Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Application of Trichoderma viride immobilized on rice husk under reduced synthetic fertilization in yellow chili pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) var. pendulum
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-06-02) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Linares Escapa, Solmayra; Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: The intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in horticultural crops generates economic and environmental impacts, particularly in already degraded soils. Sustainable strategies are therefore required to reduce mineral fertilizer inputs without compromising crop productivity. This study evaluated the effect of an organic amendment containing Trichoderma viride immobilized on rice husk as a strategy to reduce mineral fertilization in yellow chili pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) var. pendulum. Methods: Four treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with three replications: T1 (complete fertilization with 200:66:42 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K), T2 (135:48:21 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K without organic amendment), T3 (135:48:21 kg ha⁻¹ N:P:K plus organic amendment at 0.5 kg plant⁻¹), and T4 (organic amendment only). Crop variables (height, chlorophyll index, root depth, fruit number, yield, and dry matter) were evaluated. Results: Full fertilization (T1) increased plant height and showed a slight tendency toward higher chlorophyll index and fruit number values. However, yields under reduced fertilization (T2 and T3) were statistically similar to T1, indicating that mineral fertilization could be reduced by 30% without significant yield penalties under the evaluated conditions. The addition of the organic amendment in T3 did not significantly increase yield compared with T2, but promoted greater dry matter allocation to leaves, stems, and roots, suggesting a potential positive effect on vegetative development. Discussion: The results indicate that reducing mineral fertilization in yellow chili pepper is feasible without compromising productivity. The incorporation of T. viride immobilized on rice husk may represent a complementary strategy for agroecological transition while promoting the recycling of agro-industrial residues. Nevertheless, because the findings derive from a single growing season, multi-year studies are required to validate these results and to assess long-term effects on soil properties, microbiota dynamics, commercial scalability, and economic viability.
Unveiling Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum and associated rhizobacteria with Lepidium meyenii W.: PGPR potential and interaction with high Andean soil properties
(Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA-Chile), Chillán, Chile, 2026-08-03) Huasasquiche Sarmiento, Lucero; Cancan Loli, Johan Deyvi; Sanchez, Lilian L.; Salvador Espinoza, Sheydi Soledad; Cortez Juro, Ivana; Meseth Macchiavello, Enrique
Intensive cultivation of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) causes significant physicochemical degradation and a loss of microbiological resilience in High Andean soils. Native rhizobacteria-based biofertilizers emerge as a sustainable alternative to restore soil quality. This study explored the microbial diversity of the maca rhizosphere at extreme altitudes (>4000 m a.s.l.) and evaluated the potential of native isolates as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). A total of 133 isolates were obtained using selective methodologies. Six elite strains were molecularly identified (16S rRNA gene) as Peribacillus, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and notably, Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum. Low microbial density was observed, likely linked to degradation from intensive monoculture. Microbial functionality was associated with soil management, enabling the identification of strains with high viability (>10¹⁰ CFU mL⁻¹) adapted to extreme conditions. In this study, the presence of P. asaccharolyticum was identified in association with maca crops. This species is of particular interest due to its previously recognized potential for soil bioremediation. These findings suggest functional specialization of the native microbiota and a high biotechnological potential for developing specific bio-inputs. These results contribute to mitigating monoculture impacts, restoring degraded soils, and promoting sustainable High-Andean agriculture.
Comparative evaluation of liquid bio-inputs in compost-fertilized quinoa under inter-Andean valley conditions: beneficial microorganisms enhance yield and profitability
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-07-28) Yupa-Quichua, Máximo; Palomino Espinoza, Claudio Carlos; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Alarcón Romani, Susan Milagros; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Bautista, Rolando; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
The study was conducted at the Canaán Agrarian Experimental Station (INIA, Ayacucho, Peru) during the 2024–2025 growing season to compare the effects of three liquid bio-inputs—beneficial microorganisms (BM), effective microorganisms (EM), and biol—applied at 15 and 30% concentrations, on the yield and profitability of quinoa crops (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., cv. INIA 415–Pasankalla) fertilized with compost (6 t·ha⁻¹). Compost-only and unfertilised control treatments were also included. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replicates. The application of bio-inputs in combination with compost significantly increased aboveground dry biomass, with EM15% and BM15% showing the greatest increases (26.42 and 27.01%, respectively) compared with the control treatment. Regarding yield variables, BM30% achieved the highest values for panicle diameter (11.47 cm), panicle length (46.6 cm), grain weight per panicle (26.76 g), grain yield (2.06 t·ha⁻¹), and 1,000-seed weight (2.89 g). The lowest saponin content was recorded under BM30% (0.0001%), whereas BIOL15% and BIOL30% showed the highest values (14.25 and 14.27%, respectively). Economic analysis revealed that BM30% generated the highest net profit (S/11,047.89) and the greatest benefit-to-cost ratio (2.95). These results indicate that, under compost-based fertilization, the application of 30% BM outperformed EM and biol in enhancing both yield and economic profitability of quinoa cv. INIA 415–Pasankalla under inter-Andean valley conditions.
Rice-based Trichoderma inocula enhance fruit production of cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) in the Amazon
(MDPI, 2026-08-18) Ticona Benavente, César Augusto; Almeida de Souza, Erica Ines; Barbosa Neto, Álvaro Brasil; Chicana Marina, Jean Piere Jesús; Ramirez Chung, José; Campos Cedano, Johnny Carlos; Villacres Vallejo, Jorge
In Amazonian Spodosols, soil acidity and nutrient constraints limit the cultivation of cutleaf groundcherry. One sustainable alternative for cultivating this species is the use of Trichoderma inoculants, but studies on their use in this crop are scarce. This study evaluated whether rice-based inocula of Trichoderma harzianum (TH) CCB-LA101 and T. viride (TV) CCB-LA103 improved growth and fruit production of cutleaf groundcherry and whether the responses varied with the application dose. Plants were grown in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement: two Trichoderma species and three inoculum doses applied to the soil (0, 4, and 8 g plant−1; Trichoderma concentration of 3.2 × 10⁹ CFU g−1). Species and dose affected fruit width, length, number, and yield, with TH more effective than TV at increasing fruit number and yield. The contrast between inoculated and non-inoculated plants was significant for all traits. The 8 g plant−1 dose significantly increased fruit number and yield by 22.8% and 17.7%, respectively, relative to the non-inoculated control, whereas fruit width and fruit length decreased by 8.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Considering the six treatment combinations, the 8 g plant−1 TH inoculum (TH8) was the only treatment to significantly increase fruit yield, with net returns for smallholders estimated at USD 1104.46 ha−1. Therefore, under the tested conditions, TH8 could be used to grow cutleaf groundcherry in Amazonian Spodosols.
Evaluación morfo-agronómica de cinco accesiones de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.) en el valle de Cañete, Lima
(Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Decanato de Agronomía — Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Herreros Llamccaya, Sara; Gambini de la Cruz, Tabita A.; Aymara Meneses, Lucy; Garay Duran, Diana; Dadther-Huaman, Hans Adams; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel
El Perú es reconocido como uno de los principales centros de diversidad genética del maní, albergando numerosas accesiones y variedades locales. Esta riqueza resalta la importancia de realizar estudios de caracterización morfo-agronómica, para identificar el potencial productivo y fenotípico del cultivo. Se evaluó morfo-agronómicamente cinco accesiones de maní, mediante diez descriptores. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, ANOVA con comparación de medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (p≤0,05) y, para datos no paramétricos, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis seguida de comparaciones múltiples mediante la prueba de Dunn con ajuste de Holm (p≤0,05); además, se efectuaron análisis de correlación de Pearson, componentes principales y agrupamiento jerárquico. La accesión MT resaltó por su mayor rendimiento por hectárea de vainas y de grano; mientras que CI95, presentó mayor número de vainas por planta, aunque con menor número de granos por vaina, caso contrario a lo evidenciado en MT. Asimismo, MRC destacó como la accesión más precoz. Se concluye que las accesiones de maní mostraron distintas expresiones de descriptores de interés morfo-agronómico.
Caracterización agromorfológica de accesiones de Neltuma spp. del Banco de Germoplasma de INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Decanato de Agronomía, 2026-09-01) Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Chapoñán Vásquez, Miguel; Mendez Farroñán, Sandra Johana; Rojas Llamo, Deysi Natalic; Lindo Seminario, David Enrique
El algarrobo (Neltuma spp.) es un componente clave de los bosques secos del Perú, reconocido por sus beneficios ecológicos, económicos y ambientales. Sin embargo, enfrenta importantes amenazas y su identificación es compleja debido a la similitud morfológica entre especies del género. Se caracterizó fenotípicamente 26 accesiones de Neltuma spp. para generar información de base que apoye estudios genéticos y estrategias de conservación, evaluando 52 descriptores (30 cuantitativos y 22 cualitativos) durante tres años en el Banco de Germoplasma de la EEA Vista Florida-INIA (Lambayeque). El análisis factorial de datos mixtos (AFDM) explicó el 39,9 % de la varianza total, destacando la contribución de caracteres foliares y de fruto. El análisis de Spearman mostró correlaciones significativas entre variables vegetativas (diámetro, altura y copa) y entre caracteres foliares y reproductivos. El análisis de conglomerados definió tres grupos, con N. alba var. panta diferenciándose por su mayor largo de vaina, tamaño de semilla y vigor vegetativo. Se confirmó una amplia variabilidad morfológica en Neltuma spp., lo que constituye una base para futuros estudios de conservación, caracterización y eventual selección.
Agromorfología de 21 accesiones del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Decanato de Agronomía, Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Lindo Seminario, David Enrique; Bustamante Carrasco, Lesly Ysabel; Mendez Farroñan, Sandra Johana; Morales Pizarro, Arturo
El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) es un cultivo de gran relevancia a nivel global por su valor nutricional y capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno. En el Perú, existe una brecha de información sobre el potencial genético y la respuesta al estrés abiótico de las accesiones conservadas ex situ. Esto resalta la importancia de explorar la diversidad genética de esta especie conservada por el Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) responsable de su resguardo y conservación. Con el fin de explorar este recurso, se caracterizaron fenotípicamente 21 accesiones de C. arietinum L. empleando 36 descriptores agromorfológicos (18 cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos). El análisis de conglomerados diferenció la colección en cinco grupos, cuya conformación fue determinada principalmente por el número de vainas por planta, el peso de 100 semillas (PES100S) y la época de madurez, rasgos que mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (p≤0,01). El Grupo 1 presentó el mayor rendimiento en número de vainas (219 ± 32,5) y un ciclo vegetativo de 134 ± 4,42 días a la madurez de semilla; mientras que, los grupos 4 y 5 mostraron los valores más bajos. Adicionalmente, el análisis de correspondencia múltiple evidenció que las características de la semilla fueron las que explicaron la mayor proporción de la variabilidad cualitativa (45,3 %). La caracterización fenotípica permitió identificar accesiones promisorias, como las del Grupo 1 y 3, con alto potencial para ser integradas en programas de mejoramiento genético orientados a la agricultura sostenible del país.
Influence of root inducers and substrates on the vegetative propagation of pitahaya species (Hylocereus spp.) under nursery conditions
(Springer Nature, 2026-07-01) Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Cruz Malca, Jonathan Michael; Cubas Sanchez, Jefferson Anthony; Arce Inga, Marielita; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Tafur Culqui, Josué, Josué; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Tineo Flores, Daniel
Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is an emerging crop for tropical regions; however, its vegetative propagation is strongly influenced by environmental and management factors. Optimizing rooting and establishment under nursery conditions is essential to produce uniform and vigorous seedlings. This study evaluated the effects of root inducers and substrates on the vegetative propagation of three Hylocereus species under nursery conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement was implemented, including two root inducers (NAA + IBA solution and seaweed extract), two substrates (substrate 1 and substrate 2), and three species (H. undatus, H. megalanthus, and H. costaricensis), resulting in 12 treatments with four replicates each. Seven variables were assessed: shoot emission time (SET), cutting viability (CV), number of shoots (NS), shoot length (SL), number of roots (NR), root length (RL), and vegetative vigor index (VVI). ANOVA revealed significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) in the three-factor interaction for SET, CV, NS, SL, RL, and VVI. Treatment T9 achieved the shortest SET (21.53 days) and highest CV (100%), T7 recorded the highest NS (1.62 shoots plant⁻¹), T3 showed greater SL (68.67 cm) and NR (5.30 roots plant⁻¹), and T12 obtained the highest RL (42.69 cm) and VVI (110.18). Effect size analysis based on partial eta squared (ηp²) identified species as the most influential factor, explaining 55–98% of the observed variance. Among the evaluated species, H. costaricensis showed the best overall performance. These findings demonstrate that combining H. costaricensis, substrate 1, and NAA + IBA enhances vegetative propagation efficiency. These findings provide valuable evidence for improving pitahaya propagation protocols and optimizing seedling production under nursery conditions.
Characterization of mixed livestock systems applied by small-scale breeders in the high Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru
(Frontiers, 2026-08-24) Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Guzman Santaria, Hamilton; Contreras Huamaní, Mijaíl; Trillo, Fritz
Mixed livestock production is a widespread practice among small breeders in many parts of the world. Describing and characterizing these farms is a valuable approach, as it makes it possible to design targeted strategies suited to the wide diversity of production systems present in the region. This research aimed to characterize the mixed livestock systems of small-scale breeders in the high Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru. A total of 175 farms were selected for the research, based on the data obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. The information was first examined descriptively using frequency and percentage tables, after which a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were carried out. For 93.71% of breeders, animals constituted the primary source of income: cattle provided milk and dairy products, sheep were kept for lamb sales, alpacas supplied fiber and meat, and llamas were raised for meat. Grazing was practiced predominantly under continuous systems (57.71%), with rotational grazing used to a lesser extent (26.86%). Exotic breeds had been incorporated into both cattle (71.05%) and sheep (61.97%). Milking and shearing were performed manually. The main limitations identified in the study regions included the absence of extension services (62.87%), inadequate veterinary assistance (79.43%), scarce irrigation water (55.17%), and weak or nonexistent breeding programs. Three breeder categories were defined: Group 1 comprises breeders operating on small and large non-irrigated landholdings; Group 2 includes breeders with extensive land; and Group 3 encompasses breeders with medium-sized landholdings. These factors included farm size, pasture characteristics, and livestock management practices, which collectively shaped the classification of breeders. These findings reveal that, in the Peruvian Andes, three distinct livestock farm groups were identified on the basis of management practices and resource availability; families typically rely on mixed livestock systems as a key economic lifeline but face limitations throughout the production chain. This breeder classification will serve as the basis for designing specific interventions tailored to the strengths and particular needs of each group.
Climate Change Impacts, Adaptive Resilience, and Regenerative Livestock Adoption: A Resilience Trap in High-Andean Camelid Agroecosystems
(MDPI, 2026-08-28) Larios-Francia, Rosa Patricia; Cárdenas Minaya, Oscar Efraín; Condori Ticona, Andrés
Andean livestock agroecosystems depend on grassland and soil functionality to sustain productivity, threatened by climate-driven glacial retreat, pasture degradation, and increasingly frequent frosts, hailstorms, and droughts. Grounded in the Resilience Thinking framework for socio-ecological systems, this study proposes and validates an explanatory model examining how perceived climate change impacts (IMP) drive the adoption of regenerative livestock farming (ADOP) and impact the deterioration of livestock performance (DES), with adaptive capacity and resilience (RES) as a mediating construct. Regenerative livestock farming is operationalized through soil, forage, water, and biodiversity management, animal welfare, and climate adaptation strategies. Survey data from 91 South American camelid producers in the Puno region, Peru, were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with second-order constructs. Climate impacts emerge as the strongest antecedent of adaptive resilience (β = 0.718) and regenerative adoption (β = 0.604) and have a significant direct effect on performance deterioration (β = 0.292; p = 0.041). However, resilience does not significantly predict adoption (β = 0.075; p = 0.619), revealing institutional, technological, and knowledge-related barriers that disconnect adaptive capacity from ecological transformation. Both adoption (β = 0.327; p = 0.002) and resilience (β = 0.335; p = 0.003) are positively associated with performance deterioration, suggesting reactive containment rather than consolidated restoration. Findings indicate adaptive rather than transformative resilience in high-Andean livestock systems, indicating that an effective regenerative transition requires participatory, context-sensitive approaches supported by policies and technical assistance that strengthen long-term productive sustainability and food security in vulnerable communities.
Multistage evaluation of plant growth-promoting microorganisms in Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa: controlled experiments and preliminary field observations in northern Peru
(MDPI, 2026-09-01) Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Muñóz Rabanal, Elías; Valladolid, Fabian; Castro Angulo, Raúl Ericson; Casas Niño, Sebastian Antonio; Ruiz Chamorro, Jose Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) may contribute to sustainable forage production, but their effects can vary with host species and plant trait. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma viride were evaluated alongside a non-inoculated control in Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa in northern Peru. Replicated germination and nursery experiments were complemented by a preliminary field assessment. Inoculation did not significantly affect final germination percentage in either forage species. In the nursery, L. leucocephala exhibited significant inoculant treatment effects on multiple growth traits, including positive responses in plant height and leaf number under B. subtilis, P. putida, and T. harzianum at the final evaluation. Significant treatment effects were also detected for several final aboveground and belowground growth traits, whereas total weight was not significantly affected. By contrast, growth variation in M. maximus cv. Mombasa was mainly associated with evaluation time, while microbial treatment and treatment × time effects were not significant. Multivariate analysis detected significant treatment and species × treatment effects, indicating contrasting joint growth-response profiles between the two forage species without demonstrating specificity of individual host–microorganism combinations. Preliminary field measurements showed numerical variation among treatment-associated rows, but these observations were descriptive only because treatments were neither randomized nor independently replicated. Overall, this comparative evaluation shows that PGPM responses in tropical forage species can be strongly species- and trait-dependent under nursery conditions, while validation of these responses under field conditions requires appropriately randomized and independently replicated experiments.
Biofermentos en el crecimiento y calidad de plantas de Plukenetia volubilis L. en condiciones de vivero
(Universidad de Concepción (Facultad de Agronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola y Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias), Chile, 2026-09-01) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Valles Ramírez, Ayda Karín; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Callante-Mendoza, Roxana; Díaz-Chuquizuta, César Porfirio
La obtención de plantas vigorosas de Plukenetia volubilis L. en vivero es fundamental para su establecimiento en campo. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un biofermento comercial y uno artesanal, aplicado solo y complementado con extracto de Azadirachta indica sobre el crecimiento, la distribución de biomasa y la calidad morfoestructural de P. volubilis L. en vivero. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos: testigo, biofermento comercial (EM), biofermento artesanal (ML) y biofermento artesanal complementado con extracto de A. indica (ML+N), con cinco repeticiones de 20 plantas. Los tratamientos se aplicaron directamente al sustrato de cada planta a los 15 y 30 días después de la siembra, y las respuestas de las plantas se evaluaron durante 45 días. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas, biomasa seca e índices de calidad. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza, prueba de Tukey, correlación de Pearson y análisis multivariados. Los tres biofermentos registraron efectos beneficiosos respecto al testigo, con incrementos de 18-23% en el diámetro de tallo y 40-45% en la longitud radical. Asimismo, la biomasa seca total aumentó de 2,65 g a 3,80–3,91 g y el índice de calidad de Dickson aumentó de 0,11 a 0,21–0,22. ML incrementó el número de raíces y el área foliar y mostró un desempeño comparable a EM, mientras que la adición de A. indica no proporcionó ventajas adicionales. Los biofermentos favorecieron la producción de plantas de P. volubilis más robustas y con una distribución de biomasa más equilibrada en condiciones de vivero.
Morfología, redes de haplotipos y frecuencia del complejo de picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en 16 accesiones de Musa spp.
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, UCLA-Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro Saul; Luna Sócola, Andy Josué; García García, Segundo Melecio; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Ruiz Polo, Archi A.
Los picudos constituyen plagas de importancia fitosanitaria en cultivos de plátano y banano por los daños que ocasionan y su impacto potencial sobre la productividad. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar morfológica, molecular y filogenéticamente el complejo de picudos asociado a 16 accesiones de Musa spp. del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Perú, y evaluar diferencias en su abundancia. Se realizaron capturas mediante tres repeticiones, con evaluaciones a las 24 y 72 horas y 7 días. Los especímenes se identificaron morfológicamente y se les extrajo ADN de las patas. La caracterización molecular comprendió la amplificación por PCR del gen mitocondrial citocromo c oxidasa subunidad I (COI), secuenciación Sanger bidireccional y análisis bioinformáticos. La abundancia se analizó mediante RStudio v.4.5. Se identificaron las especies Cosmopolites sordidus, Metamasius hemipterus, Polytus mellerborgii y Rhynchophorus palmarum, cuyas abundancias variaron entre las accesiones evaluadas. R. palmarum presentó diferenciación molecular basada en COI. La reconstrucción filogenética delimitó cuatro clados concordantes con los géneros identificados. Las accesiones Valery y Zapatito registraron mayores abundancias de las cuatro especies. Se infiere que, entre las 16 accesiones evaluadas, Valery y Zapatito presentaron una mayor asociación con las cuatro especies de picudos identificadas. Asimismo, el análisis del gen COI proporcionó evidencia molecular y filogenética complementaria que respaldó su diferenciación taxonómica.
Apis mellifera bee: importance, challenges, and its impact on agriculture in Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-07-29) Ruiz Llontop, Deysi Yenny; Paucar, Ysai; Bardales, William; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo
Bees are fundamental to the health of both natural ecosystems and agricultural systems, providing essential pollination services that support biodiversity and agriculture. In Peru, they play an important role in pollinating major agricultural crops such as coffee, blueberries, avocados, citrus fruits, and cacao, among others; at the same time, they help preserve biodiversity. However, bee populations in the country face significant threats, including habitat loss driven by deforestation and agricultural expansion, the spread of parasitic pests like Varroa destructor, pesticide exposure, and the effects of climate change... This review synthesizes recent research on the state of bee populations and apiculture in Peru, drawing on a comprehensive dataset of 89 studies published between 1914 and 2024. It examines the key challenges facing Peruvian A. mellifera bee, including the impact of environmental stressors, the sustainability of beekeeping practices, and the regional distribution of research efforts. Additionally, the review explores the importance of grassland ecosystems as critical habitats for pollinators and their role in supporting agricultural productivity. The review identified significant knowledge gaps in Peru, including limited geographic coverage, insufficient understanding of pollination ecology and ecosystem services, and a lack of studies quantifying the economic value of pollination for agriculture. By identifying research gaps and proposing future directions, this article seeks to advocate for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Peru to safeguard A. mellifera.
Path analysis of the efficiency in the bud-flower-fruit transition of pitahaya: the biochar-Trichoderma viride combination improves yield in Hylocereus costaricensis and H. undatus cv. Vietnam White
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-07-31) Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Jiménez Díaz, Jackson; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is an emerging fruit crop, yet the physiological mechanisms by which bioinputs enhance reproductive efficiency and yield remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of rice husk biochar combined with Trichoderma viride on reproductive development and fruit production in two pitahaya genotypes. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in Jaén, Peru, using a randomized complete block design with four treatments (control, biochar, T. viride, and biochar + T. viride). Reproductive traits and fruit yield were monitored over two production cycles and analyzed using generalized linear models and path analysis. Results: The combined biochar + T. viride treatment enhanced reproductive performance in a genotype-dependent manner. In H. costaricensis, it significantly increased flower production and fruit yield, while path analysis identified flowering as the key mediator of yield and revealed a reproductive carrying-capacity threshold of approximately 17 flowers. In contrast, H. undatus cv. Vietnam White showed only marginal responses to bioinput application. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of biochar and T. viride depends on genotype-specific reproductive strategies. The combined bioinput treatment substantially improved reproductive efficiency and yield in H. costaricensis, whereas the limited response of H. undatus suggests lower phenotypic plasticity and distinct patterns of resource allocation By integrating longitudinal field evaluations with path analysis, this study provides a physiological framework for precision bioinput management based on reproductive carrying capacity and genotype-specific crop responses, offering new insights for sustainable pitahaya production.
Phenotypic diversity indices and multivariate analysis of Peruvian common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre (ARCC Journals), 2026-08-11) Chihuan Palomino, Evelin Analy; Almidon Ramirez, Karen Karina; Rojas Meza, María Elena; Terán Rojas, José Alfonso; Lobato Galvez, Roiser Honorio; Aybar Peve, Leandro; Valderrama Romero, Antonio; Camargo Cobeñas, Marcos Antonio
Background: Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a globally important legume due to its nutritional value and its contribution to food security and agricultural sustainability. Although Peruvian germplasm exhibits high phenotypic variability, information regarding accessions from the INIA Germplasm Bank remains limited. This study characterized the phenotypic diversity of 66 accessions using diversity indices and multivariate analyses under coastal Peruvian conditions. Methods: A total of 35 agro-morphological traits (18 qualitative and 17 quantitative) were evaluated using CIAT descriptors. Diversity was assessed using Shannon and Pielou evenness indices, as well as multivariate analyses including hierarchical clustering based on Gower distance, FAMD, PCA and MCA. Result: High phenotypic variability was observed, resulting in four distinct clusters. FAMD showed that hundred-seed weight, leaf width and length and primary seed color were the main contributors to total variance. PCA revealed a positive correlation between seed weight and leaf traits, whereas the number of pods per plant and seeds per pod showed a negative association with these variables. MCA and diversity indices highlighted seed color, growth habit and standard petal pigmentation as key discriminating traits. Cluster II exhibited the highest dispersion and phenotypic diversity, whereas Cluster IV showed higher yield-related components, demonstrating the potential of these accessions for use in breeding programs and genetic resource conservation.
Gestión administrativa antes y durante el covid-19 en el INIA, región Puno, Perú
(Asociación Civil Venezolana de Investigación Social en Pro de la Humanidad (ACVENISPROH), 2026-08-21) Yucra Yucra, Yovana Bertha; Villahermosa Quispe, Edgar; Zeballos Cabana, Julio Cesar; Carrera Cutipa, Martha Roxana
La pandemia de COVID-19 generó desafíos sin precedentes en la administración pública, donde la gestión administrativa es esencial para el buen funcionamiento institucional y el compromiso de los empleados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la gestión administrativa antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 (2020-2022) en el INIA. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental, comparativo y retrospectivo. La población estuvo integrada por 97 servidores del INIA Puno, de los cuales se seleccionó una muestra de 86. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó una encuesta y los resultados fueron procesados con el software estadístico JASP. Los hallazgos evidenciaron una disminución significativa en la percepción de la gestión administrativa al comparar antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, año 2019 y durante la pandemia de COVID-19, periodo 2020-2022 (W=2717.5; Z=5.559; p<0.001). Asimismo, las dimensiones de planificación (W=1758.5; Z=4.483; p<0.001), organización (W=1063.0; Z=5.709; p<0.001), dirección (W=2068.0; Z=5.469; p<0.001) y control (W=1851.0; Z=5.771; p<0.001) experimentaron diferencias significativas. Se concluye que existieron diferencias significativas en la percepción de la gestión administrativa en ambos periodos.
Dimensional stability and technological performance of 13-year-old Simarouba amara Aubl. thinning wood: pathways to high-value product development
(MDPI, 2026-08-04) Amaringo Córdova, Luiz Paulo; Ucañay Ayllon, Tatiana Mildred; Rodriguez Sotelo, Jefferson Alexander; Fasabi Pashanasi, Hilter; Mori Montero, Cesar; Ruiz Torres, Oscar Amado; Guerra Arévalo, Wilson Francisco; Guerra Arévalo, Héctor; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Bernaola-Paucar, Rosario Marilú; Vásquez Vela, Ana Lucía Milagros; López Galán, Edinson Eduardo; Hemeryth Bartra, Jhinmy Karc; Rodriguez Vasquez, Kevin Isaac
The valorization of wood derived from thinning operations in tropical plantations represents an alternative to enhance the sustainability and profitability of forest production systems. This study evaluated the hygroscopic, physical, and machining properties of 13-year-old Simarouba amara Aubl. thinning wood obtained from a plantation established in the Peruvian Amazon. Two planting spacings (2 × 2 m and 3 × 3 m) and three longitudinal stem positions (base, middle, and apex) were analyzed using a factorial design and generalized linear mixed models. Planting density and longitudinal position significantly influenced (p < 0.05) most of the evaluated properties. The saturated moisture content increased from 96.17% at the base to 135.42% at the apex, whereas basic density decreased from 0.45 to 0.30 g cm⁻³. Volumetric shrinkage ranged from 10.19% to 14.81%, and the dimensional stability index varied between 1.66 and 1.91. The first principal component (PC1) explained 98.4% of the total variance and clearly differentiated the treatments. The wood exhibited excellent performance in planing and molding, good performance in drilling, and fair performance in turning, indicating strong potential for the manufacture of higher value-added products and for sustainable utilization in tropical plantation forests.
Physiological response of Cinchona officinalis L., the Peruvian national tree, inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under nursery conditions in the Amazon rainforest
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-06-30) Guelac Santillan, Marly; Huaman Pilco, Angel F.; Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Vargas , Raúl; Corazon Guivin, Mike Anderson; Marcelo Bazán, Fátima Elizabeth; Sanchez Santillan, Tito
This study evaluated the agronomic response of Cinchona officinalis L. to inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under nursery conditions in the province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas, at 315 m.a.s.l., an unusually low elevation for a species typically found between 1000 and 3000 m.a.s.l. The main objective was to assess the physiological response of C. officinalis to AMF inoculation in lowland conditions. A completely randomized design was implemented, including five native AMF consortia and one non-inoculated control. Growth and symbiotic parameters such as plant height, dry biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and spore diversity were measured. Results showed that inoculation with AMF consortia from San Jerónimo and Yambrasbamba significantly enhanced plant growth and symbiosis, indicating a positive effect on early development. These findings suggest that AMF play a key role in facilitating early establishment and seedling performance under low-elevation nursery conditions. This is one of the first reports demonstrating the potential of using native AMF to promote the successful propagation of this important forest species outside its natural altitudinal range, offering a sustainable strategy for conservation and restoration efforts in the Peruvian Amazon.
Predicting Pregnancy After Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination in Goats: Comparative Performance of Multivariable Logistic Regression and Random Forest Models
(MDPI, 2026-08-17) Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal Raúl; Rivas Flores, Josselin Kelly; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Galván Cavero, Gerardo Antonio; Mendoza Ordoñez, Gilmar; Ortiz Morera, Narda Cecilia; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Accurate prediction of pregnancy following fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) remains challenging under commercial goat production conditions. This study compared multivariable logistic regression and Random Forest models for pregnancy prediction and used SHAP analysis to characterize predictor contributions. Data from 920 goats subjected to FTAI across four regions of Peru were analyzed using reproductive, hormonal, animal-level, and management variables. Logistic regression was developed after univariable screening, whereas Random Forest models used 500 trees with mtry values of 2, 3, and 4. Models were compared using stratified 10-fold cross-validation with identical folds. The mtry = 4 configuration yielded the highest Random Forest AUC. Logistic regression identified semen type, buck and doe breed, insemination site, and cervical mucus score as independent predictors. Chilled semen was associated with higher pregnancy odds, whereas superficial cervical insemination was associated with lower odds. Logistic regression outperformed Random Forest in discrimination (AUC, 0.761 vs. 0.654), accuracy (0.679 vs. 0.644), and specificity (0.882 vs. 0.782), whereas Random Forest showed higher sensitivity (0.369 vs. 0.278). SHAP analysis identified eCG dose, cervical mucus score, semen type, and insemination site as the most influential predictors. Overall, logistic regression provided superior and more consistent predictive performance, whereas Random Forest offered complementary sensitivity and captured nonlinear predictor contributions. These findings support logistic regression as the more effective predictive approach for pregnancy following FTAI under the conditions studied, with explainable machine learning providing complementary insight into prediction patterns.

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