- Bienvenidos al Repositorio Institucional del INIA
Comunidades en el Repositorio
Seleccione una comunidad para explorar sus colecciones.
Envíos recientes
Morphometric variation and production constraints of Criollo sheep in the high Andes of southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-08-31) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Guelac Mori, Elias; Pedemonte Cruz, Cristian Wilmer; Chiqui Condori, Katherine Milagros; Montero Pacherres, Javier Klinsmann; Cerdan Ramos, Dilser Alberto; Zúñiga Aranibar, Dayana Milagros
This study aimed to characterize the morphometric traits and production systems of Criollo sheep in the highlands of Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru. A total of 455 sheep were evaluated using a stratified proportional sampling method across the districts of Tisco, San Antonio de Chuca, and Yanque. Morphometric data were collected under standardized conditions, and nine zoometric indices were calculated to assess functional conformation and productive aptitude. Additionally, 52 sheep producers were surveyed to contextualize herd management practices. Results revealed low levels of formal education and limited technical assistance among producers. Sheep farming was primarily sustained by family tradition, with declining flock sizes attributed to pasture scarcity and climatic challenges. Campaign-based sales strategies and rudimentary reproductive management were prevalent. Health practices showed widespread deworming but limited preventive care. Multivariate analysis indicated significant morphometric variation linked to sex, biotype, and dental stage. This integrative approach highlights both the adaptive potential and production constraints of Criollo sheep in high-altitude environments, providing a basis for developing breeding strategies based on morphometric indices.
Predictive modeling of honey yield in rural apiaries: insight from Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-18) Briceño Mendoza, Yander Mavila; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Gaslac Gomez, Jhoyd B.; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel; Cayo Colca, I.S.
Honey production is influenced by multiple factors, including climatic conditions, hive management practices, and harvest scheduling. This study evaluated the predictive capacity of statistical modeling techniques using data mining algorithms (MARS, CHAID, CART, and Exhaustive) and artificial neural network algorithms (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP) to estimate honey yields in apiaries located in northeastern Peru. A structured survey was conducted with sixty-nine beekeepers across nineteen districts in the Chachapoyas province. Variables included beekeeper experience, instruction, hive count, visit frequency, harvest frequency, additional income-generating activities, and geographic location. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlations, and exploratory factor analysis were applied to identify latent structures. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the combined influence of predictors on honey production, with district included as a random effect. Results indicated that hive number, beekeeping experience, harvest frequency, and exclusive engagement in apiculture were statistically associated with increased honey yields. The model explained a substantial proportion of variance, supporting the integration of technical and socio-demographic variables in production forecasting. These findings demonstrate the utility of predictive modeling for informing hive management strategies and improving the operational efficiency of small-scale beekeeping systems in Andean regions.
Motility performance of thawed spermatozoa of bulls from the tropics throughout the year
(Animals, 2025-08-21) Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Arbaiza Barnechea, Martín Daniel; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni Tatiana; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Bernilla Carrillo, Diana; Depaz Hizo, Benjamín Alberto; Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Diaz Quevedo, Clavel; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Under tropical conditions, seasonal variations may also influence the sperm characteristics of Bos indicus. The objective was to evaluate the motility of thawed sperm of bulls from the Peruvian tropics throughout the year. Over 24 months, 129 ejaculates were evaluated based on semen quality and subjected to slow horizontal freezing in 0.5 mL straws. After thawing, the individual, seasonal period, and season effect on motility and kinetic parameters were analyzed using a Sperm Class Analyzer® (Microptic S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). There was an individual effect on volume, motility, fresh concentration, and kinetic parameters when thawed. In the dry period, higher straight-line velocity (VSL) (p < 0.05) and beat cross frequency (BCF) were found than in the rainy period (p < 0.01). In summer and autumn, there was greater total motility, fast, circular routes, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, VSL, amplitude of lateral displacement of the head, and BCF (p < 0.01). Greater volume and motility were found in winter and spring, but in summer and autumn, greater speed and vigor of movement were obtained in thawed sperm. The variation in annual climate patterns influences the seminal quality of bulls, and its effect needs to be assessed to propose adaptation strategies to climate change in tropical areas.
Genomic characterization of Peruvian Creole goats: insights into population structure and runs of homozygosity
(Animals, 2025-09-02) Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Godoy Padilla, David José; Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Escobar Robledo, Héctor Manuel; Ramírez Antaurco, Máximo Fabricio; Burgos Paz, William; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Mulim, Enrique A.; Rojas de Oliveira, Hinayah
Peruvian Creole goats (PCGs) represent a unique genetic resource shaped by adaptation to diverse environments and traditional breeding practices. In this study, we performed a genomic analysis of six regional populations (Ancash, Ica, Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, and Tumbes) using high-density SNP genotype data. Principal component analysis revealed a moderate genetic structure, with the Ica population showing clear separation and northern populations exhibiting overlap. Runs of homozygosity were predominantly short, and specific regions on chromosome 6 were shared across populations. Inbreeding coefficients were generally low, with Ancash showing the highest values. Linkage disequilibrium decayed rapidly over genetic distance, especially in Piura, indicating higher genetic diversity. Estimates of effective population size revealed decreasing trends across populations, with Piura maintaining the largest recent population size. These findings offer valuable insights into the population structure of Peruvian Creole goats, providing guidance for conservation and sustainable breeding efforts.
Integrated multivariate analysis of morphological and yield traits in native Capsicum chinense ecotypes grown in acidic soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-15) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Manrique Gonzales, Luis Fernando; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo; Flores Sinti, Geiner; Kerry Tanchiva, Juan Jose; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: The comprehensive characterization of native Capsicum chinense ecotypes represents a strategic priority for genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, and the sustainable use of Amazonian crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological, phenological, and productive variability among 12 ecotypes from the Peruvian Amazon by integrating multivariate análisis and machine learning with soil physicochemical characterization. Methods: The research was conducted on acidic tropical soils with low organic matter content and limited availability of exchangeable bases, conditions representative of degraded Amazonian agroecosystems, which enabled the assessment of soil–plant interactions and their influence on phenotypic expression and crop yield. Results: The results revealed a broad, well-structured range of phenotypic variability, with fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weight, and seed weight identified as the primary morphological determinants of yield and adaptive capacity under low-fertility soil conditions. Principal component analysis indicated that four components explained more than 70% of the total variance, primarily associated with productivity, fruit morphometry, and phenological traits. Cluster análisis identified groups with high internal consistency, while linear discriminant analysis validated the phenotypic structure, achieving a classification accuracy of 91.8%. The ecotypes JEB-028 and LAG-022 exhibited superior productive performance, whereas BAL-012 and YUR-001 demonstrated greater phenotypic stability under restrictive soil conditions. Discussion: Overall, these findings confirm the strategic value of native Amazonian germplasm and underscore the importance of integrating edaphic diagnostics into genetic selection programs and into strategies for the sustainable management and restoration of degraded agricultural soils in the Amazon.
Climate, carbon, and soil stability: a key link in coffee-growing landscapes of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-14) Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Arroyo Isuiza, Rosa Karen; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Coffee cultivation in the Central Peruvian Amazon, one of the country's most important production regions, faces increasing challenges from soil degradation and climate change impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the altitudinal gradient on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and soil erodibility (K index) in coffee-growing systems. Methods: Three altitudinal zones were established for sampling (0–20 cm depth): zone 1 (900–1200 m.a.s.l.), zone 2 (1201–1400 m.a.s.l.), and zone 3 (1401–1600 m.a.s.l.). Within these zones, physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed, and SOC and soil erodibility (K index) values were calculated. Results: The results revealed a direct and statistically significant relationship between altitude and carbon sequestration capacity. Zone 3 exhibited the highest SOC (63.19 t·ha⁻¹) and organic matter (OM) content (5.49%), compared with zone 1 (37.56 t·ha⁻¹). This difference is attributable to the climatic conditions at higher elevations, characterized by greater precipitation and lower temperatures. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that increasing altitude enhances SOC (b = 0.42), which in turn improves the soil structural stability index (SI) (R² = 0.87) and reduces the K index (b = –0.38). Overall, the findings demonstrate that organic carbon acts as a key mediator between topography, soil texture, and susceptibility to erosion. The altitudinal gradient thus represents a major controlling factor influencing the health and structural stability of coffee soils. Discussion: These results highlight the need to implement site-specific soil management practices, emphasizing intensive conservation strategies in low-altitude coffee-growing systems to mitigate accelerated erosion and ensure long-term production sustainability under changing climatic conditions.
Water management in quinoa cultivation: quantification of the water footprint and climate projections in an inter-Andean valley
(Springer, 2026-04-07) Flores Galindo, Fredy; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Alarcón Romani, Susan Milagros; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Efficient water management in agriculture is key to the sustainability of crops in inter-Andean valleys (IAV), where water availability is at risk due to climate change (CC). Quinoa, as a strategic crop in these ecosystems, requires a detailed analysis of its water use to optimize its production without compromising water resources. This study quantified the water footprint (WF) (green, blue and grey) of three quinoa varieties (INIA 415 Pasankalla, INIA 420-Negra Collana and INIA 441-Señor del Huerto) harvested in a sandy loam soil in an IAV of Peru. In addition, the trend of the WF in 12 agricultural seasons was evaluated, and future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) were projected to estimate the impact of CC on the crop's water demand towards 2090–2100. The results showed significant differences in water-use efficiency among varieties. INIA 441-Señor del Huerto showed the highest water efficiency, with a 3.20 t ha⁻¹ yield and a low total WF, making it more sustainable under CC conditions. In contrast, INIA 420-Negra Collana had a higher water demand, making it less viable under water-stress scenarios. Climate projections indicate an increase in water demand for quinoa under scenarios of greater radiative forcing, which underscores the need to develop water management strategies. These findings highlight the importance of selecting more efficient varieties for water use and adopting sustainable practices to mitigate the effects of climate change on quinoa production at IAV.
Microbial bio-inoculation effects on the seed germination dynamics and field performance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under osmotic stress and fertilization in the Amazonas region of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-04-10) Guevara Fernández, Francisco; Casas Niño, Sebastian Antonio; Munoz Salas, Milagros Ninoska; Meza Maicelo, Wagner; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Microbial bio-inoculants have been proposed as management tools to enhance crop performance under variable environmental conditions; however, their effectiveness is often influenced by site-specific factors. This study evaluated the effects of bio-inoculation on seed germination and seedling vigor of pea under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), and its interaction with two fertilization levels (75% and 100% of the recommended dose) under field conditions in the Amazonas region of Peru. Under laboratory conditions, germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential; however, osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa, while germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased. The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00), and multivariate analyses showed that variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability. Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield, although variability between locations was observed; plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity, while the findings provide practical guidance for improving pea production with bio-inoculants and optimized fertilization.
Interacción biológica de la entomofauna en Vigna unguiculata L. asociada a la temperatura y fases fenológicas en un sistema de cultivo orgánico
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-03-31) Villegas Navarro, Eduardo Josue; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro S.; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Vásquez Garcia, Cesar Alejandro; Luna Socola, Andy Josué; Purizaga Preciado, Jorge Luis; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn
Vigna unguiculata L. es un cultivo clave para la seguridad alimentaria, sin embargo, su rendimiento se ve afectado por plagas y agroquímicos que perjudican a insectos benéficos. Por ello, estudiar las asociaciones con factores bióticos y abióticos es importante, más aún en sistemas orgánicos. El presente estudio evaluó las interacciones biológicas en la entomofauna de V. unguiculata L. asociada a la temperatura y fases fenológicas en un sistema orgánico establecido en la EEA-Los Cedros del INIA-MIDAGRI (Perú), empleando semillas del cultivar vaina blanca. Se realizaron nueve evaluaciones fragmentadas en las fases vegetativa, de floración y reproductiva durante la fenología del cultivo por 45 días. El muestreo se efectuó en 20 plantas seleccionadas al azar, mediante red entomológica y aspirador manual. La identificación taxonómica se llevó a cabo con claves entomológicas, y los datos fueron analizados mediante pruebas de normalidad (Shapiro-Wilk), correlaciones de Spearman y frecuencias taxonómicas. Se registraron seis órdenes con especies como Toxomerus sp., Ocyptamus dimidiatus, Allograpta sp., Apis mellifera, Spodoptera eridania (polinizador), Zelus sp., Hippodamia convergens, Cycloneda sanguinea, Chrysoperla externa (depredador), especie de la familia Lygaeidae, Sibovia sp., Empoasca kraemeri (plaga), Rupela albina (migratorio y/o visitante), Digonogastra sp. (Parasitoide). Se observó que la entomofauna varió por etapa fenológica del cultivo, siendo Hymenoptera el orden más abundante, seguido de Hemiptera, Diptera y Coleoptera, mientras que Lepidoptera y Neuroptera fueron menos frecuentes. La temperatura promedio fue de 28,2 °C, sin correlaciones significativas con la abundancia de insectos. Se infiere que V. unguiculata L. manejado con un sistema orgánico favorece diversas interacciones biológicas, donde su fenología es un factor determinante en la dinámica de las especies de insectos, mostrando una influencia más significativa que la propia temperatura.
PCR-RFLP in silico del gen 18S rRNA como alternativa para la identificación de nematodos entomopatógenos
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-03-31) Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Rojas Gonzales, Joel Michel; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro S.; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Valladolid Ramos, Milton; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Cornejo Hidalgo, Rosa Esmelda; Vasquez Garcia, Cesar Alejandro; Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn
En países en vías de desarrollo, el acceso a tecnologías modernas para el control de plagas es restringido, lo que plantea la necesidad de innovar en métodos y/o técnicas alternativas que sean más accesibles. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la PCR-RFLP in silico del gen 18S ARNr como técnica alternativa en la identificación de nemátodos entomopatógenos. Se evaluaron dos cepas purificadas de larvas adultas de nematodos entomopatógenos, a partir de las cuales se extrajo el ADN genómico. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la amplificación del gen 18S del ARNr mediante PCR convencional y una secuenciación de ADN por la tecnología de Sanger en doble cadena. Las secuencias obtenidas fueron alineadas con el software MEGA v.11 y se generaron secuencias consenso de aproximadamente 850 pares de bases. Luego, se utilizaron herramientas como BLAST para la asignación taxonómica de especies y Restriction Mapper v.3 para el análisis de sitios de restricción y simulación de digestión enzimática. Las cepas analizadas se identificaron como Heterorhabditis indica y Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. En Heterorhabditis indica se hallaron 26 sitios de restricción, seleccionando cuatro sitios según su posición media (MslI, NruI, Tsp45I y BseRI), que luego de digerirlos in silico, generaron fragmentos de ADN con longitudes distintas. Por otra parte, en Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, se halló el mismo número de sitios de restricción, se seleccionaron tres (BglII, FokI y BstXI) y al digerirlos se obtuvieron fragmentos de ADN con diferentes longitudes. Los fragmentos de ADN (RFLP) obtenidos permitieron diferenciar claramente ambas especies. Los resultados demuestran que la técnica PCR-RFLP In silico del gen 18S ARNr es una herramienta efectiva para la identificación taxonómica de nematodos entomopatógenos, ofreciendo una alternativa viable en contextos donde los recursos son limitados y el control biológico es una alternativa.