Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Synergistic effects of potassium and gibberellin on the yield and quality of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) fruits in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-24) Santos Pelaez, Julio Cesar; Leiva Espinoza, Santos Triunfo; Espinoza Núñez, Erick; Saravia Navarro, David; Castillo Torrejon, Carlos Luis; Cruz Delgado, Julio Humberto Ignacio; Klauer Garcia, Dieter Fritz; Casanova Nuñez Melgar, David Pavel
The cultivation of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) is increasing in tropical regions due to its nutritional value and market potential. Yet, agronomic strategies integrating nutrient and hormonal regulation remain scarcely studied. This research evaluated the combined effect of potassium (K₂O) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on yield and fruit quality in field-grown pitahaya in the Peruvian Amazon using a 4 × 2 factorial randomized block design with four potassium doses (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha⁻¹) and two GA₃ levels (0 and 50 mg L⁻¹). The combination of 100 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ and 50 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ significantly improved fruit performance, with fruit weight (369.5 g), yield (12 t ha⁻¹), volume (322 cm³), and soluble solids (22.8°Brix), while acidity decreased (pH 4.87 vs. 4.55 in the control). Potassium alone had a limited impact on fruit weight per plant, but under GA₃ application, a quadratic response was evident, with maximum values between 100–110 kg K ha⁻¹. Multivariate analyses confirmed that yield gains were driven by increases in fruit size and quality, with fertilized treatments clearly separated from controls. These findings demonstrate a synergistic interaction between potassium and GA₃, providing a basis for precision fertilization protocols that enhance yield and quality in high-value tropical fruit systems.
Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Control Agents Against the Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc) Under Field Conditions
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-12-03) Cárdenass Huaman, Gabriela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Casas Niño, Sebastian; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Lozano Isla, Flavio; Morocho Romero, Henry
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop worldwide and a cornerstone of food security across the Andean region. However, its production is increasingly threatened by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, the causal agent of the purple-top complex associated with zebra chip disease, which severely reduces both tuber yield and quality. This study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in the province of Huancabamba, Peru, to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical control agents against B. cockerelli under field conditions. A randomized complete block design was implemented with five treatments and four replicates, totaling 20 experimental units, each consisting of 20 potato plants (S. tuberosum L.), of which 10 plants were evaluated. Treatments included an untreated control (T0), a chemical control (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and imidacloprid) (T1), and three biological control agents: Beauveria bassiana CCB LE-265 (>1.5 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T2), Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T3), and Metarhizium anisopliae (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T4). Foliar applications targeted eggs, nymphs, and adults of the psyllid. Results indicated that B. cockerelli mortality across developmental stages was lower under biological treatments compared with T1, which achieved the lowest probability of purple-top symptom expression (46%) and a zebra chip incidence of 60.60%. Among the biological agents, M. anisopliae (T4) reduced incidence to 56.60%, while P. lilacinus (T3) demonstrated consistent suppression of nymphal populations. In terms of yield, T1 achieved the highest tuber weight (198.86 g plant⁻¹) and number of tubers (7.74 plant⁻¹), followed by T3 (5.08) and T4 (4.24). Nevertheless, all treatments exhibited low yields and small tuber sizes, likely due to unfavorable environmental conditions and the presence of the invasive pest. Overall, chemical control was more effective than biological agents; however, the latter showed considerable potential for integration into sustainable pest management programs. Importantly, vector suppression alone does not guarantee the absence of purple-top complex symptoms or zebra chip disease in potato tubers.
Malformaciones congénitas. Reporte de meromelia, amelia y anuro en terneros
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), 2025-11-18) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Pomatanta Escobal, Nevil Itamar; Portal Torres, Jorge; Alvarado C., Wigoberto; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
La amelia es una malformación representada por la ausencia de una extremidad o extremidades. Las causas de esta anomalía son multifactoriales, involucrando componentes genéticos, ambientales y epigenéticos. Las mutaciones en genes críticos como Shh (Sonic Hedgehog) y los genes Hox, esenciales para la formación y diferenciación de las extremidades durante el desarrollo embrionario, las interrupciones en Shh y Hox o en su ruta de señalización pueden resultar en amelia. Asimismo, mutaciones en estos genes pueden provocar disrupciones severas en el desarrollo de las extremidades. La amelia se caracteriza anatómicamente por la ausencia completa de una o más extremidades anteriores o posteriores. En cuanto a la meromelia, este tipo de anomalía se trata de la ausencia parcial de una o varias extremidades. Tres casos de bovinos presentaron una malformación en las extremidades anteriores, el primer y tercer caso con anuro. En el examen macroscópico se identificó el primer caso con meromelia y anuro. En el segundo se identificó amelia de las extremidades anteriores derecha e izquierda y el tercer caso con presencia de anuro. Concluyendo que, en los tres casos se presentaron anomalías congénitas.
Ensemble machine learning for digital mapping of soil pH and electrical conductivity in the Andean agroecosystem of Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-06) Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Barja , Antony; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
In agricultural systems, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) are crucial chemical properties that directly affect nutrient availability and microbial activity, but the challenging environment of the Peruvian Andes has limited research on their estimation. This study aimed to develop an ensemble learning method to predict soil pH and EC in Andean agroecosystems using environmental predictors. By using simple and weighted averaging, we developed a heterogeneous ensemble learning approach that integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The weighted ensemble assigns weights to models based on their predictive accuracy, measured by R² from spatial cross-validation. Spatial patterns are noticeable, and pH displays greater spatial clustering than EC. Elevation was the most important predictor in ML models for both parameters. Ensemble models significantly outperformed individual models, with the weighted ensemble achieving R² >0.93 and reducing RMSE by approximately 72%. Among standalone models, RF and XGBoost performed best for pH, while SVM performed the best for EC. ANN models were the least effective. Uncertainty analysis indicated high confidence in pH predictions but moderate to high uncertainty in EC predictions, suggesting that EC is more challenging to predict. Ensemble models with optimized weighting provide robust and accurate mapping of spatially autocorrelated soil properties. The high-confidence pH maps are reliable for soil management decisions, while EC predictions, though more uncertain, effectively identify priority areas for future sampling and investigation.
Evaluating soil cover strategies for enhancing water conservation, biomass contribution, and weed control in rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) cultivation under arid conditions
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2025-11-11) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Cama Moreno, Elick Melissa; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sustainable crop production in arid regions is challenged by soil moisture loss, low organic matter content, and intense weed competition. This study aimed to assess the impact of different mulching strategies on the main crop yield, soil moisture conservation, the contribution of dry biomass and nitrogen to the soil by living covers, and the efficacy of weed control. The experiment was conducted in Santa Rita de Siguas (Arequipa, Peru) using a completely randomized block design with four treatments and three replicates. Measurements included biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens), volumetric soil moisture, dry biomass, and nitrogen content in living covers, as well as weed density. Results indicated that most treatments had no significant impact on the biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto. Plastic mulch reduced irrigation demand and suppressed weeds, although crop yield did not significantly differ among treatments. Among the living mulches, Trifolium pratense was more effective than Melilotus albus in conserving soil moisture, maintaining levels up to 15.86%. In contrast, Melilotus albus produced the highest above-ground dry biomass (8.57 t·h⁻¹), although both legume species accumulated similar amounts of nitrogen in their biomass. Both living covers gradually reduced weed populations, though without complete eradication. In conclusion, plastic mulch represents a potential option under conditions of severe water limitation. Meanwhile, leguminous cover crops, particularly M. albus, offer an alternative complementary strategy for enhancing soil organic matter and could promote long-term sustainability of the cropping system. These findings warrant extended temporal validation to confirm their reproducibility and reliability.
Territorial zoning as a strategy for sustainable natural resource management in Cajamarca, Northwestern Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-09-25) Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Generating agricultural suitability analyses that are objective, consistent, and accessible through digital platforms remains a technical and methodological challenge, creating an information gap for certain stakeholders. To address this issue, we assessed the territorial suitability of the Cajamarca region for coffee and cocoa cultivation using 18 subcriteria grouped into climatic, edaphological, topographic, and socioeconomic categories. To reduce subjectivity and improve consistency in variable comparisons, we applied multicriteria evaluation techniques, including the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Shannon entropy method. On the basis of the resulting weights, suitability models were generated using two approaches: one based on threshold reclassification and another using continuous suitability functions. Both approaches were validated using 3886 presence points for coffee and 671 for cocoa. The continuous approach demonstrated a greater ability to capture internal variability and spatial transitions, with greater dispersion and significant differences between classes. The most influential subcriteria for coffee were annual mean temperature, soil texture, elevation, and land use/land cover (LULC); for cocoa, they were annual mean temperature, soil pH, elevation, and LULC. In key districts, up to 59.8 % of the territory was classified as highly suitable, highlighting localized production potential. Finally, the results were integrated into the Suitability Watch Cajamarca application, developed in the Google Earth Engine, enabling interactive inspection of spatial suitability. This tool aims to support evidence-based agricultural planning and is intended for national scaling to other strategic crops.
Diversity and Selection of Superior Algarrobos (Neltuma pallida) Phenotypes in the Natural Dry Forests of Peru for Sustainable Conservation and Genetic Improvement
(MDPI, 2025-11-20) Casas Niño, Sebastian; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanet; Nauray , William; Tirabante Terrones, Nery; Ramírez Rojas, Max Augusto; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization in the regions of Piura and Tumbes in northern Peru. A stratified random sampling design was applied, establishing forest plots in 13 localities and evaluating 631 adult individuals. Dendrometric and phenotypic traits were recorded together with physiographic, climatic, and edaphic variables obtained from soil analyses and geographic information systems. Phenotypic differentiation among populations was assessed using the index PST, which quantifies between- and within-population variance components. High morphological variability was detected across populations, with significant differences in tree height, diameter, and fruit production, largely explained by environmental heterogeneity, particularly soil fertility and organic matter. The PST values, ranging from 0.83 to 0.98, revealed strong phenotypic divergence among populations, suggesting adaptive differentiation rather than neutral variation. Eight superior individuals were identified as potential candidates for inclusion in a germplasm bank to support breeding and restoration programs. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management and conservation of N. pallida in the arid ecosystems.
Impact of interstock and rootstock on the growth and productivity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Kent in the San Lorenzo valley, Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-24) Casas Niño, Sebastián; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Cárdenas Huamán, Gabriela; Nuñez Ticliahuanca, Esdwin Oberti; Montañez Artica, Ana Gabriela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit tree characterized by vigorous growth and high fruit production, making it one of Peru's main export crops. However, its extensive vegetative development requires substantial space, limiting productivity per unit area. This study evaluated the effects of rootstock and interstock combinations on agronomic traits and fruit biometrics, highlighting the potential of interstocks to modulate tree vigor in mango orchards of Peru's dry forest region. A total of 216 trees were established using 'Chulucanas' and 'Chato' as rootstocks and 'Chulucanas,' 'Chato,' 'Irwin,' and 'Julie' as interstocks, apically grafted with the 'Kent' cultivar, with a spacing of 6.0 m × 6.0 m. Tree performance was assessed after 10 years during the 2017–2019 growing seasons in Piura, Peru, under a randomized complete block design (2 × 4 factorial). The combination of the 'Chulucanas' rootstock with 'Chulucanas' and 'Julie' interstocks reduced tree height by 10.94% and 11.70%, respectively, facilitating orchard management and potentially increasing planting density. Yield varied significantly among growing seasons, with a 15% reduction in 2017 attributed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related increases in temperature and rainfall that affected flowering and fruit set. These results underscore the importance of cultivar selection and climate-adaptive strategies to sustain mango productivity in regions prone to climatic variability.
Frequency of A1 and A2 alleles of the β-casein gene in cattle in the Cajamarca region of Peru
(Eldaghayes Publisher, 2025-11-30) Becerra Quiroz, Antuanet Lissett; Rivera Jacinto, Marco Antonio; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Torres Caruajulca, Víctor Gerliz; Cabrera González, Marco Antonio
Background: Cow's milk β-casein has multiple genetic variants, the two most common of which are A1 and A2, which are encoded by the CSN2 gene. Evidence suggests that the A1 variant may negatively affect human health. Type A2 milk is a safer alternative for human consumption because it is easier to digest than A1. Aim: To determine the frequency of the A1 and A2 alleles of the β-casein gene in cattle. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 103 cattle (26 males and 77 females), 71 crossbred, 30 Simmental, 1 Jersey, and 1 Holstein. The selection prioritized females due to their economic value for milk production, reproductive potential, and capacity to replace cows of high genetic value, whereas males are intended for sale for meat production. Analysis of the A1 and A2 alleles of exon 7 of the CSN2 gene was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the restriction enzyme DdeI. Results: The heterozygous A1A2 genotype was the most frequent (50.5%, n = 52), followed by the homozygous A2A2 genotype (35.0%, n = 36) and A1A1 genotype (14.6%, n = 15). The results showed that 33.8% (26/77) of the females and 38.5% (10/26) of the males had the A2A2 genotype. Conclusion: PCR-RFLP genotyping allowed the genotypic frequencies of β-casein to be determined, with 33.8% and 38.5% A2A2 in females and males, respectively.
Evaluación del crecimiento y biomasa aérea de cuatro especies forestales nativas en plantación forestal en Ucayali, Perú.
(Revista de Investigación Agroproducción Sustentable, 2025-10-30) Flores Bendezú, Ymber
La selección adecuada de especies forestales es esencial para la restauración ecológica y la producción sostenible en la Amazonía peruana, donde la deforestación ha degradado extensas áreas boscosas. Pese a la importancia de este tema, existe escasa información sobre el desempeño a largo plazo de especies nativas en plantaciones experimentales, lo que limita la orientación de programas de reforestación. Este estudio evaluó el crecimiento y la biomasa aérea de cuatro especies forestales (Ormosia macrocalyx, Aspidosperma desmanthum, Dipteryx ferrea y Handroanthus serratifolius) a los 25 años de edad. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño en bloques completamente aleatorizados con tres repeticiones, en el Centro Experimental Alexander von Humboldt (Ucayali), ubicado en un bosque húmedo tropical con suelos Ultisol. Se midieron altura total, diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura comercial y biomasa aérea. Los resultados muestran que D. ferrea alcanzó el mejor desempeño, con 95% de supervivencia, DAP promedio de 27.4 cm, altura total de 20.8 m y biomasa de 998.8 kg, superando significativamente (p < 0.05) a las demás especies en todas las variables. H. serratifolius presentó valores intermedios, mientras que A. desmanthum y O. macrocalyx registraron baja supervivencia y menor crecimiento. El efecto de bloque no fue significativo, lo que indica homogeneidad ambiental. En conclusión, D. ferrea muestra el mayor potencial para reforestación y plantaciones comerciales en condiciones similares, seguida por H. serratifolius. Se recomienda continuar con estudios de largo plazo que integren variables ecológicas y prácticas silviculturales para fortalecer la sostenibilidad de estos sistemas
Ecological zone-based volume estimation of Calycophyllum spruceanum and Cedrelinga cateniformis in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-11-08) Koch Duarte, Christian; del Aguila Piña, Carlos Francisco; Fernández Sandoval, Andrés; Cárdenas Rengifo, Gloria Patricia; Santillán Gonzáles, Manuel Dante; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Castedo Dorado, Fernando; Álvarez Álvarez, Pedro; Goycochea Casas, Gianmarco; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo
Forest volume modeling plays a fundamental role in forest inventory, biomass estimation, and the sustainable management of timber resources. In the Amazon region of Peru, native species such as Calycophyllum spruceanum and Cedrelinga cateniformis hold high ecological and commercial value, yet remain understudied in terms of volumetric estimation. This study aimed to develop and evaluate volumetric models for both species across three ecological zones—humid forest, very humid forest, and dry forest—representing the environmental diversity of the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. A total of 18 volumetric models were fitted for each species and site condition using linear regression techniques. Model performance was assessed through adjusted coefficient of determination (R²adj), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and diagnostic analyses including residual plots and relative error histograms. The results revealed that model performance varied by ecological zone, with the dry forest models showing the highest precision and lowest residual dispersion. Models M3 (Spurr), M4 (Schumacher & Hall), and M9 (Meyer) consistently achieved strong predictive accuracy. Prediction errors were higher in small-volume classes, suggesting the need for caution when applying models to young or small-diameter trees. The developed models are statistically reliable, requiring minimal input variables for the accurate estimation of the timber volume of the two species across various Amazonian environments. It is recommended to adopt zone-specific models for operational use and to continue expanding regional forest databases to improve future model calibration and validation.
Stability and Yield Performance of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Across Environments in Southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-11) Pacheco Andrade, Alexandra; Torres Limascca, María Elena; Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) underpins semolina value chains in water-limited regions, yet Peru remains import-dependent due to constrained local adaptation. We evaluated eleven elite lines plus the commercial variety 'INIA 412 Atahualpa' across three contrasting semi-arid sites in Arequipa (Santa Elena, San Francisco de Paula, Santa Rita) during 2023–2024 to identify genotypes maximizing performance and stability. Grain yield, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight, and plant height were analyzed with combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplots, complemented by AMMI stability value (ASV) and weighted average of absolute scores and best yield index (WAASBY). Grain yield and hectoliter weight showed significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction, while plant height was driven mainly by genotype and environment with limited interaction. For grain yield, AMMI (PC1: 55.2%) and GGE (PC1 + PC2: 90.2%) revealed crossover responses and three practical mega-environments: TD-053 "won" at San Francisco de Paula, TD-037 at Santa Elena, and TD-033 at Santa Rita. Additionally, WAASBY-integrated rankings favored TD-033 (93.7%) and TD-014 (84.72%), followed by TD-026/TD-020 (>57%), whereas TD-062 (9.1%) and TD-043/TD-061 underperformed. Quality traits highlighted TD-044 and TD-014 for high hectoliter weight and TD-014/TD-062 for high TKW with contrasting stability. Overall, TD-033 and TD-014 were adaptable across environments, providing selection guidance to strengthen Peru's durum breeding pipeline under climate variability.
Estimation of aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration in a cocoa agroforestry system using UAV-LiDAR in northwestern Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-10-08) Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Sanchez Fuentes, Teiser; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Gómez Fernández, Darwin
Accurate estimation of biomass and carbon in agroforestry systems is essential to assess their contribution to climate change mitigation and to improve their management. In this context, UAV-mounted LiDAR technology emerges as a fast, accurate, and non-destructive alternative for the structural characterization of cocoa agroforestry systems. This study aimed to estimate and analyze structural parameters, mainly tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH), as well as to calculate aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration in a cocoa agroforestry system, using LiDAR data obtained with a DJI Matrice 350 RTK UAV equipped with a Zenmuse L2 sensor, complemented by automatic tree segmentation in LiDAR360 and the application of species-specific allometric equations. The results showed a 93 % segmentation efficiency, with accuracies of 0.93 and 0.99 for DBH and height estimations, respectively. The evaluated plot, located at the Yanayacu Experimental Center (Jaén, Peru) and covering an area of 0.58 ha, had stored 15,492.5 kg of aboveground biomass and 7746.25 kg of aboveground carbon, with Mangifera indica and Cocos nucifera contributing more than 80 %. Consequently, this approach demonstrates the potential of UAV-based LiDAR to generate accurate and detailed information on system structure, enabling optimized management of high-biomass species and the development of more efficient and sustainable management strategies.
Comparación de métodos para medir características foliares y evaluación del contenido de clorofila en diez accesiones de rocoto del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 2025-06-10) Dadther Huaman, Hans; Delgado Lazo, Andrea Graciela; Pacheco Lizarraga, Gonzalo Antonio
Antecedentes: El rocoto (Capsicum pubescens), originario de los Andes, es una especie de gran importancia en el Perú, tanto en la agricultura como en la gastronomía, especialmente en el departamento de Arequipa. Objetivo: Comparar la precisión y relación entre los métodos de medición del área, largo, ancho y perímetro foliar utilizando el software ImageJ y el medidor portátil CI-202, así como evaluar el contenido de clorofila con el SPAD 502 Plus en diez accesiones de rocoto. Metodología: Se realizaron pruebas de normalidad y homogeneidad de varianzas para las variables foliares y de clorofila. Luego, se aplicó ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05) para comparar accesiones, además de un análisis de correlación de Pearson. Para comparar las mediciones de área foliar con ImageJ y CI-202 con el producto del largo por el ancho foliar, se empleó un modelo de regresión lineal, de igual forma se comparó el área foliar y el contenido de clorofila. Resultados: Las accesiones PER1002862 y PER1002844 mostraron los mayores valores en todos los parámetros, mientras que PER1002960 y PER1002949 tuvieron los menores, excepto en clorofila, donde PER1002821 registró el valor más bajo. El medidor portátil CI-202 obtuvo mayor coeficiente de determinación (R2=0.9919) que ImageJ (R2=0.984) al comparar el área foliar con el producto del largo por el ancho. Implicaciones: El estudio evalúa la precisión de ImageJ y CI-202 en la medición foliar y su relación con el contenido de clorofila en C. pubescens. Conclusiones: Ambos métodos, ImageJ y CI-202, fueron eficaces para la medición foliar; sin embargo, el CI-202 fue más eficiente por su rapidez en la recolección y procesamiento de datos. El contenido de clorofila varió entre accesiones, sin relación con el área foliar.
Efectos fisiológicos del cadmio en cuatro genotipos de cacao propagados mediante estaquillas enraizadas
(Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva - UNAS, 2025-11-05) Paz Urrelo, Jorge Luis; Pocomucha Poma, Vicente Serapio
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar los efectos del Cd en cuatro genotipos de cacao en términos de concentración de pigmentos de clorofila, asimismo evaluar el factor de traslocación del Cd en plantas de cacao obtenidos mediante propagación clonal mediante la técnica enraizamiento de estaquillas. El material vegetal utilizado en el presente trabajo de investigación fueron genotipos procedentes de los clones CCN 51, ICS 39, IMC 67 y TSH 565. El sustrato fue inoculado con tres dosis de Cd (0, 6 y 12 ppm). La fuente de Cd fue el hidrato de cloruro de Cadmio (CdCl2H2O). Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial de 4 x 3 factores, con 3 repeticiones, donde cada tratamiento estuvo formado por 4 plántulas de cacao obtenidas por enraizamiento de estaquillas, teniéndose en total 36 unidades experimentales. El análisis estadístico reveló que las plantas procedentes del genotipo CCN 51 fueron las que mostraron mayor tolerancia al metal pesado, aún en las dosis altas de Cd, debido a un aumento en el contenido de clorofila. Por otra parte, nuestros hallazgos advierten que el genotipo ICS 39 inoculado a la dosis media de Cd (6 ppm) presentó el factor de traslocación (FT) más alto (4.16). En contraste el genotipo CCN 51, evidenció el menor FT cuando fue expuesto a la dosis más alta de Cd. Estos hallazgos permitirán comprender el comportamiento de las plantas de cacao producidas por enraizamiento de estaquillas ante el estrés por Cd en términos de fisiológicos, siendo esta investigación un insumo más para profundizar estudios basados en los efectos de los metales pesados en cultivos de gran importancia económica como lo es el cacao.
New record for Peru of the invasive Asian beetle Xylopsocus capucinus (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Bostrichinae), with biological and ecological notes
(Magnolia Press, 2025-11-06) Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Hernández May, Manuel A.
As part of our study of saproxylic fauna in cocoa (Theobroma cacao Linnaeus, 1753) sites in northern Peru, we present a new record of Xylopsocus capucinus (Fabricius, 1781) in the country. The species X. capucinus is considered an invasive beetle in the Bostrichidae family to Central America. Our report includes biological and ecological data from this site, as well as detailed taxonomic information and images to facilitate identification.
Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Mining-Affected River Sediments in the Peruvian Central Highlands
(MDPI, 2025-09-16) Custodio, María; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Huarcaya, Javier; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis
Heavy metal contamination in rivers is a serious environmental and public health concern, especially in areas affected by mining. This study evaluated the levels of contamination and the associated ecological and carcinogenic risks in the sediments of the Cunas River, located in the central highlands of Peru. Sediment samples were collected from upstream and downstream sections. Several metals and metalloids were analyzed, including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). The ecological risk assessment focused on ten of these elements, while carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for seven metals selected based on their toxicological importance. The results showed that Cd and Pb concentrations were higher in the downstream section. Cd and As exceeded ecological risk thresholds. Regarding human health, As and Pb surpassed the acceptable limits for both the Hazard Index (HI) and the Potential Carcinogenic Risk (PCR). According to EPA guidelines, these values indicate a potentially significant lifetime cancer risk. The main exposure routes include direct contact with sediments and the consumption of aquatic organisms. Continuous monitoring, phytoremediation actions, and restrictions on the use of contaminated water are strongly recommended to reduce ecological and health risks.
Effects of Planting Methods on the Establishment, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Hybrid Grass Cuba OM-22 in the Dry Tropics of Peru
(MDPI, 2025-10-28) Vásquez, Héctor V.; Valqui, Leandro; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Bobadilla, Leidy G.; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A.; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Yalta Vera, Juan
Climate change and livestock expansion have affected forage supply in the dry tropics. Therefore, optimizing planting methods adapted to adverse tropical environments is essential for establishment and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting methods on the establishment rate, morphology, yield, and nutritional composition of Cuba OM-22 under the soil and climate conditions of the dry tropics of Peru, using a block design with four replicates and five methods for propagation by cuttings. The S4 (two-node cuttings, 25 cm in length; horizontal position 180°, parallel to the soil surface; fully buried at 8 cm depth; no spacing between cuttings along the furrow) method offered the best balance between yield and quality, with higher establishment rate (55.93%), height (182.15 cm; higher than S1 and S5), and more tillers (surpassing S1 and S2 by 16.97% and 18.86%). In addition, it obtained good green forage yields (137.43 t ha⁻¹) and was better than all planting methods in dry matter yield (37.45 t ha⁻¹). In nutritional composition, S4 ranked among the highest averages for nitrogen-free extract (NFE) (43.22%) and ash (11.06%). However, protein, crude fiber, and fat content did not differ between methods. On the other hand, planting methods showed negative correlations between the number of tillers and ash content (p = 0.006; r = −0.79), ash and NFE (p = 0.000; r = −0.92), and protein with crude fiber (p = 0.029; r = −0.68). These findings highlight S4 as a key strategy for optimizing establishment, yield, and quality in Cuba OM-22 in the dry tropics.
Simulation of soil organic carbon potential sequestration for high Andes Peruvian croplands
(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2025-10-06) Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Vera Vílchez, Jesús Emilio; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Mestanza, Carlos
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in croplands represents a significant opportunity to mitigate climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Simulation tools are increasingly used to assess the impact of climate change and soil management on soil organic carbon stock dynamics. Although Andean soils typically store large amounts of organic carbon, agricultural practices, especially plowing, may deplete these stocks, creating a need to understand these dynamics better. Here, we show the soil organic carbon sequestration potential in croplands in the Peruvian Andean region over 50 years. Soil organic carbon content and bulk density were spatially predicted across the study area using 100 georeferenced soil samples to quantify organic carbon stocks. Spatial interpolation was performed using Ordinary Kriging with exponential and spherical variogram models, which provided the best fit to the data. The RothC model was used to simulate changes in soil organic carbon stocks under two contrasting agricultural management scenarios: one without manure application and another with annual application of one ton of manure per hectare. We found that manure application can substantially increase soil organic carbon sequestration in croplands with increases ranging from 105.22 to 214.94 Mg ha-¹ over 50 years. The potential for increased carbon sequestration through manure application could help compensate for losses in other areas of the watershed, particularly grasslands (74.4 % of the area). This study contributes valuable information for developing sustainable land management strategies in Andean agroecosystems.
Yield estimation based on agronomic traits in vegetables under different biochar levels
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-09-29) Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Arias Arredondo, Alberto; Taipe Crispin, Maglorio; Marcelo Matero, Jhonny Demis; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through oxygen-limited pyrolysis of organic biomass, demonstrates exceptional potential as a soil amendment due to its porous structure and stability. This research investigated the impact of guinea pig manure biochar on three vegetable species cultivated in high Andean conditions: spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.), and chard (Beta vulgaris var.). The study implemented four biochar application rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 t/ha) and measured comprehensive agronomic parameters including leaf count, leaf length, and fresh/dry biomass of both leaves and roots. Simultaneously, UAV-captured multispectral imagery provided spectral indices that were integrated with agronomic data into machine learning models: linear regression, support vector machines (SVM), and regression trees (CART). Results demonstrated significant vegetative growth enhancement and yield increases across all crops, with the 30 t ha-1 application rate producing optimal outcomes. Predictive modeling exhibited remarkable accuracy: spinach analysis via SVM achieved R² = 0.94 and RMSE = 0.32 g; chard analysis through CART delivered R² = 0.92 and RMSE = 0.35 g; and cabbage assessment using CART yielded R² = 0.91 and RMSE = 0.38 g. This research substantiates biochar’s effectiveness as an organic amendment while establishing a reliable framework for crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms integrated with spectral data. These findings position biochar as a valuable component in sustainable agricultural systems, particularly for vegetable production in challenging high-altitude environments.

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