustainable cocoa production.
Divergent effects of a Bacillus biofertilizer immobilized in guinea pig manure biochar: Boosting productivity vs. enhancing nutritional quality in maca monocultures
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-07-03) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Carranza Ramirez, Ana; Vera Obando, Nora; Javier Astete, Rosario Elyzabeth; Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Lopez Rodriguez, Melina; Arroyo Julca, Michell Karolay; Saavedra Flores, Excela Elizabeth; Quispe Apaza , Cinthia Sheila; Mamani Rojas, Lizbeth Margarita; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Montes Osorio, Angel; Agapito Panta, Juan; Oscco Laura, Persing; Hernández Amasifuen, Angel David
Intensive monoculture of maca (Lepidium meyenii) in the Peruvian Andes induces edaphic degradation, requiring sustainable amendments. We evaluated the agronomic and nutritional effects of a Bacillus subtilis biofertilizer immobilized in guinea-pig manure biochar, contrasting it with its individual components. A field experiment was conducted in Junín, Peru (4449 m a.s.l.) using a randomized complete block design with four treatments: control, biochar alone (3 L m⁻²), liquid B. subtilis (125 L ha⁻¹, 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹) and biochar + B. subtilis. Plant establishment, yield, nutritional quality, and hypocotyl nutrient content were evaluated. Results revealed a functional divergence between treatments. Biochar-based treatments (alone and combined) significantly increased plant density (up to 49 vs. 29 m⁻² in the control) and yield (1290–1500 vs. 550 kg ha⁻¹), associated with greater K accumulation (up to 22,252 mg kg⁻¹; p < 0.001). In contrast, B. subtilis alone primarily enhanced nutritional quality, resulting in the highest protein (3.88 g 100 g⁻¹) and fat (0.24 g 100 g⁻¹) contents. The combined treatment achieved the highest individual plant weight (10.1 g) and high yields; however, it did not retain the quality-related benefits, exhibiting the lowest protein content (3.34 g 100 g⁻¹). Redundancy analysis (RDA) confirmed this functional separation: biochar was associated with a mineral–productivity gradient, whereas B. subtilis aligned with a proximate–nutritional gradient. These findings indicate that biochar primarily acts as edaphic conditioner driving productivity, while B. subtilis enhances nutritional quality. The absence of full synergism in the combined treatment suggests independent modes of action, resulting in a yield–quality trade-off. This enables the design of differentiated fertilization strategies tailored either toward maximum productivity (biochar alone) or premium nutritional quality (B. subtilis alone).
Metales pesados en cultivos agrícolas del Perú: Una revisión sistemática y análisis bibliométrico
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-05-17) Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Cordova Campos, José Stalyn; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Guerrero Padilla, Ana Marlene
El presente trabajo corresponde a una revisión sistemática y análisis bibliométrico sobre la presencia de metales pesados en cultivos agrícolas en el Perú durante el periodo 2015-2025. Se realizó la búsqueda de información en las bases Scopus y ScienceDirect aplicando el protocolo PRISMA. El procesamiento y análisis de los datos se efectuó utilizando los programas R Studio (v.4.5), QGIS (v.3.36.1), Microsoft Excel (v.16) y el modelo de lenguaje de inteligencia artificial ChatGPT (v.GPT-5, OpenAI). Como resultado, solo 19 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Los cultivos identificados con presencia de metales pesados abarcan grupos como cereales, leguminosas, hortalizas, raíces, tubérculos, plantas aromáticas, medicinales y frutales. Entre los metales evaluados, el cadmio (Cd) estuvo presente en todos los grupos, mientras que el arsénico (As) en parte de los cultivos evaluados. Del análisis temporal realizado no se registraron investigaciones durante los años 2015 y 2016; sin embargo, a partir de 2017 se observó un incremento progresivo en el número de publicaciones, alcanzando un alto nivel en 2023 con el 31,6% de los estudios, seguido de fluctuaciones posteriores hasta el año 2025. Geográficamente, se encontró que los estudios se han realizado en 12 regiones, correspondientes al 48 % del total de gobiernos regionales del Perú, concentrándose principalmente en la Sierra (zona altoandina) y de manera limitada en la Costa y la Selva (Amazonía). Estos hallazgos evidencian la existencia de contaminación y procesos de bioacumulación de metales pesados en cultivos agrícolas, lo que constituye un problema relevante para la salud pública y la seguridad alimentaria. No obstante, se identifica como principal vacío científico la limitada cobertura geográfica y la escasez de estudios en zonas de Costa y Selva, así como la falta de investigaciones longitudinales y estandarizadas que evalúen la dinámica de bioacumulación y sus riesgos para la salud humana, lo que resalta la necesidad de desarrollar estudios integrales y sostenidos en estas regiones.
Prevalencia, gravedad y factores asociados a lesiones pulmonares en cerdos sacrificados en un camal de Huaura, Perú
(Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2026-06-30) Delzo Alvines, Raúl; Velásquez Vergara, Carlomagno; Velásquez Rosazza, Claudia Lucia
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia, gravedad y factores asociados a lesiones pulmonares en cerdos sacrificados en un camal de la provincia de Huaura, Perú. La investigación se realizó entre mayo y junio de 2023. Se evaluaron 1036 pulmones de cerdos, clasificados por categoría (gorrinos, reproductores), tipo de granja (tecnificada, no tecnificada) y sexo (macho, hembra). Las lesiones neumónicas se categorizaron en una escala de 0 a 5, según la extensión de la consolidación pulmonar. El 88.2% de los pulmones tuvieron lesiones neumónicas, siendo de 11.8, 15.2, 24.1, 22.3, 24.9 y 1.6% las frecuencias para los grados 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5, respectivamente. El tipo de granja, categoría animal y el sexo no tuvieron una asociación significativa con la presentación de lesiones pulmonares (p>0.05).
Production and nutritional value of milk from Creole goats fed with different levels of sweet potato vine flour (Ipomoea batata)
(Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh, 2026-06-22) Trillo Zárate, Fritz Carlos; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Acosta Granados, Irene Carol; Ruíz Chamorro, José Antonio; Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal Raúl; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Objectives: In South America, goats largely depend on natural pastures, which often lack adequate nutrition. This innovative study ventured into uncharted areas by examining the potential of incorporating sweet potato vine flour (SPVF) into goat diets, specifically focusing on its effects on both the quantity and quality of milk produced. Materials and Methods: A carefully monitored cohort of twelve female Creole goats, aged between 2 and 3 years, participated in a sophisticated completely randomized factorial design study. The research assessed varying levels of SPVF inclusion—spanning from the control group to significant incorporations of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%—observed meticulously over an eight-week period. Results: The primary variables under detailed examination included daily milk yield, body weight, and milk quality. The latter underwent precise evaluation utilizing the advanced Milko Scan “FOSS”. Notably, the highest milk yield of 411 ± 7.92 ml/day was recorded at the 7.5% flour inclusion level, resulting in a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Interestingly, an inclusión level of just 2.5% significantly enhanced the protein content to 3.84 ± 0.0159% and increased lactose levels to 4.54 ± 0.108%, with significant deviations in protein levels observed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: SPVF improved milk production, but over 5% altered nutrition. Replacing corn with discarded sweet potato tubers is key for boosting milk production for small-scale goat farmers in Perú.
Morphological divergence of Creole goats across Peruvian ecosystems
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-07-18) Haro Reyes, José Antonio; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Temoche Socola, Víctor Alexander; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alexandro; Cruz Flores, Danny Julio
Peruvian Creole goats constitute a genetically distinct population shaped by long-term crossbreeding and adaptation. Peru spans ecological gradients that likely drive regional phenotypic differentiation, yet the morphometric basis remains poorly resolved. We assessed the concordance between morphometric structuring of goats, ecosystem distribution, and regional origin. Body weight (BW) and seven linear body measurements (LBM) were recorded in 515 adult female goats sampled across five ecosystems and seven regions. Low-dimensional structure for BW and LBM was explored using uniform manifold approximation and projection with k-means clustering, and cluster separability was assessed using a linear support vector machine. Six body conformation indices supported body-type interpretation. Four morphometric clusters were identified, structured by Andean shrublands (AS), plains seasonally dry forest (PSDF), and inter-Andean seasonally dry forest (IASDF). Clusters C1 and C3 were dominated by AS goats (77% and 79%, respectively), revealing two morphotypes: a convexilinear form with elevated pelvic indices (C1) and a lighter, shorter, longilinear form (C3). Clusters C2 and C4 were mainly formed by PSDF (54%) and IASDF goats (66%), respectively, with C2 characterized by greater stature and thoracic robustness, and C4 by a narrower pelvic conformation. In contrast, goats from the other ecosystems exhibited greater heterogeneity. Each cluster was dominated by >60% of goats from a single region, with C1, C2, C3, and C4 associated with Ica, Piura, Ayacucho, and Amazonas, respectively. These findings establish the first ecosystem-based national morphometric framework for Peruvian Creole goats, linking body conformation to ecological and geographic context and informing conservation and potential geographical indications.
Population structure and diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in the Peruvian Amazon
(Public Library of Science (PLOS) — San Francisco, CA, Estados Unidos de América, 2026-07-20) Tobaru, Jorge; Barrera Lozano, Marvin; Vecco Giove, Carlos; Peláez, Jorge; Pinchi, Mack; Vargas, Yesenia; Chuquillanqui, Jorge; Soto Torres, Julian; Robles, Ronald; Saravia Navarro, David; Petroli, Cesar; Etchevers, Jorge; Ortiz, Rodomiro; Blas, Raul
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally important grain legume, yet the genetic diversity of landraces from the Peruvian Amazon remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to assess the population structure and genetic diversity of Amazonian common bean by integrating morphological and genome-wide SNP data. A total of 476 accessions were phenotyped using 18 morphological traits, and 647 accessions were genotyped with 23,050 high-quality DArTseq SNP markers. Cluster and population structure analyses consistently identified two major genetic groups corresponding to the Andean (n = 284) and Mesoamerican (n = 363) gene pools, with further subdivision into four subgroups at K = 4. Principal Coordinate Analysis supported this structure, with the first axis explaining 62.62% of the variation in the molecular data. Genetic diversity was high, with 94.9% of SNPs successfully mapped and more than 94% of loci polymorphic in both groups. However, observed heterozygosity was low (Ho = 0.035–0.041) compared to expected heterozygosity (He ≈ 0.147–0.148), and inbreeding coefficients were high (FIS = 0.52–0.54), consistent with the predominantly self-pollinating mating system. Hill number analyses indicated similar allelic richness between groups (q = 0: α ≈ 1.95–1.97) and low differentiation in allele presence (β = 1.04), whereas differentiation increased when allele frequencies were considered (q = 2: β ≈ 1.4–1.5). Morphological analyses revealed substantial phenotypic variation, including flowering time (32–75 days), pod length (6.5–17.3 cm), and number of locules per pod (2–11), and identified four distinct phenotypic clusters. No redundant accessions were detected. These results indicate that Amazonian landraces harbor high levels of genetic and phenotypic diversity structured by gene pool origin and local adaptation. The integration of morphological and SNP data provides a robust framework for germplasm characterization and highlights the importance of conserving these genetic resources for future breeding and sustainable agriculture.
Molecular diagnosis of Sarcocystis aucheniae by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction in blood from alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Peru
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, 2026-07-20) Rojas Valdez, Deisy Janeth; Rivera Jacinto, Marco; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Bujaico Mauricio, Norma; Cardenas Minaya, Oscar Efraín; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Cabrera González, Marco Antonio
Background: Sarcocystis aucheniae is the causative agent of sarcocystosis in South American camelids, such as alpacas. The disease is generally asymptomatic in its acute phase and is characterized by the presence of macroscopic cysts in skeletal muscles, which limits the commercialization of alpaca meat. Aim: This study aimed to establish the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular technique for the diagnosis of S. aucheniae in the blood of alpacas from the province of Huancavelica, Peru. Methods: The analytical sensitivity of semi-nested PCR was determined using very low concentrations of genomic DNA extracted from S. aucheniae macrocysts. The semi-nested PCR assay was compared with the results of the molecular test on blood and the necropsy method. For this purpose, genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples from Huancavelica (n = 8) and Cajamarca (n = 7) alpacas. Furthermore, a previous necropsy was conducted on the muscle tissue of these animals. Furthermore, 42 additional blood samples were collected from alpacas in Huancavelica to detect the 18S rRNA gene of S. aucheniae by semi-nested PCR. Macrocyst DNA was used as a positive control, whereas blood from a negative alpaca for the parasite was used as a negative control. Results: The analytical sensitivity of semi-nested PCR had a detection limit of one picogram of DNA, and the specificity of the technique was 80%. Thirty-two percent (n = 16) of Huancavelica alpacas tested positive for the parasite by semi-nested PCR. Conclusions: Semi-nested PCR had both a satisfactory detection limit and a high degree of specificity for the diagnosis of S. aucheniae in alpaca blood
Morphostructural, phaneroptic characterization, and zoometric indices of Creole cattle (Bos taurus) from the high Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru
(MDPI, 2026-07-07) Contreras Huamaní, Mijail; Mendoza Leiva, César Jorge; Alvaro Peralta, Jhoel Kevin; Guzman Santaria, Hamilton; Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Morphostructural characterization of Creole cattle is essential for assessing the diversity and productive potential in the highland livestock systems. The study was conducted in Chuschi and Chipao districts, at 3800 m above sea level, with the objective of morphostructurally characterizing 154 Creole cows. Seventeen phaneroptic variables and twenty-one morphometric variables were recorded. The multivariate analysis identified three cattle biotypes. Based on proportionality, compactness, and cannon bone load indices, Biotype 1 (16.9%) comprised more compact, robust, and heavier animals with a greater tendency toward meat production aptitude, followed by Biotype 2 (48.1%) and Biotype 3 (35.1%), which were more slender but with a stronger bone structure. No association was found between biotypes and phaneroptic characteristics, except for teat type (p < 0.05). The proportions of red, black, dull black, qosca, and roan coat colors were common across all biotypes; however, Biotype 1 predominated in callejon (15.38%), Biotype 2 in qosne (8.11%) and in other less frequent coat colors (10.81%), while Biotype 3 predominated in dark roan (16.67%) and jet black (11.11%). In the high-Andean region of Ayacucho, three subpopulations of Creole cattle were identified with potential for beef production dual-purpose use, and adaptation to rugged terrain, highlighting the need to investigate their genetic diversity
Microplastics and nanoplastics in soil–plant systems: mechanistic evidence, agronomic relevance, and limits of inference
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-07-03) Cortez Lázaro, Anthony Apolinario; Vàsquez Medina, Pedro James; Chavez Castillo, Jeremy Israel; Fernandez Herrera, Fredesvindo; Caro Degollar, Edson Max; Ferrer Ventocilla, Mirtha Soledad; Romero Bozzetta, José Luis; Rojas Paz, Jorge Luis; Manes Cangana, Gabriel Alberto; Bazan Bautista, Ronnel Edgar; Diaz Vega, Enrique Ubaldo; Cortez Lázaro, Ronald Alexis
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) are increasingly reported in agricultural soils, yet their significance for crop production, soil function, contaminant transfer, and food safety remains difficult to evaluate. The central challenge is not merely documenting particle occurrence, but determining when mechanistic observations support defensible agronomic inference. Here, we combine bibliometric mapping of Scopus-indexed literature published between 2015 and 2025 (n = 1815), a structured critical synthesis of representative empirical evidence, and a claim-specific interpretive framework for MP/NP research in soil–plant systems. Bibliometric analysis characterizes the field's structure and thematic development, whereas empirical synthesis examines how evidence supports biological, functional, transfer, and agronomic claims. Bibliometric patterns indicate rapid expansion of the literature, but limited integration of crop-cycle performance, edible-compartment measurements, multitemporal field evidence, and integrated soil–microbiome–plant endpoints. Across the representative evidence synthesized here, responses to MPs/NPs are strongly context dependent and are modulated by polymer identity, particle size, morphology, aging status, soil matrix, exposure metric, exposure duration, crop species, and co-contaminants. Physiological markers, microbial taxonomic shifts, sorption assays, tissue-associated particle signals, and short-term responses are mechanistically informative, but they do not by themselves establish field-level soil degradation, productivity loss, contaminant-vector effects, edible-tissue relevance, or food-safety implications. The proposed framework separates particle occurrence, validated exposure, mechanistic response, microbial functional response, crop performance, contaminant transfer, edible-compartment relevance, and agronomic inference according to the evidence required for each claim. Under this framework, the representative evidence primarily supports mechanistic plausibility and bounded soil–plant interpretation, whereas generalized field-level agronomic claims require stronger analytical validation, exposure realism, endpoint alignment, temporal structure, material realism, and claim-specific evidence. Rather than classifying MPs/NPs as uniformly harmful or harmless, this review defines how evidence should be configured, interpreted, and limited to support transparent, defensible inference in agricultural systems.
I'll be dammed: Efficiency and cost-analysis of a rehabilitated prehispanic dam in the Andes
(Wiley, 2026-07-08) Lane, Kevin; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Puga Calderón, Rodrigo Julio; Gonzales, Pedro; Advíncula, Mario; Herrera, Alexander
Within archaeology there is a growing shift away from the purely aesthetic towards making the past relevant to present and future needs and demands. The Past Water Futures project charts the impact of ancient dam rehabilitation on climate change‐induced water scarcity in the North Central Andes. The rehabilitation of late period (AD 750–1532) Prehispanic dams is a novel approach to assuage increasing water shortage among the rural communities of the Andean highlands. Nevertheless, until now, we lacked data on the real‐time impact of these modern conservation and rehabilitation projects. Here we present preliminary results, including volume capacity, potential demand, hydrological and hydraulic analysis and a reservoir filling log of the Prehispanic Weetacocha ‘Lake of Flowers’ Dam, which was rehabilitated in late 2024. Weetacocha belongs to the rural community of Racratumanka, District of Pamparomás, Province of Huaylas, Ancash Region, Peru. Importantly, we analyse the cost per m3 unit of water recovered through the rehabilitation of the Weetacocha Dam, proving that the restoration of water dams can provide a viable, cost‐effective, community‐led, sustainable alternative to modern micro‐dam construction in the Central Andes and potentially further afield.
Weed Species Associated with Cacao Cultivation Exhibiting Phytoremediation Potential for Cadmium and Lead: A Study Based on Bioconcentration and Translocation Factors
(Tech Science Press, 2026-06-29) Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Ottos Díaz, Elvis; Salgado Veramendi, Noelito; Huerto Pajuelo, Eldhy Sianina; Ibarra Porras, Carolina del Carmen; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
The exploration and identification of spontaneous weed species in heavy metal–contaminated soils represent a relevant approach for understanding the role and their potential application in phytoremediation. In cacao cultivation, cadmium contamination poses a significant risk due to the restrictions established for soils and cacao-derived products, thereby threatening productive sustainability and export viability. The objective of this study was to identify weed species associated with cacao cultivation exhibiting accumulation patterns and phytoremediation potential for Cd and Pb, through the assessment of biomass production and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF), in natural conditions. Soil samples were collected from seven cacao-growing zones, and the site with the highest Cd concentration (1.65 mg kg−1) was selected, where ten dominant weed species were identified and evaluated. Significant interspecific differences were observed in biomass production and in Cd and Pb concentrations (p < 0.05). Talinum paniculatum exhibited the highest total biomass (6.15 g) and the highest TF for Cd, whereas Cyperus aggregatus showed the greatest total Cd accumulation (2.68 mg kg−1). BCF and TF values enabled the identification of species with accumulation patterns consistent with Cd phytoextraction (T. paniculatum, C. aggregatus, Pseudelephantopus spiralis, Bidens riparia, Euphorbia heterophylla, and Malvastrum coromandelianum) and with phytostabilization (Ocimum campechianum). For Pb the observed patterns were consistent with potential phytoextractive behavior in B. riparia, P. spiralis, E. heterophylla, Hilleria latifolia, and Acalypha stachyura. Although these results do not constitute functional evidence of remediation, they describe heavy metal accumulation and translocation patterns in native weed species, providing a technical basis for the design of future experimental trials aimed at the sustainable remediation of contaminated soils.
Identification of stable and high-yielding camu camu genotypes using the multiple phenotypic trait stability index
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2026-06-28) Samanamud Curto, Angelo Francisco; Chuquizuta Del Castillo, Badys; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Ramírez , José F.; Del Águila Reategui, Gabriela; Bardales Lozano, Ricardo Manuel
Camu camu is an Amazonian fruit shrub from the Myrtaceae family, naturally growing in floodplains of the Amazon basin. Its significance lies in its fruit production, characterized by high vitamin C content and bioactive components. This study aimed to identify promising accessions within the camu camu germplasm collection in the Peruvian Amazon by evaluating multiple morphological traits and high phenotypic stability across different cropping seasons. A panel of 215 individuals from 43 accessions was evaluated over three growing seasons (2021/2022, 2022/2023, and 2023/2024) to identify stable accessions. Twenty-six quantitative descriptors were analyzed, including traits related to leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and fruit yield per plant. The Weighted Average of Absolute Scores Biplot (WAASB), based on the Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) of the genotype-environment interaction, was employed to assess the stability of accessions across three growing seasons. Factor analysis was also used to identify relationships among multiple variables. The genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects were significant for all descriptors, except for ºBrix, while environmental effects were significant for most descriptors. A cumulative variance of 74% was explained by eight principal components. The BLUP analysis and WAASB index effectively identified stable camu camu accessions with high agromorphological values, emphasizing their contribution to the genetic variability of the collection. Furthermore, the MET evaluation facilitated the selection of accessions with multiple traits adapted to diverse environments. Results highlight the efficiency of BLUP and WAASB in assessing genotypic stability, resource optimization, and sustainability in breeding programs for this species.
The drip irrigation paradox in an arid irrigated system: a soil quality index reveals secondary salinization and nutrient accumulation in Southern Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-06-04) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Vilca Gamarra, Cesar; Cama Moreno, Elick Melissa; Gómez Campos, Pilar
In arid regions, the conversion of deserts into agricultural land through irrigation is critical for food security but may intensify soil salinization processes. In this context, integrated and spatial soil quality assessment is essential for guiding sustainable management strategies. In this study, we developed a spatially explicit weighted Soil Quality Index (SQIw) and evaluated the effects of irrigation system (drip vs. surface) on soil salinity and fertility within an emerging irrigation scheme in the Peruvian coastal desert. A total of 930 composite soil samples (0–20 cm depth), each composed of 10 subsamples collected within 1-ha parcels, were analyzed for texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC1:5), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (Pav), available potassium (Kav), exchangeable sodium (exNa), and carbonates. Principal Component Analysis identified a Minimal Data Set (sand, EC1:5, Kav, OM, pH) explaining 76.8% of the total variance. Indicators were transformed into dimensionless scores (0.1–1.0) using threshold-based scoring functions and weighted according to PCA-derived communalities. Spatial patterns were characterized using semivariogram modeling and Ordinary Kriging, with 10-fold cross-validation confirming unbiased spatial predictions (ME ≈ 0; RMSE = 0.100), though the coefficient of determination remained limited (R² = 0.246), consistent with the moderate nugget effects observed across soil properties. The SQIw revealed that 46.7% of the interpolated area fell into the "Poor" category, primarily associated with high salinity areas (EC1:5 > 8 dS m⁻¹) and the predominance of coarse-textured soils, whereas the "Acceptable" category accounted for 53.1% of the evaluated area. Additionally, soils under drip irrigation were associated with significantly higher EC, Kav, and Pav values than surface irrigation, consistent with inadequate leaching fractions, though differences in land development age and management history among sampled fields should be considered when interpreting these results. The SQIw effectively discriminated spatial gradients of soil quality, demonstrating that management-induced improvements remain constrained by inherent edaphic limitations. In naturally saline soils, drip irrigation without specific management practices (e.g., salt leaching) poses a risk of secondary salinization. The proposed methodological framework provides a data-driven tool to support differentiated soil management in arid regions worldwide.
Pesticide residue patterns along edaphic and climatic gradients in Peruvian coastal and andean agroecosystems
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-06-23) Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
The intensive use of pesticides in commercial agriculture in developing countries poses risks to human and environmental health. In Peru, information on pesticide residue distributions and their relationships with environmental factors remains limited. This study quantified pesticide residues in crop leaves, soil, and water across contrasting agroecosystems in the coastal valleys of Chancay-Huaral and Pativilca and the high-Andean valleys of Mantaro and Tarma. A total of 86 samples were analyzed for 92 pesticide compounds using validated LC-MS/MS and GC–MS/MS methods. Associations with edaphoclimatic variables were assessed using multivariate and predictive approaches. Pesticide residues were detected predominantly in crop foliage, whereas soil and water showed lower detection frequencies (16% of sampling points). Coastal valleys exhibited higher detection frequency (528 vs. 72 detections) and a greater percentage of contaminated samples (100% vs 68%) than high-Andean systems. Among samples with detectable hazardous pesticides, 70% exceeded Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits (MRLs). Banned compounds, including methamidophos and chlorpyrifos, were also detected, indicating gaps in regulatory compliance. Pesticide variables were filtered based on detection frequency (≥ 5%) and WHO toxicological classification and grouped by chemical class to identify representative compounds. Occurrence patterns were significantly associated with clay, total organic carbon, available potassium, and precipitation according to ordination and predictive models. These results show that pesticide occurrence and magnitude are structured by environmental conditions and agricultural intensity, highlighting the need for geographically targeted monitoring and risk management strategies in Peru.
On the synonymy between Agistemus manjilicus Khanjani, Hajizadeh & Zarei, 2015 and A. mendozensis Simons, 1967 (Acariformes: Stigmaeidae)
(Acarologia (Open Science in Acarology), 2026-06-26) Escobar Garcia, Hector Alonso; Ueckermann, Edward A.
The genus Agistemus Summers (Acari: Stigmaeidae) comprises predatory mites widely distributed in various agroecosystems. Agistemus manjilicus Khanjani, Hajizadeh & Zarei was described from Iran and differentiated from related species based on subtle morphological traits. However, a detailed comparison with A. mendozensis Simons reveals substantial overlap in diagnostic characters. In this study, we re-evaluated the taxonomic status of A. manjilicus through a comparative analysis of morphological characteristics, idiosomal dorsal setae measurements, diagnostic ratios, and leg chaetotaxy. Our results indicate that all distinguishing characters fall within the range of intraspecific variation of A. mendozensis. No consistent differences were found in key diagnostic traits such as dorsal setae morphology, diagnostic ratios, and leg chaetotaxy. Based on these findings, Agistemus manjilicus Khanjani, Hajizadeh & Zarei n. syn. is herein considered a junior subjective synonym of A. mendozensis Simons. This synonymy contributes to a more stable taxonomy within the genus and highlights the importance of comprehensive morphological comparisons in species delimitation.
Quebranta grape pomace from the Ica Valley improves milk lipid profile in Saanen goats
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, 2026-04-30) Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Soca Jorge, Jhony; Requena Castro, Nicole; Haro Reyes, José Antonio; Vasquez, Ángel; Canchino Gutiérrez, Juan; Teran Rojas, José Alfonso; Casanova Luzardo, Gabriel; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Cruz Flores, Danny Julio
Background: Quebranta grape pomace (Vitis vinifera, Quebranta variety), a by-product of winemaking and pisco production, contains a distinct metabolite profile of phenolic compounds shaped by the arid agroecological conditions of the Ica valley. Its incorporation into ruminant diets may enhance milk quality while contributing to the valorization of agro-industrial waste; however, its effects on dairy goat milk composition have not been evaluated in Peru. Aim: To assess the effects of partial substitution of dietary forage with Quebranta grape pomace powder on the physicochemical properties, lipid profile, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of Saanen goat milk. Methods: Twenty primiparous Saanen goats were assigned to two dietary treatments (n = 10 each) for 7 weeks: a control diet (T0) and a diet with 8% grape pomace powder (dry matter basis) replacing maize stover (T1). Milk was sampled weekly for physicochemical analysis. Pooled samples from three time points were used for lipid profile, polyphenol, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacity analyses; these results were therefore considered descriptive given pseudoreplication. Treatment effects were evaluated using linear models including day in milk as a covariate. Results: Grape pomace inclusion increased milk fat content by 16.96% without affecting milk yield, protein, lactose, or total solids. Lipid profiling indicated a potential enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly linoleic acid, based on the magnitude of changes observed. Milk phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (>6,000 µmol Trolox/100 g) were not detectably altered, although further validation with increased replication is warranted. Conclusion: Quebranta grape pomace improved milk lipid content in Saanen goats, with evidence suggestive of PUFA enrichment, while preserving milk yield, physicochemical characteristics, and antioxidant capacity. These findings support grape pomace as a functional and sustainable feed ingredient for dairy goat production.

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