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Agromorfología de 21 accesiones del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Decanato de Agronomía, Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Lindo Seminario, David Enrique; Bustamante Carrasco, Lesly Ysabel; Mendez Farroñan, Sandra Johana; Morales Pizarro, Arturo
El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) es un cultivo de gran relevancia a nivel global por su valor nutricional y capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno. En el Perú, existe una brecha de información sobre el potencial genético y la respuesta al estrés abiótico de las accesiones conservadas ex situ. Esto resalta la importancia de explorar la diversidad genética de esta especie conservada por el Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) responsable de su resguardo y conservación. Con el fin de explorar este recurso, se caracterizaron fenotípicamente 21 accesiones de C. arietinum L. empleando 36 descriptores agromorfológicos (18 cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos). El análisis de conglomerados diferenció la colección en cinco grupos, cuya conformación fue determinada principalmente por el número de vainas por planta, el peso de 100 semillas (PES100S) y la época de madurez, rasgos que mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (p≤0,01). El Grupo 1 presentó el mayor rendimiento en número de vainas (219 ± 32,5) y un ciclo vegetativo de 134 ± 4,42 días a la madurez de semilla; mientras que, los grupos 4 y 5 mostraron los valores más bajos. Adicionalmente, el análisis de correspondencia múltiple evidenció que las características de la semilla fueron las que explicaron la mayor proporción de la variabilidad cualitativa (45,3 %). La caracterización fenotípica permitió identificar accesiones promisorias, como las del Grupo 1 y 3, con alto potencial para ser integradas en programas de mejoramiento genético orientados a la agricultura sostenible del país.
Influence of root inducers and substrates on the vegetative propagation of pitahaya species (Hylocereus spp.) under nursery conditions
(Springer Nature, 2026-07-01) Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Cruz Malca, Jonathan Michael; Cubas Sanchez, Jefferson Anthony; Arce Inga, Marielita; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Tafur Culqui, Josué, Josué; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Tineo Flores, Daniel
Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is an emerging crop for tropical regions; however, its vegetative propagation is strongly influenced by environmental and management factors. Optimizing rooting and establishment under nursery conditions is essential to produce uniform and vigorous seedlings. This study evaluated the effects of root inducers and substrates on the vegetative propagation of three Hylocereus species under nursery conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement was implemented, including two root inducers (NAA + IBA solution and seaweed extract), two substrates (substrate 1 and substrate 2), and three species (H. undatus, H. megalanthus, and H. costaricensis), resulting in 12 treatments with four replicates each. Seven variables were assessed: shoot emission time (SET), cutting viability (CV), number of shoots (NS), shoot length (SL), number of roots (NR), root length (RL), and vegetative vigor index (VVI). ANOVA revealed significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) in the three-factor interaction for SET, CV, NS, SL, RL, and VVI. Treatment T9 achieved the shortest SET (21.53 days) and highest CV (100%), T7 recorded the highest NS (1.62 shoots plant⁻¹), T3 showed greater SL (68.67 cm) and NR (5.30 roots plant⁻¹), and T12 obtained the highest RL (42.69 cm) and VVI (110.18). Effect size analysis based on partial eta squared (ηp²) identified species as the most influential factor, explaining 55–98% of the observed variance. Among the evaluated species, H. costaricensis showed the best overall performance. These findings demonstrate that combining H. costaricensis, substrate 1, and NAA + IBA enhances vegetative propagation efficiency. These findings provide valuable evidence for improving pitahaya propagation protocols and optimizing seedling production under nursery conditions.
Characterization of mixed livestock systems applied by small-scale breeders in the high Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru
(Frontiers, 2026-08-24) Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Guzman Santaria, Hamilton; Contreras Huamaní, Mijaíl; Trillo, Fritz
Mixed livestock production is a widespread practice among small breeders in many parts of the world. Describing and characterizing these farms is a valuable approach, as it makes it possible to design targeted strategies suited to the wide diversity of production systems present in the region. This research aimed to characterize the mixed livestock systems of small-scale breeders in the high Andean region of Ayacucho, Peru. A total of 175 farms were selected for the research, based on the data obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. The information was first examined descriptively using frequency and percentage tables, after which a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were carried out. For 93.71% of breeders, animals constituted the primary source of income: cattle provided milk and dairy products, sheep were kept for lamb sales, alpacas supplied fiber and meat, and llamas were raised for meat. Grazing was practiced predominantly under continuous systems (57.71%), with rotational grazing used to a lesser extent (26.86%). Exotic breeds had been incorporated into both cattle (71.05%) and sheep (61.97%). Milking and shearing were performed manually. The main limitations identified in the study regions included the absence of extension services (62.87%), inadequate veterinary assistance (79.43%), scarce irrigation water (55.17%), and weak or nonexistent breeding programs. Three breeder categories were defined: Group 1 comprises breeders operating on small and large non-irrigated landholdings; Group 2 includes breeders with extensive land; and Group 3 encompasses breeders with medium-sized landholdings. These factors included farm size, pasture characteristics, and livestock management practices, which collectively shaped the classification of breeders. These findings reveal that, in the Peruvian Andes, three distinct livestock farm groups were identified on the basis of management practices and resource availability; families typically rely on mixed livestock systems as a key economic lifeline but face limitations throughout the production chain. This breeder classification will serve as the basis for designing specific interventions tailored to the strengths and particular needs of each group.
Climate Change Impacts, Adaptive Resilience, and Regenerative Livestock Adoption: A Resilience Trap in High-Andean Camelid Agroecosystems
(MDPI, 2026-08-28) Larios-Francia, Rosa Patricia; Cárdenas Minaya, Oscar Efraín; Condori Ticona, Andrés
Andean livestock agroecosystems depend on grassland and soil functionality to sustain productivity, threatened by climate-driven glacial retreat, pasture degradation, and increasingly frequent frosts, hailstorms, and droughts. Grounded in the Resilience Thinking framework for socio-ecological systems, this study proposes and validates an explanatory model examining how perceived climate change impacts (IMP) drive the adoption of regenerative livestock farming (ADOP) and impact the deterioration of livestock performance (DES), with adaptive capacity and resilience (RES) as a mediating construct. Regenerative livestock farming is operationalized through soil, forage, water, and biodiversity management, animal welfare, and climate adaptation strategies. Survey data from 91 South American camelid producers in the Puno region, Peru, were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with second-order constructs. Climate impacts emerge as the strongest antecedent of adaptive resilience (β = 0.718) and regenerative adoption (β = 0.604) and have a significant direct effect on performance deterioration (β = 0.292; p = 0.041). However, resilience does not significantly predict adoption (β = 0.075; p = 0.619), revealing institutional, technological, and knowledge-related barriers that disconnect adaptive capacity from ecological transformation. Both adoption (β = 0.327; p = 0.002) and resilience (β = 0.335; p = 0.003) are positively associated with performance deterioration, suggesting reactive containment rather than consolidated restoration. Findings indicate adaptive rather than transformative resilience in high-Andean livestock systems, indicating that an effective regenerative transition requires participatory, context-sensitive approaches supported by policies and technical assistance that strengthen long-term productive sustainability and food security in vulnerable communities.
Multistage evaluation of plant growth-promoting microorganisms in Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa: controlled experiments and preliminary field observations in northern Peru
(MDPI, 2026-09-01) Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Muñóz Rabanal, Elías; Valladolid, Fabian; Castro Angulo, Raúl Ericson; Casas Niño, Sebastian Antonio; Ruiz Chamorro, Jose Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) may contribute to sustainable forage production, but their effects can vary with host species and plant trait. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma viride were evaluated alongside a non-inoculated control in Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa in northern Peru. Replicated germination and nursery experiments were complemented by a preliminary field assessment. Inoculation did not significantly affect final germination percentage in either forage species. In the nursery, L. leucocephala exhibited significant inoculant treatment effects on multiple growth traits, including positive responses in plant height and leaf number under B. subtilis, P. putida, and T. harzianum at the final evaluation. Significant treatment effects were also detected for several final aboveground and belowground growth traits, whereas total weight was not significantly affected. By contrast, growth variation in M. maximus cv. Mombasa was mainly associated with evaluation time, while microbial treatment and treatment × time effects were not significant. Multivariate analysis detected significant treatment and species × treatment effects, indicating contrasting joint growth-response profiles between the two forage species without demonstrating specificity of individual host–microorganism combinations. Preliminary field measurements showed numerical variation among treatment-associated rows, but these observations were descriptive only because treatments were neither randomized nor independently replicated. Overall, this comparative evaluation shows that PGPM responses in tropical forage species can be strongly species- and trait-dependent under nursery conditions, while validation of these responses under field conditions requires appropriately randomized and independently replicated experiments.
Biofermentos en el crecimiento y calidad de plantas de Plukenetia volubilis L. en condiciones de vivero
(Universidad de Concepción (Facultad de Agronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola y Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias), Chile, 2026-09-01) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Valles Ramírez, Ayda Karín; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Callante-Mendoza, Roxana; Díaz-Chuquizuta, César Porfirio
La obtención de plantas vigorosas de Plukenetia volubilis L. en vivero es fundamental para su establecimiento en campo. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un biofermento comercial y uno artesanal, aplicado solo y complementado con extracto de Azadirachta indica sobre el crecimiento, la distribución de biomasa y la calidad morfoestructural de P. volubilis L. en vivero. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos: testigo, biofermento comercial (EM), biofermento artesanal (ML) y biofermento artesanal complementado con extracto de A. indica (ML+N), con cinco repeticiones de 20 plantas. Los tratamientos se aplicaron directamente al sustrato de cada planta a los 15 y 30 días después de la siembra, y las respuestas de las plantas se evaluaron durante 45 días. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas, biomasa seca e índices de calidad. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza, prueba de Tukey, correlación de Pearson y análisis multivariados. Los tres biofermentos registraron efectos beneficiosos respecto al testigo, con incrementos de 18-23% en el diámetro de tallo y 40-45% en la longitud radical. Asimismo, la biomasa seca total aumentó de 2,65 g a 3,80–3,91 g y el índice de calidad de Dickson aumentó de 0,11 a 0,21–0,22. ML incrementó el número de raíces y el área foliar y mostró un desempeño comparable a EM, mientras que la adición de A. indica no proporcionó ventajas adicionales. Los biofermentos favorecieron la producción de plantas de P. volubilis más robustas y con una distribución de biomasa más equilibrada en condiciones de vivero.
Morfología, redes de haplotipos y frecuencia del complejo de picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en 16 accesiones de Musa spp.
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, UCLA-Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro Saul; Luna Sócola, Andy Josué; García García, Segundo Melecio; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Ruiz Polo, Archi A.
Los picudos constituyen plagas de importancia fitosanitaria en cultivos de plátano y banano por los daños que ocasionan y su impacto potencial sobre la productividad. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar morfológica, molecular y filogenéticamente el complejo de picudos asociado a 16 accesiones de Musa spp. del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Perú, y evaluar diferencias en su abundancia. Se realizaron capturas mediante tres repeticiones, con evaluaciones a las 24 y 72 horas y 7 días. Los especímenes se identificaron morfológicamente y se les extrajo ADN de las patas. La caracterización molecular comprendió la amplificación por PCR del gen mitocondrial citocromo c oxidasa subunidad I (COI), secuenciación Sanger bidireccional y análisis bioinformáticos. La abundancia se analizó mediante RStudio v.4.5. Se identificaron las especies Cosmopolites sordidus, Metamasius hemipterus, Polytus mellerborgii y Rhynchophorus palmarum, cuyas abundancias variaron entre las accesiones evaluadas. R. palmarum presentó diferenciación molecular basada en COI. La reconstrucción filogenética delimitó cuatro clados concordantes con los géneros identificados. Las accesiones Valery y Zapatito registraron mayores abundancias de las cuatro especies. Se infiere que, entre las 16 accesiones evaluadas, Valery y Zapatito presentaron una mayor asociación con las cuatro especies de picudos identificadas. Asimismo, el análisis del gen COI proporcionó evidencia molecular y filogenética complementaria que respaldó su diferenciación taxonómica.
Apis mellifera bee: importance, challenges, and its impact on agriculture in Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-07-29) Ruiz Llontop, Deysi Yenny; Paucar, Ysai; Bardales, William; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo
Bees are fundamental to the health of both natural ecosystems and agricultural systems, providing essential pollination services that support biodiversity and agriculture. In Peru, they play an important role in pollinating major agricultural crops such as coffee, blueberries, avocados, citrus fruits, and cacao, among others; at the same time, they help preserve biodiversity. However, bee populations in the country face significant threats, including habitat loss driven by deforestation and agricultural expansion, the spread of parasitic pests like Varroa destructor, pesticide exposure, and the effects of climate change... This review synthesizes recent research on the state of bee populations and apiculture in Peru, drawing on a comprehensive dataset of 89 studies published between 1914 and 2024. It examines the key challenges facing Peruvian A. mellifera bee, including the impact of environmental stressors, the sustainability of beekeeping practices, and the regional distribution of research efforts. Additionally, the review explores the importance of grassland ecosystems as critical habitats for pollinators and their role in supporting agricultural productivity. The review identified significant knowledge gaps in Peru, including limited geographic coverage, insufficient understanding of pollination ecology and ecosystem services, and a lack of studies quantifying the economic value of pollination for agriculture. By identifying research gaps and proposing future directions, this article seeks to advocate for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Peru to safeguard A. mellifera.
Path analysis of the efficiency in the bud-flower-fruit transition of pitahaya: the biochar-Trichoderma viride combination improves yield in Hylocereus costaricensis and H. undatus cv. Vietnam White
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-07-31) Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Jiménez Díaz, Jackson; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is an emerging fruit crop, yet the physiological mechanisms by which bioinputs enhance reproductive efficiency and yield remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of rice husk biochar combined with Trichoderma viride on reproductive development and fruit production in two pitahaya genotypes. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in Jaén, Peru, using a randomized complete block design with four treatments (control, biochar, T. viride, and biochar + T. viride). Reproductive traits and fruit yield were monitored over two production cycles and analyzed using generalized linear models and path analysis. Results: The combined biochar + T. viride treatment enhanced reproductive performance in a genotype-dependent manner. In H. costaricensis, it significantly increased flower production and fruit yield, while path analysis identified flowering as the key mediator of yield and revealed a reproductive carrying-capacity threshold of approximately 17 flowers. In contrast, H. undatus cv. Vietnam White showed only marginal responses to bioinput application. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of biochar and T. viride depends on genotype-specific reproductive strategies. The combined bioinput treatment substantially improved reproductive efficiency and yield in H. costaricensis, whereas the limited response of H. undatus suggests lower phenotypic plasticity and distinct patterns of resource allocation By integrating longitudinal field evaluations with path analysis, this study provides a physiological framework for precision bioinput management based on reproductive carrying capacity and genotype-specific crop responses, offering new insights for sustainable pitahaya production.
Ajo INIA 105 - DONAJUS
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, 2025-11-13) Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, INIA
INIA 105-DONAJUS, un cultivar de ajo (Allium sativum L.) precoz (ciclo vegetativo de 5 meses) desarrollado por el Programa Nacional de Hortalizas del INIA en la Estación Experimental Agraria Donoso - Huaral, a partir de un proceso de mejoramiento iniciado en 2006 con selecciones clonales y materiales introducidos. El cultivar alcanza un rendimiento promedio de 17,0 t/ha, superior a la variedad local (12,26 t/ha), con buena adaptación en costa y sierra. El documento describe las características agronómicas y morfológicas del cultivar, su comportamiento frente a plagas y enfermedades comunes del ajo (trips, alternaría, mildiu, roya), su respuesta frente a factores abióticos, y brinda recomendaciones de manejo del cultivo (elección y preparación de terreno, siembra, control de malezas, riego, fertilización, control fitosanitario y cosecha).