Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Strengthening national genebanks through genomics and regional collaboration: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-23) Carbajal Yepes, M.; Petroli, C.; Correa, M.; Breseghello, F.; Tapia, G.; Salazar, E.; Chassaigne, A.; Ferreyra, M.; Reyes Herrera, P.H.; Guzmán, M.; Mendoza, A.; Vidal, R.; Condón, F.; de Almeida, N.; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Rodriguez, L.; Solano, W.; Morales, A.J.; Velasquez Flores, B.L.; Soto, J.; Robles, R.; Ledesma, A.; Aragón, M.; Castillo, D.; Roa, C.; López Noriega, I.; Wenzl, P.; Sansaloni, C.
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is a center of origin and domestication for globally important crops such as cassava, common bean, maize, and potato, all of which are key to food and nutrition security worldwide. Despite this strategic role, many national genebanks in the region face technical, financial, and policy barriers that limit the use of genomic tools for characterization and conservation. These genebanks safeguard the genetic diversity needed to enhance crop yields, climate-change resilience, nutritional quality, and pest and disease resistance. In 2022, CGIAR Centers and partners established the "Community of Practice (CoP) of national genebanks in LAC" to strengthen regional capacity for generating and interpreting digital sequence information (DSI), facilitate collaboration, and promote sustainable management of plant genetic resources. Through coordinated capacity-building activities, joint crop-based analyses, and shared learning, the CoP has connected 17 institutions across 13 countries. Members have begun generating and interpreting DSI for common bean, maize, and potato, while addressing gaps in data sharing, interoperability, and policy frameworks. Looking ahead, the CoP seeks to conduct diversity analysis, establish regional core collections, integrate existing global data portals, and advocate for policy alignment to sustain genomic characterization and access to diversity. This CoP initiative provides a model applicable in other regions to strengthen genebank operations through collaborative innovation and coordinated action, contributing to resilient and equitable global food systems.
The Germination and Subsequent Development of Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) Are Subject to Influence From the Pregerminative Methods Employed
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2025-12-20) Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Torres de la Cruz, Magdiel; Mendoza Merino, Jani Elisabet; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Arce Inga, Marielita; Álvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
In Peru, cocoa production has increased significantly, thereby establishing a prominent position for this crop in the country's agricultural landscape. The effect of different pregerminative methods on seed germination of cocoa ecotypes and their influence on seedling development in nursery were evaluated. Three cocoa ecotypes were used INDES 24, INDES 31, and INDES 67, and five pregerminative methods were applied to the seeds with mucilage, mucilage removal, tegument removal, water immersion, and immersion in Trichoderma harzianum solution. Parameters such as germination percentage GP, mean germination time GT50, mean germination rate GR50, and plant growth characteristics in terms of cotyledon height, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and stem diameter were evaluated. The results revealed that the treatments INDES 24 removal tegument, INDES 67 removal tegument, INDES 67 water immersion, and INDES 67 immersion in T. harzianum showed the best GPs of 100% at 72 h. Additionally, the INDES 67 tegument removal showed the best mean germination time and rate GT50 and GR50 with 24 h and 8 seeds/24 h, respectively. For growth parameters, INDES 67 mucilage removal showed the highest values for cotyledon height and the number of leaves per plant with 4 cm and 13.33 leaves/plant; for plant height and stem diameter, the treatments INDES 31 tegument removal and INDES 24 mucilage removal obtained the highest average values with 30.21 cm and 6.65 mm, respectively. These findings demonstrate that pregerminative methods significantly impact the germination and growth of cocoa plants. This insight can enhance cocoa propagation practices and improve the success rate of their establishment in the field.
Soil Organic Carbon Variability in Tropical Cropping Systems: Interactions With Texture, pH, Macronutrients, and Organic Matter
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2026-01-09) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallerjos Torres, Geomar
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and enhancing soil fertility. Its storage and dynamics are particularly significant in agricultural ecosystems of the Peruvian Amazon, where the expansion of agriculture and livestock farming may disrupt the regional carbon balance. This study aimed to analyze SOC variability and its relationship with edaphic and nutritional properties in agricultural systems in Eastern Peru (San Martín and Loreto regions). Four representative cropping systems were evaluated: coffee grown in agroforestry and polyculture systems; maize as a monoculture; and camu-camu and cocoa cultivated in monoculture and agroforestry systems, respectively. The highest SOC content (80.70 t·ha−1), phosphorus (12.03 mg·kg−1), and moisture (52.36%) were observed in coffee-growing soils, likely due to the presence of shade trees that enhance organic matter inputs in soils at 0–20 cm depth. In contrast, soils under maize cultivation exhibited the highest levels of nitrogen (0.19%), potassium (364.02 mg·kg−1), and pH (7.61), likely due to the frequent fertilization applied to this crop. The lowest carbon saturation deficits were found in soils under camu-camu (31.67%), cocoa (26.88%), maize (24.80%), and coffee (20.59%), with the most pronounced deficits occurring in camu-camu and cocoa soils in Yurimaguas (Loreto), indicating a heightened vulnerability to carbon loss. These findings underscore the significant influence of crop type and management practices on carbon and nutrient dynamics in tropical soils. Long-term studies are recommended to assess carbon sequestration over extended periods, informing sustainable soil management policies in the Peruvian Amazon.
Sustainable Management of Potato Tuber Moths Using Eco-Friendly Dust Formulations During Storage in the Andean Highlands
(MDPI, 2026-01-13) Villanueva Spelucín, Alex; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni; Diaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Postharvest losses caused by potato tuber moths severely impact storage in the Andean highlands, where reliance on synthetic insecticides poses sustainability and safety concerns. This study evaluated eco-friendly alternatives for protecting stored seed tubers of the widely adopted cultivar INIA 302 Amarilis in Cajamarca, Peru. In two storage facilities, a completely randomized block design compared four treatments: Bacillus thuringiensis plus talc (Bt-talc), talc, agricultural lime, and wood ash against an untreated control. Powders were applied at 50 g per 10 kg of tubers, and incidence, severity of damage, and live larvae were assessed over 150 days. Bt–talc consistently achieved the lowest damage. Incidence in Cochapampa was 16.8% ± 6.2 with Bt-talc, compared with 58.1% ± 3.9 in the control; in Sulluscocha, incidence was 25.5% ± 4.8 and 64.2% ± 3.0 for Bt-talc and the control, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for moth-damage severity in both localities. Live larvae per unit were also markedly lower with 1.3 ± 0.3 (Cochapampa) and 1.6 ± 0.6 (Sulluscocha) under Bt–talc. A single dusting with Bt–talc, or alternatively agricultural lime, offers effective, accessible, and sustainable control of potato tuber moths in high-Andean storage.
Azospirillum brasilense as a Bioinoculant to Alleviate the Effects of Salinity on Quinoa Seed Germination
(MDPI, 2025-12-16) Apaza Calcina, Jose David; Muñoz Salas, Milagros Ninoska; Lozano Isla, Flavio; Rezende, Rachel Passos; Santana Silva, Raner José
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is valued for its resilience to abiotic stress; however, germination and seedling establishment remain highly sensitive to salinity. While its salt tolerance at later growth stages has been well studied, strategies to improve early development under high salinity are limited, and the role of halotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in quinoa has not been systematically investigated. This study assessed the ability of three Azospirillum brasilense strains (BR-11001, BR-11002, and BR-11005) to increase the germination and seedling performance of the cultivar 'BRS Piabiru' under saline stress. A 3 × 4 factorial design with three bacterial treatments and four NaCl concentrations (0, 150, 300, and 450 mM) was conducted in a completely randomized arrangement, with four replicates per treatment. Seeds were surface sterilized, inoculated, and incubated at 18 °C under constant light for 10 days. Elevated salinity (≥300 mM NaCl) drastically reduced germination and seedling vigor in the controls. Inoculation with BR-11002 significantly alleviated salinity-induced damage, sustaining over 84% germination at 450 mM and increasing seedling biomass at 300 mM. These findings highlight the potential of halotolerant A. brasilense, particularly BR-11002, as bioinoculants to promote quinoa establishment in salt-affected soils, supporting sustainable agriculture and food system resilience.
Improvement and Maturation of Liquid Biofertilizers in Series-Connected Biodigesters: Comparative Analysis of Guinea Pig Manure and Vermicompost Leachate
(MDPI, 2025-11-05) Gómez Montoya, Juan Pablo; Castillo Alvarez, Yoisdel; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Patiño Agudelo, Alisson Dahian; Luna delRisco, Mario; Arrieta Gonzales, Carlos E.
The recovery of livestock waste through multistage anaerobic digestion represents a key strategy for producing high-efficiency liquid biofertilizers within circular economy frameworks. This study compared two underexplored substrates—guinea pig manure and vermicompost leachate (VL)—processed in series biodigesters to evaluate their nutrient composition and agronomic performance. The guinea pig manure biol exhibited higher macronutrient concentrations (N = 1.09–3.74 g L−1 ; P = 0.06–0.64 g L−1 ; K = 1.85–3.20 g L−1 ) and electrical conductivity (14.1–26.5 mS cm−1 ), while VL presented a more balanced nutrient profile (N = 0.65–0.71 g L−1 ; P = 0.04–0.09 g L−1 ; K = 2.46–3.76 g L−1 ) and slightly lower salinity (15.0–17.2 mS cm−1 ). Micronutrient levels (Fe, Mn, Zn, B) exceeded the reference thresholds established by EU Regulation 2019/1009 for liquid fertilizers, suggesting the need for dilution prior to field application. In maize field trials, VL diluted 1:7 increased above-ground biomass by 28%, and guinea pig biol diluted 1:10 achieved a 22% increase compared to the control, confirming their biostimulant potential. However, the high sodium content (848–1024 mg L−1 ) may limit application on saline or poorly drained soils, requiring adaptive agronomic management. These findings demonstrate that multistage anaerobic digestion effectively transforms unconventional organic waste into nutrient-rich biofertilizers, expanding the scientific foundation for alternative substrates and reinforcing their potential to enhance Andean smallholder agriculture, nutrient recycling, and food security within a sustainability-oriented bioeconomy.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-13) Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Révolo Acevedo, Ronald; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Heavy metal contamination in Andean agricultural systems is a growing concern for food safety and environmental health. This study assessed the concentrations and bioaccumulation patterns of eleven metals (Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo) in seven representative crops cultivated under irrigated and rainfed conditions in the Mantaro Valley, central Peruvian Andes. Soil and foliar samples were collected from paired plots, and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated to evaluate metal transfer to plant tissues. Irrigated soils showed higher and more homogeneous concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As, reflecting long-term accumulation from historical mining activities and irrigation with contaminated water from the Mantaro River. Foliar concentrations exceeded Codex Alimentarius limits for Cd, Pb, and As in several crops, especially potato and broad bean. BAF analyses revealed distinct crop-specific behaviors: potato, quinoa, and broad bean frequently exhibited BAF >1 for metals such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mn, indicating active uptake and translocation. In contrast, cereals such as maize and barley maintained low BAF values (<1), suggesting conservative absorption patterns. Irrigation increased the bioavailability of several metals, resulting in higher foliar concentrations and elevated BAF values compared to rainfed systems. Multivariate analyses further differentiated metal accumulation profiles by crop type and water management system. These findings highlight the need for strengthened monitoring of high-accumulation crops and improved soil and water quality management in historically contaminated Andean agricultural regions.
Clustering-Based Characterization of Mixed Herds and the Influence of Pasture Fertilization in High-Andean Livestock Systems
(MDPI, 2026-01-08) Nuñez, Jesus; Paxi Meneses, Felimon; Cruz, Wilder; Estrada Cañari, Richard
Livestock production in the high Andes is vital for rural livelihoods and food security but is limited by poor pasture quality, environmental variability, and restricted resources. Pasture improvement, achieved through management practices and particularly through fertilization, may enhance productivity and sustainability in high-Andean livestock systems. This study aimed to characterize mixed herds composed of domestic sheep (Ovis aries), alpacas (Vicugna pacos), llamas (Lama glama), and domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and to evaluate the role of pasture fertilization on herd composition and livestock size. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 88 randomly selected livestock producers, complemented by direct field observations of grazing areas, corrals, shelters, and water sources. The survey documented herd structure, grazing management, pasture conservation, fertilization practices, and farm infrastructure. Data from multiple farms were analyzed using a clustering approach to group production units with similar characteristics, and statistical models were applied to assess the effects of fertilization, pasture area, and water sources. Three distinct clusters were identified: one dominated by alpacas, another by sheep, and a third by llamas with the most uniform stocking density. Pasture fertilization was most common in the sheep-dominated cluster and was significantly associated with higher sheep numbers, while no significant effects were detected for alpacas, llamas, or cattle. Farms without fertilization showed slightly higher overall livestock size; however, a strong negative interaction between pasture area and lack of fertilization indicated that expanding grazing land alone could not offset low forage quality. These findings suggest that targeted fertilization, when combined with sustainable grazing practices, may contribute to improved herd performance and long-term resilience in heterogeneous Andean livestock systems.
Effects of Diet and Altitude on the Microbiota of the First Compartment of the Stomach in Peruvian Alpacas in Highland Puna Regions and Their Correlations with Blood Parameters
(MDPI, 2026-01-08) Flores Huarco, Nils H.; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Coila, Pedro; Sanchez, Diana; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Alvarado, Wigoberto C.; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Aliaga, Mery; Galindo, Walter; Saavedra Ramírez, Jorge; Apaza, Henry; Arbizu, Carlos I.
This study explores the intestinal microbiota of eight 18-month-old male alpacas from two distinct high-altitude regions in Peru: the Wet Puna (4200 m above sea level) and the Dry Puna (4900 m above sea level). Using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA metabarcoding, microbial communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists were analyzed from the first compartment of the stomach (C1) to investigate the diversity, taxonomic composition, and correlations with hematological parameters. Significant differences in microbial diversity and composition were observed between regions, driven by dietary and environmental factors. The Wet Puna exhibited greater alpha diversity in bacterial and fungal communities, while beta diversity highlighted distinct microbial compositions. Key taxa, such as Prevotella ruminicola and Acetitomaculum, were associated with energy metabolism and host adaptation, whereas methanogenic archaea (Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera) dominated in the Dry Puna, reflecting adaptations to arid conditions. Correlations between microbial taxa and hematological variables, such as Acetitomaculum with red blood cell count and Eremoplastron with neutrophil percentage, emphasize the complex interplay between microbiota and host physiology. These findings contribute to understanding microbial adaptations in high-altitude livestock and provide practical insights for enhancing alpaca management and conservation strategies through tailored nutritional approaches and sustainable grazing practices.
Micropropagation of Vaccinium meridionale Sw.: Interaction between basal media and cytokinins, physiological quality of shoots, and ex vitro rooting
(Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, 2025-12-22) Huaman, Eyner; Muñoz, Carlos; Prat, Loreto; Meléndez Mori, Jegnes Benjamín; Vargas, Raúl; Vigo, Carmen; Tejada Alvarado, José Jesús; Huaman Pilco, Angel Fernando; Oliva Cruz, Manuel
Vaccinium meridionale is an Andean species of high nutraceutical value whose conventional propagation is limited by its low multiplication rate. In this study, an integrated micropropagation protocol was developed, encompassing in vitro establishment through ex vitro rooting. During the establishment phase, fungal contaminants were identified, detecting genera such as Diaporthe, Fusarium, Colletotrichum and Phoma. In the multiplication phase, the basal media Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW), Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) were evaluated, supplemented with zeatin (Zea), 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), meta-topolin (mT) and thidiazuron (TDZ), all applied at equimolar concentrations of 2.5 μM. Morphogenic parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, SPAD index and elemental composition of regenerated tissues were quantified. DKW medium supplemented with Zea or 2iP promoted the formation of 9–10 shoots, with lengths of 2.5–2.9 cm, SPAD values of 35–36, and chlorophyll content >31 μg/mL. The accumulation of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in the tissues varied widely among treatments. During rooting, the application of 500 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced the formation of longer roots, as well as vigorous and elongated shoots with a high number of leaves. This optimized protocol provides a valuable tool for the propagation of V. meridionale, with potential applications in conservation, genetic improvement and commercial plant production.
Productividad forrajera de cultivares de maíz en el trópico seco
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2026-01-01) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Durand Chávez, Luz Marlene; Jara Calvo, Teófilo Wladimir; Valdés Rodríguez, Ofelia A.
La escasez de pastos y forrajes en el trópico seco durante el verano afecta la productividad ganadera. El maíz (Zea mays L.) se presenta como una alternativa estratégica en trópico seco por su eficiencia fotosintética C4 que le permite tener altos rendimientos de biomasa. Se determinó el potencial forrajero de tres variedades y cuatro híbridos de maíz en condiciones de trópico seco. El estudio se realizó bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas, rendimiento de forraje verde, materia seca y contenido de proteína cruda de siete cultivares a una densidad de siembra de 83 333 plantas‧ha-1. Los resultados indicaron que la variedad Marginal 28-T presentó el mayor rendimiento de forraje verde (51,99 t·ha⁻¹), el híbrido INIA 624 - KILLU SUK destacó en producción de materia seca (15,22 t·ha⁻¹), material clave que se utilizará para la conservación y almacenamiento del forraje, y el INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz sobresalió con el mayor contenido de proteína cruda (10,5 %). Se concluye que los cultivares Marginal 28-T, INIA 624 - KILLU SUK e INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz se vislumbran como alternativas estratégicas por tener potencial para suplir la escasez de forraje en condiciones de trópico seco.
Microbial Synergy Between Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus iranicum Promotes Root Biomass and Grain Yield in Andean Quinoa Cultivars
(MDPI, 2026-01-13) Gutierrez, Miriam; Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocio; García Blásquez Morote, Cayo; Quispe Tenorio, José Antonio; Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Marsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a strategic crop for climate-smart agriculture in the Andes, yet yield gains are constrained by soil degradation and low-input systems. We tested whether synergistic bioinoculation with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (Azospirillum brasilense) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum) enhances root function and grain productivity under field conditions. A split-plot RCBD was conducted in Ayacucho, Peru (2735 m a.s.l.) using four cultivars, Blanca de Junín (BJ), INIA 441 Señor del Huerto (SH), INIA 415 Pasankalla (RP) and INIA 420 Negra Collana (NC) and four treatments: uninoculated control, Azospirillum, Glomus and co-inoculation. Vegetative, root and yield traits were quantified; ANOVA, Tukey/Dunnett contrasts, correlations and PCA were applied. Co-inoculation consistently outperformed single inoculants, increasing root diameter, length, branching, dry weight and volume dry weight, while also enlarging panicle dimensions and raising grain weight per panicle and thousand-seed weight. Grain yield reached 4.94 ± 0.59 t ha⁻¹ under co-inoculation, almost triple that of the control (1.71 ± 0.28 t ha⁻¹) and about 1.5 times higher than single inoculations. Genotypic effects were pronounced; BJ and SH combined superior root biomass with higher yield, RP maximized grain size and hectoliter weight, whereas NC responded weakly. Significant genotype × treatment interactions indicated cultivar-dependent microbiome benefits. Correlation and PCA linked root biomass and stem/panicle architecture to yield formation, positioning co-inoculation along trait vectors associated with belowground vigor and productivity. These results demonstrate a robust microbial synergy that translates root gains into yield, supporting co-inoculation as a scalable, low-input strategy for sustainable intensification of quinoa in highland agroecosystems.
Conocimientos locales, prácticas y usos contemporáneos atribuidos a la ayahuasca en el noroeste de la Amazonia peruana
(Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 2025-12-31) Rodríguez Cabrera, E. H.; Romero van-Heurck, M. A.; Cruz García, A. T.; Sandoval Vergara, A. N.; Flores, Ninoska; Angulo Pinedo, B. A.; Araujo Chávez, P. M.; Ruiz Ríos, A.; Rengifo Salgado, E. L.; Pérez, D.; Rodríguez del Castillo, Ángel Martín
Introducción y objetivos: La ayahuasca es una bebida tradicionalmente empleada con fines curativos, tanto físicos como espirituales. Su uso se ha popularizado globalmente, generando interés turístico y una creciente demanda. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo documentar y analizar los conocimientos locales, las prácticas asociadas a la toma y los usos contemporáneos de la ayahuasca en el noroeste de la Amazonia peruana, mediante un enfoque de métodos mixtos. M&M: El trabajo de campo se desarrolló en mercados y centros naturistas, donde se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes y chamanes locales. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (χ² y prueba exacta de Fisher), complementados con indicadores de frecuencia de citación para etnovariedades y usos terapéuticos de la ayahuasca. Resultados: La mayoría de los informantes y los chamanes conocen sobre la ayahuasca, atribuyéndole usos como purgante espiritual, digestivo y terapéutico, aunque reconocen efectos secundarios. Ambos grupos señalaron su empleo en el tratamiento de brujería, enfermedades psicológicas y digestivas, bajo prácticas rituales dirigidas por chamanes. Se identificaron 26 etnovariedades, siendo cielo ayahuasca la más conocida y utilizada. Conclusiones: El uso de la ayahuasca persiste gracias al conocimiento local y su adaptación a las dinámicas del mercado, donde los chamanes son quienes mayoritariamente han conservado la memoria sobre su preparación y diversidad, ajustando los rituales a una demanda progresiva. Así, la práctica chamanística se convierte en una experiencia terapéutica accesible a un público más amplio, haciendo que su uso no sea exclusivamente local
Effectiveness of Repellent Plants for Controlling Potato Tuber Moth (Symmetrischema tangolias) in the Andean Highlands
(MDPI, 2025-12-24) Villanueva Spelucín, Alex; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni; Diaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Postharvest losses from potato tuber moth severely constrain seed quality in Andean smallholder systems. This study evaluated four locally available repellent plants—Ambrosia peruviana, Eucalyptus globulus, Artemisia absinthium, and Minthostachys mollis—applied as dried leaves layered within seed bags of INIA 302 'Amarilis' under farmer-like storage at two highland sites in Cajamarca, Peru (Huaytorco, 3350 m; Samaday, 2750 m), over 187 days. Within each site, a Completely Randomized Design with three bag-level replicates per treatment was used, and damage was assessed after 187 days as incidence of attacked tubers, internal damage severity and live larval counts. Endpoint data were analyzed separately by site using Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by Dunn's post hoc test with Šidák correction (α = 0.05). Across both sites, all botanicals significantly reduced damage severity and live larval counts relative to the untreated control. At the warmer, lower site, A. absinthium and M. verticillata achieved large effect sizes, with severity and larval numbers reduced by roughly 80–90% compared with the control, while at the cooler, higher site, larvae were not detected in any botanical treatment. These findings indicate that simple layering of dried leaves from locally available plants, particularly wormwood and muña, can substantially mitigate S. tangolias damage in highland seed potato stores and represents a promising, low-cost complement to integrated pest management, although multi-season and dose-response studies are still needed to confirm and refine this approach.
Morpho-Physicochemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Profiling of Peruvian Coffea arabica L. Germplasm Reveals Promising Accessions for Agronomic and Nutraceutical Breeding
(MDPI, 2025-12-19) Cueva Carhuatanta, César Aldair; Choque Incaluque, Ester Maryeta; Carrera Rojo, Ronald Pío; Maraví Loyola, Jazmín Yurema; Hermoza Guitiérrez, Marián; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Dina Lina; Quispe Jacobo, Fredy Enrique; Ccapa Ramírez, Karina Beatriz
Coffee quality arises from the interaction among genotype, environment, and postharvest management, yet few large-scale studies jointly integrate agronomic, phytochemical, and processing traits. We characterized 150 Coffea arabica L. accessions from six Peruvian regions, evaluated in the INIA coffee germplasm collection, quantifying agro-morphological traits, colorimetric parameters in cherries and beans, fermentation indicators, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. Correlation analyses showed that total phenolics (TPCs) and total flavonoids (TFCs) were strongly associated with antioxidant activity, whereas caffeine content (CAF) varied, largely independently. Several chromatic parameters in parchment and green coffee (a*, b*, C*) showed positive correlations with phenolic content and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP), while final fermentation pH (FPH) was negatively associated with these compounds, supporting both color metrics and pH as operational indicators of chemical quality. Principal component analysis disentangled a morphometric gradient from a functional (phenolic–antioxidant) gradient, indicating that bean size and antioxidant potential can be improved in a semi-independent manner. Hierarchical clustering identified complementary ideotypes, and a multi-trait selection index highlighted promising accessions—PER1002197 (Cajamarca), PER1002222 (Cajamarca), PER1002288 (Pasco), and PER1002184 (Cajamarca)—that combine high phenolic/antioxidant levels, favorable chlorogenic acid (CGA)/trigonelline (TGN) profiles, contrasting (high/low) caffeine, and competitive yield (YPP)/bean size. These accessions represent promising candidates for breeding climate-smart and nutraceutical-oriented coffee.
Advancing Sustainable Wheat Production in the Andes Through Biofertilization with Azospirillum, Trichoderma and Fermented Anchovy-Based Under Rainfed Conditions
(MDPI, 2026-01-13) Villegas Carrasco, Edwin Raúl; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Tejada Campos, Toribio Nolberto; Piña Díaz, Peter Chris; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sustains global caloric intake, but its productivity in Andean highlands is constrained by soil fertility and input reliance. This study represents one of the first field-based evaluations of biofertilizers under high-altitude, rainfed Andean conditions, addressing a major knowledge gap in low-input mountain agroecosystems. This study evaluated three seed-applied biofertilizers—Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma viride (Trichomax), and an anchovy (Engraulis ringens) based liquid biofertilizer, compared with an untreated control and a soil-test mineral fertilization benchmark in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. INIA 405 in the central Andes of Peru. A 5 × 5 Latin square design (25 plots) was established under farmer-realistic conditions. At physiological maturity (Zadoks 9.5), plant height, spike length, grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, test weight, root dry mass, and grain yield were recorded. Mineral fertilization achieved the highest yield (1.20 ± 0.79 t ha⁻¹), nearly doubling the control (0.60 ± 0.47 t ha⁻¹). Notably, A. brasilense delivered an intermediate yield of 0.90 ± 0.64 t ha⁻¹, representing a 50% increase over the control—accompanied by a marked rise in root dry mass. T. viride and the anchovy-based input yielded 0.85 ± 0.59 and 0.81 ± 0.59 t ha⁻¹, respectively. Grain physical quality remained stable across treatments (thousand-grain weight ≈ 42 g; test weight 68–75 kg hL⁻¹). Trait responses were complementary: root dry mass increased with mineral fertilization and A. brasilense, whereas spike length increased with mineral fertilization and the anchovy-based input. Overall, the evidence supports biofertilizers, particularly A. brasilense, as effective complements that enable partial fertilizer substitution within integrated nutrient-management strategies for sustainable wheat production in Andean rainfed systems.
UAV Flight Orientation and Height Influence on Tree Crown Segmentation in Agroforestry Systems
(Forests, 2026-01-09) Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Fernández Sandoval, Andrés; Pinedo Freyre, Sergio Fernando; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Cárdenas Rengifo, Gloria Patricia; Puerta, Ronald; Huanca Diaz, José Ricardo; Tuesta Cometivos, Gino Anthony; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Goycochea Casas, Gianmarco; Álvarez Álvarez, Pedro; Ismail, Zool Hilmi
Precise crown segmentation is essential for assessing structure, competition, and productivity in agroforestry systems, but delineation is challenging due to canopy heterogeneity and variability in aerial imagery. This study analyzes how flight height and orientation affect segmentation accuracy in an agroforestry system of the Peruvian Amazon, using RGB images acquired with a DJI Mavic Mini 3 Pro UAV and the instance-segmentation models YOLOv8 and YOLOv11. Four flight heights (40, 50, 60, and 70 m) and two orientations (parallel and transversal) were analyzed in an agroforestry system composed of Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Ducke, Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook.f. ex K.Schum., and Virola pavonis (A.DC.) A.C. Sm. Results showed that a flight height of 60 m provided the highest delineation accuracy (F1 ≈ 0.88 for YOLOv8 and 0.84 for YOLOv11), indicating an optimal balance between resolution and canopy coverage. Although YOLOv8 achieved the highest precision under optimal conditions, it exhibited greater variability with changes in flight geometry. In contrast, YOLOv11 showed a more stable and robust performance, with generalization gaps below 0.02, reflecting a stronger adaptability to different acquisition conditions. At the species level, vertical position and crown morphological differences (Such as symmetry, branching angle, and bifurcation level) directly influenced detection accuracy. Cedrelinga cateniformis displayed dominant and asymmetric crowns; Calycophyllum spruceanum had narrow, co-dominant crowns; and Virola pavonis exhibited symmetrical and intermediate crowns. These traits were associated with the detection and confusion patterns observed across the models, highlighting the importance of crown architecture in automated segmentation and the potential of UAVs combined with YOLO algorithms for the efficient monitoring of tropical agroforestry systems.
Agricultural research and extension: trends and challenges in Peru and around the world (2015–2025)
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-12-17) Olano Camán, Yadhira Milagros; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Alvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tafur Culqui, Josué; Fernandez Zárate, Franklin Hitler; García Frias, Larry Dustin; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Agricultural extension, understood as producer-oriented guidance, is vital for driving technology adoption and sector development. This systematic review (2015–2025) examines global and national trends in agricultural research and extension, witha particular focus on Peru's policy landscape. Internationally, the U.S.A., China, and Europe are identified as leaders in scientific innovation, while Brazil excels regionally through its integrated approach to research, innovation, and extension. Agricultural research is still centralized in Lima on a national level, but expanding capability in areas like Amazonas, Junín, and Puno emphasizes how urgently decentralization is needed. By comparing national research output with MIDAGRI’s Agrarian Development Plan 2021–2030 and relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the study reveals strong thematic alignment in innovation, food security, and climate adaptation. Crucially, however, significant shortcomings are identified in governance and the effective inclusion of small-scale producers. Based on these findings, this study recommends strengthening decentralized R&D investment, fostering interregional research networks, and promoting strategic collaboration among universities, local governments, and rural communities. Ensuring the active participation of producers in the innovation cycle is essential for building a more inclusive, resilient, and effective agricultural extension system aligned with sustainable development goals.
Productividad forrajera de cultivares de maíz en el trópico seco
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado - UCLA, 2026-01-01) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Durand Chávez, Luz Marlene; Jara Calvo, Teófilo Wladimir; Valdés Rodríguez, Ofelia A.
La escasez de pastos y forrajes en el trópico seco durante el verano afecta la productividad ganadera. El maíz (Zea mays L.) se presenta como una alternativa estratégica en trópico seco por su eficiencia fotosintética C4 que le permite tener altos rendimientos de biomasa. Se determinó el potencial forrajero de tres variedades y cuatro híbridos de maíz en condiciones de trópico seco. El estudio se realizó bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas, rendimiento de forraje verde, materia seca y contenido de proteína cruda de siete cultivares a una densidad de siembra de 83 333 plantas‧ha⁻¹. Los resultados indicaron que la variedad Marginal 28-T presentó el mayor rendimiento de forraje verde (51,99 t·ha⁻¹), el híbrido INIA 624 - KILLU SUK destacó en producción de materia seca (15,22 t·ha⁻¹), material clave que se utilizará para la conservación y almacenamiento del forraje, y el INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz sobresalió con el mayor contenido de proteína cruda (10,5 %). Se concluye que los cultivares Marginal 28-T, INIA 624 - KILLU SUK e INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz se vislumbran como alternativas estratégicas por tener potencial para suplir la escasez de forraje en condiciones de trópico seco.
Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2025-12-22) Peña Elme, Eunice Corcas; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Enriquez Pinedo, Lucía Carolina; Cerrón Mercado, Francis Gladys; Amaro Camarena, Nery Amelia; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Loayza Loza, Hildo; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.

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