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Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning for prediction of soil fertility indicators and fertilizer recommendation in Andean highland and rainforest agroecosystems
(MDPI, 2026-04-26) Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Contreras Pino, Duglas Lenin; Ñaupari, Javier; Cano, Deyvis; Patricio Rosales , Solanch Rosy; Loayza, Hildo; Apolo Apolo, Orly Enrique
This study evaluated the use of visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict soil fertility-related properties in two contrasting agroecological regions of Peru: the Highlands and the Rainforest. A total of 297 soil samples were analyzed using portable spectroradiometers covering a spectral range of 350–2500 nm, applying transformations such as Savitzky–Golay smoothing, first derivative, and band depth. Predictive models were developed using PLSR, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and neural networks. Results show variable predictive performance across soil properties and ecosystems. Organic matter in Highland soils and calcium in Rainforest soils achieved the strongest test-set accuracy (R2 > 0.70), while pH and texture fractions showed moderate performance (R2 = 0.42–0.67), and mobile nutrients including phosphorus, potassium, and sodium showed limited predictive accuracy due to their weak spectral expression. Spectral predictions were further integrated into a structured nutrient balance framework to assess agronomic reliability. Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations showed the strongest agreement between observed and predicted values across both ecosystems, whereas K2O and CaO recommendations in Highland soils were substantially underestimated, demonstrating that property-level statistical performance does not guarantee agronomic reliability. These findings confirm that Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with ML represents a fast, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional soil analysis, especially in rural areas with limited laboratory infrastructure. Expanding regional calibration datasets and exploring mid-infrared FTIR spectroscopy as a complementary technology are identified as priority directions for improving predictions of agronomically critical nutrients.
Indirect monitoring of heterogeneous tropical agroforestry systems using active and passive remote sensing
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-03-11) Sánchez Fuentes, Teiser; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Oblitas Troyes, Jhon Franklin; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Tafur Culqui, Josué; Quichua Baldeon, Rosalia; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Atalaya Marin, Nilton
Monitoring agroforestry systems remains challenging due to canopy heterogeneity and the coexistence of species with contrasting dynamics. While field-based methods offer high accuracy, they are inefficient for rapid and multitemporal structural assessments. This study integrated LiDAR and multispectral data collected using a Matrice 350 RTK equipped with a Zenmuse L2 sensor and a RedEdge-P camera. Raw LiDAR data were processed in DJI Terra v4.1 and subsequently pre-processed and corrected in TerraSolid v23.011, whereas multispectral products were generated in Agisoft Metashape Professional v2.2.1. The derived metrics indicated greater growth in System A, driven by fast-growing species, whereas System B showed an overall reduction with slight increases in the upper percentiles. In addition, MSAVI and MTVI2 were sensitive to canopy structure, while GNDVI and NDRE responded to foliage content. The agreement analysis revealed a slight bias (0.09 m) toward height overestimation by LiDAR compared to the hypsometer, with no apparent proportional error. This approach provides a replicable framework for multitemporal monitoring of structural and physiological changes in tropical vegetation, with potential for regional scaling and application in sustainable forest system management.
Análisis de la cadena de valor del Camu Camu en Ucayali, Perú
(CGIAR / Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2026-03) Ramírez, Shallinny; Charry, Andrés; Grandez, Sergio; Córdova, Carla; Córdova, Witle; Velazco, Ena; Antonio, Carmen; Amasifuen, Rafael; Saboya, Pablo; Ahuanari, Gloria; Barriga, César; Ehrstrom, Dag; Perez, Diana; Mori, Miriam; Zegarra, Fernando; Arévalo, Rister; Salazar, Javier; Piñas, Arturo; Dávila, Lorena; De Souza, Rodman; Vásquez Macedo, Miguel; Iman Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Pérez Arirama, Jorge Enrique; Pinedo, Mario; Bravo, John; Panduro, Nadia; Leandro, Caleb; Asencios, Vitelio; Sanchez, José; Truyenque, Ronald; Solano, Claudia; Soto, Aldo; Torres, Nelson; Ramos, Carmen; Guerra, Bladimir; Villachica, Hugo; Jones, Andrew
El presente documento desarrolla un análisis integral de la cadena de valor del camu camu en el departamento de Ucayali, Perú, en el marco del programa de ciencias de Paisajes Multifuncionales del CGIAR. El estudio se concibe como una línea base técnica y estratégica orientada a comprender el estado actual de la cadena, sus principales dinámicas productivas, comerciales e institucionales, así como los factores que condicionan su competitividad y sostenibilidad en mercados nacionales e internacionales. Al incorporar la participación de múltiples actores de la cadena, tanto como fuentes de información y coautores, como especialmente en calidad de protagonistas del proceso de validación de resultados y de la definición y priorización de acciones, este informe se constituye en un referente para alinear el conocimiento existente y fortalecer la orientación estratégica y la toma de decisiones de la cadena en los próximos años.
Soil spatial variability in high-yield Peruvian Amazon coffee: a geostatistical approach for precision fertilization
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-12-18) Mejía Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Rengifo Sánchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Mercado Chinchay, Ruth Lizbeth; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Fertilization practices in coffee plantations often overlook the spatial variability of soils, particularly in mountainous regions with acidic conditions. Although geostatistics has been used to map nutrient distributions, its integration with multivariate analysis to identify differentiated fertilization zones in coffee systems remains limited. This study evaluated the influence of soil properties, altitude, and crop age on coffee yield by combining principal component analysis (PCA) and ordinary kriging to design site-specific fertilization strategies. A total of 70 soil samples were collected from three districts of the Peruvian high jungle (San Martín and Amazonas), measuring physical and chemical properties, altitude, and crop age. The following analyses were applied: (1) Spearman correlations to assess associations with yield, (2) PCA to identify fertility gradients, and (3) geostatistical models with cross-validation. The PCA identified two main gradients: PC1 (32.41% of variance) associated with cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter, and PC2 (17.88%) associated with the availability of K and P and crop age. Cross-validation confirmed high accuracy in the spatial prediction of available P and K across the three study areas. Kriging maps revealed zones with high available K (>150 mg kg⁻¹) and P (>20 mg kg⁻¹) associated with yields >1.5 t ha⁻¹. The integration of PCA and geostatistics enabled the delineation of management zones with differentiated nutrient requirements, reducing fertilization needs by up to 30% in areas with high fertility potential (e.g., Alto Saposoa). Overall, the results provide a solid methodological basis for implementing precision fertilization strategies in tropical coffee systems, promoting more efficient nutrient use and greater production sustainability.
Antagonistic interaction between zinc and cadmium in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. var. CCN-51) seedlings amended with rock phosphate
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-02-12) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Malca Quezada, María Esmilda; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Huamaní Yupanqui , Hugo Alfredo; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo
Introduction: In the San Martın region, several studies have reported Cd concentrations in surface soils approaching the upper limit (UL), with mean values ranging from 0.27 to 1.351 mg·kg- ¹. Methods: Cadmium (Cd) transfer to Theobroma cacao (CCN-51) seedlings was evaluated under 12 factorial combinations of phosphate rock (RFP) and foliar zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applications, using relative uptake (foliar Cd/soil Cd) as the primary response variable. Results: The treatment showing the highest Cd uptake was T4, defined as RFP = 0 mg·kg-1 and ZnSO4 = 527.80 mg·plant-1, with a value of 53.12. The observed range in relative uptake was 33.08 units, indicating substantial variation among management combinations. At the factor-level analysis, the high RFP treatment (114.55 mg·kg- ¹) was associated with an average reduction of approximately 26.5% in relative uptake and lower within-group variability compared to the 0 mg·kg- ¹ level. Interaction plots indicated that the effect of ZnSO4 on nutrient uptake depended on RFP level, with a descending response profile at high RFP concentrations. In parallel, soil correlation analyses identified available phosphorus and pH as the principal modulators of Cd transfer from soil to plant. Leaf-level principal component analysis showed that Zn and K were projected in the opposite direction to P2O5 and Cd, consistent with an ionic balance mechanism regulating Cd accumulation, and achieved an overall classification accuracy of approximately 81%, thereby confirming multivariate separability among treatments. Discussion: Collectively, these integrated results support identifying T4 as the treatment with the highest Cd uptake within the evaluated set. Accordingly, the presence of Zn²+–Cd²+ antagonism can be asserted; however, its expression is strongly influenced by soil pH and, most critically, by the availability of phosphorus derived from RFP.
Principales razas caprinas
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2026-04) Herrera Mejía, Jozex Franshelys
El documento describe características de razas caprinas como Saanen (Suiza, leche), Boer (Sudáfrica, carne), Murciano-Granadina (España, leche), Anglo Nubian; Alpino Francés, con datos de pesos, producciones y adaptabilidad
Biofermentos: biol elaborado a partir de la reproducción de microorganismos benéficos del bosque
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2026-04) Amaringo Córdova, Luiz Paulo; Mori Montero, César
Son bioinsumos líquidos que se generan a partir de procesos de fermentación donde intervienen microorganismos benéficos presentes en el entorno. Estos microorganismos son recolectados y posteriormente cultivados en condiciones controladas, generalmente sin presencia de oxígeno, lo que favorece su crecimiento y multiplicación durante un periodo determinado. La cantidad de microorganismos que se logra desarrollar es un aspecto fundamental, ya que influye directamente tanto en el tiempo de elaboración como en la calidad final del producto obtenido.
En la práctica, los bioles se consideran una alternativa eficiente frente a los fertilizantes químicos de alta solubilidad. Su uso se ha extendido especialmente en sistemas de producción orgánica, debido a que son fáciles de preparar y contribuyen positivamente tanto a la nutrición de las plantas como a la mejora de las condiciones del suelo.
Propagación de árboles y forrajes del bosque seco para alimentación del ganado caprino de Piura
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2026-04) Escobar Robledo, Héctor Manuel; Temoche Socola, Víctor Alexander
Piura cuenta con más de 2,25 millones de hectáreas de bosque seco (SERFOR, 2022), ecosistema donde se concentra gran parte de la ganadería caprina en el norte del Perú. Sin embargo, su deterioro progresivo ha generado la necesidad de recuperar, conservar y propagar las especies vegetales que son utilizadas como alimento para el ganado caprino.
Recomendaciones para un buen manejo del cabrito hasta el destete
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2026-04) Gadea Giraldo, Lizet Lizbeth
El nacimiento de los cabritos es un momento crítico que requiere cuidado y manejo adecuado para asegurar la supervivencia de las crías y el crecimiento del hato. Un cabrito destetado es aquel con un rumen desarrollado, y que ya no depende de la leche materna para alimentarse. Por lo general, el destete se realiza entre los 2 y 3 meses de edad.
Botiquín veterinario para caprinos
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, 2026-04) Godoy Padilla, David José; Rmírez Vergara, Raúl Omar
En un rebaño de caprinos, es muy importante tener un botiquín veterinario para atender a los animales cuando han tenido algún accidente o se encuentren enfermos.