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Reporte de Repositorio Institucional del 01 al 31 de agosto 2026
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 2026-08-31) Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, INIA
Durante el mes de agosto 2026 se incorporaron 33 publicaciones técnico científicas, en el Repositorio Institucional del INIA, contando a la fecha con un total de 3116 publicaciones, divididas en comunidades y colecciones. El objetivo de este reporte es mantener actualizados los datos sobre las publicaciones técnico-científicas que vienen siendo incorporadas por el área a cargo de la administración del Repositorio Institucional del INIA.
Certificado de Obtentor INIA: 624 – KILLU SUK
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2022-10-20) Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, INIA
El maíz (Zea mays L.) es una especie única, con gran diversidad genética, amplia adaptación a diversos ambientes desde el nivel del mar hasta 3950 msnm, resistencia o tolerancia a enfermedades e insectos plaga, tolerancia a varios estreses abióticos, con múltiples usos en la alimentación humana y animal y alto potencial de rendimiento de grano (38.7 t/ha, récord mundial 2019 obtenido por David Hula de Charles City, Virginia EEUU).
En nuestro país, el maíz amarillo duro tiene gran importancia económica, es el insumo básico (53%) para la elaboración de alimentos balanceados utilizados por las industrias avícola y porcina, en cuya estructura de costos de producción constituyen entre 65% y 70%.
La demanda nacional de maíz amarillo duro, en el año 2019 ascendió a 5’255,199 toneladas, siendo cubierta con 75.8% de grano importado y el 24.2% de producción nacional (MINAGRI. DGPA, 2020).
El año 2018, la producción nacional fue 1’262,279 t con rendimiento de grano de 4.928 t/ha, en la costa se ha producido 801,856 t (63.5%) con productividad de 8.527 t/ha) y en la selva 460,423 t (36.5%) con rendimiento de 2.840 t/ha. En la región San Martín 110,960 t con productividad de 2.460
t/ha (MINAGRI- SIEA, 2019).
Considerando la baja productividad y la demanda de híbridos por los productores de la región San Martín, el Programa Nacional de Maíz del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), mediante mejoramiento genético ha desarrollo y pone a disposición de los productores el híbrido trilineal de maíz amarillo duro INIA 624 – KILLU SUK con buena adaptación a suelos de selva alta y baja, de ciclo intermedio, alta productividad, buena calidad de grano y con tolerancia a enfermedades foliares.
Chloroplast genomes of Vanilla spp. (Orchidaceae) provide new evolutionary insights into the genus
(Research Square Platform LLC, 2026-08-19) Zuta Puscan, Marileydi; Pessoa Filho, Marco; Damián Parizaca, Alexander; Pappas, Marília, C. R.; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Díaz Valderrama, Jorge Ronny; Hernández Amasifuen, Angel David; Saldaña, Carla L.; Tejada Alvarado, José Jesús; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Oliva Cruz, Manuel
The genus Vanilla (Orchidaceae) holds significant economic value due to its production of aromatic compounds; however, numerous species are increasingly threatened by overexploitation and habitat destruction, underscoring the need for comprehensive genomic resources to support evolutionary and conservation efforts. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of eight Vanilla species from Peru and Brazil. Additionally, two genomes were assembled from publicly available data. These were analyzed alongside seven chloroplast genomes from NCBI, yielding a dataset of 17 cp genomes. Genomic DNA extracted from young leaves was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Chloroplast genomes were assembled through a combination of de novo and reference-guided strategies and subsequently annotated using online platforms. The assembled cp genomes displayed the typical quadripartite structure, ranging from 147,372 to 163,306 bp in length and encoding 121–122 genes. Three highly variable regions (π > 0.3) and four genes (clpP, rpl32, rps18, and infA) with high nucleotide diversity were identified and proposed as promising molecular markers. Codon-based likelihood analyses provided convergent evidence of positive selection in five genes (atpA, atpB, cemA, clpP, and ycf2), supported by significant likelihood-ratio tests and high-probability Bayesian Empirical Bayes (BEB) sites. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated coding sequences confirmed Vanilla as a monophyletic genus, with three well-supported clades corresponding to the current subgenus classification. These results provide important insights into the molecular evolution of Vanilla cp genomes, with relevant implications for phylogenetic, taxonomic, and conservation studies.
Selection of alternative forage cultivars for high-Andean dairy systems: Genotype × environment stability, multicriteria desirability, and predictive models along an altitudinal gradient in the northern highlands of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-09-22) Vallejos Fernández, Luis A.; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Abanto, Maycol; Guillén Sánchez, Ricardo; Pinares Patiño, César; Piedra, Jorge; Fernández Idrogo, Gilberto
The decline of the ryegrass–white clover swards that underpin smallholder dairying in the northern Peruvian Andes has widened a persistent dry-season feed gap. We evaluated the agronomic and nutritional performance of eleven alternative forage cultivars across three altitudinal zones (AZ I, 2300–2800; AZ II, 2801–3300; AZ III, 3301–3800 m.a.s.l.) in Santa Cruz, Cajamarca, Peru, over one production year, in a randomized complete block design with three blocks per zone. Because brassicas are harvested in a single cut and grasses and Lolium hybrids repeatedly, yield was analyzed separately by cutting regime. Among multiple-cut species the environment dominated yield variation (75.0% of the treatment sum of squares), with a moderate genotype × environment interaction (20.7%; p = 0.011), 'Shogun' was the most stable and productive hybrid (yield stability index = 5) and 'Delish' reached the highest desirability (D = 0.53). Brassicas peaked in the intermediate zone ('Groundhog', 10.87 t DM ha⁻¹) with no significant interaction (p = 0.51), and 'Green globe' ranked first on integrated merit (D = 0.47). Crude protein ranged from 6.33% to 19.75% and in vitro dry matter digestibility from 53.25% to 80.66%, increasing weakly but significantly with altitude (r = +0.29). Cultivar choice should therefore be specific to both altitudinal zone and functional group.
Antagonistic activity of PGPR isolated from the avocado (Persea americana) rhizosphere on Phytophthora cinnamomi and Lasiodiplodia theobromae
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-08-10) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have proven to be a sustainable alternative for managing plant pathogens. Developing inoculants with these PGPRs requires a rigorous selection of highly effective native bacterial isolates. In the present study, 29 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of 'Zutano' avocado (Persea americana Mill.), a rootstock widely used for the commercial cultivar 'Hass', from a commercial orchard on the northern coast of Peru. Two antagonistic isolates showing the highest in vitro inhibition capacity were selected to evaluate their efficacy against the pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causal agents of avocado root rot and dieback, respectively. Results demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis exhibited strong in vitro antagonistic activity against P. cinnamomi and L. theobromae, with 44% and 33.33% inhibition, respectively. Additionally, inoculation of B. subtilis in avocado plants infected with P. cinnamomi resulted in an estimated 90% root viability based on a visual disease severity scale, while increasing root dry weight and length by 116.58% and 44.59%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of B. subtilis for the biological control of avocado diseases caused by P. cinnamomi, while Pseudomonas putida showed promising in vitro antagonistic activity.
Microbial inoculant-mediated transformation of Jarava ichu biomass: effects on nutrient availability and heavy metal concentrations
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2026-08-27) Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Goicochea Silva, Percy Yander; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Cuevas Giménez, Juan Pablo; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Jarava ichu is an abundant grass species in high-Andean ecosystems but remains underutilised because its slow natural decomposition limits its potential as an organic soil amendment. Its accumulation may also contribute to the retention of heavy metals in soils, potentially affecting soil quality and agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants on the physicochemical and mineral composition of J. ichu biomass and their potential to reduce heavy-metal concentrations. Methods: A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted under a randomised complete block design (RCBD), comprising eight treatments, including a non-inoculated control. The microbial inoculants evaluated were Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma viride, and EM-Compost. After 180 days of incubation, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), and heavy metals (Ni, Cr, and Pb) were determined. Treatment and interaction effects were evaluated to identify changes in biomass composition and contaminant concentrations. Results: T. viride and EM-Compost significantly increased EC to 53.57 and 56.83 mS·m⁻¹, respectively, and enhanced macronutrient availability, particularly P (4,455.24 and 4,462.60 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively) and Mg (3,630.33 and 3,706.39 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively). T. viride reduced Ni and Cr concentrations by 15.53% and 19.75%, respectively, whereas EM-Compost reduced Pb concentration by 43.98%. Among the interaction effects, the combination of B. bassiana and EM-Compost produced the highest K concentration (2,659.45 mg·kg⁻¹). Discussion and conclusion: Microbial inoculation promoted substantial changes in the chemical composition of J. ichu biomass after 180 days, particularly by increasing nutrient availability and reducing selected heavy-metal concentrations. T. viride and EM-Compost showed the greatest potential for enhancing nutrient release and reducing contaminants, suggesting that microbial treatment may improve the suitability of J. ichu biomass for subsequent valorisation as an organic soil amendment. Further studies should directly quantify decomposition rates, nutrient mineralisation, and the agronomic effects of the resulting biomass to confirm its potential for soil management.
Portable NIR spectroscopy for soil property prediction and fertility assessment in coffee and cocoa systems
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-09-01) Grandez Alberca, Marlen A.; Puscan Rojas, Julio; Silva Melendez, Teodoro B.; Juarez Contreras, Lily del Pilar; Medina Medina, Angel J.; Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Rivera Fernandez, Abner S.; Tuesta Trauco, Katerin M.; Coronel Alcalde, Mirella N.; Roman Peña, Alcides; Pizarro, Samuel; Barboza, Elgar
The study evaluated the potential of portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict soil physicochemical properties in coffee and cocoa production systems in Amazonas, Peru. A total of 126 topsoil samples were initially collected using a stratified sampling design. A total of 125 surface soil samples were analyzed using a stratified sampling design. Soil properties were determined using standard laboratory reference methods, and spectral data were acquired with a NeoSpectra portable spectrometer operating in the 1350–2550 nm (FT-NIR) range. Predictive models were developed using Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), and their performance was evaluated using nested five-fold cross-validation (CV). The predictive performance of portable NIR spectroscopy varied according to the soil property, production system, preprocessing technique, and machine learning algorithm. Coffee soils showed higher predictive performance than cocoa soils. The best results were obtained for clay (R²CV = 0.775; RPDCV = 2.276) using RF with first-derivative preprocessing, followed by phosphorus (R²CV = 0.772; RPDCV = 2.037) using PLSR with band-depth preprocessing. Soil pH and silt also showed satisfactory predictive performance in coffee soils. In cocoa soils, potassium exhibited the highest predictive capability (R²CV = 0.454; RPDCV = 1.378) using SVM with second-derivative preprocessing, although the overall model performance was lower than that observed for coffee soils. Portable NIR spectroscopy provided potentially useful estimates for selected soil properties, particularly clay, phosphorus, pH, and silt in coffee soils. However, its predictive performance was strongly dependent on the soil property, preprocessing strategy, machine learning algorithm, and production system.
Reproductive performance of Creole goats subjected to estrus synchronization protocols differing in duration and GnRH administration
(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-09-17) Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Sessarego, Emmanuel Alexander; Benites Muñoz, Miriam Lizbeth; Rivas Flores, Josselin Kelly; Celiz Ygnacio, Rensson Homero; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Pinazo Herencia, René Alfredo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Reproductive efficiency in goats is essential for improving productivity, with estrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) being strategic reproductive tools. Although post-AI GnRH administration has been proposed to improve luteal function and fertility, its effectiveness under different synchronization protocols in goats remains unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of GnRH administration five days after AI on the reproductive response of goats synchronized using short- and long-term protocols. A total of 39 Creole goats were distributed according to protocol type (short-term: n = 26; long-term: n = 13) and treatment (control: n = 18; GnRH: n = 21). In both groups, intravaginal sponges containing medroxyprogesterone acetate were inserted on Day 0. Artificial insemination was performed 64 h after device removal, and the depth of cervical semen deposition was recorded. Estrus expression was concentrated between 24 and 48 h after device removal in both protocols, with greater synchrony in the long-term protocol. No significant differences were observed in pregnancy rate between protocols (57.7 vs. 53.8%) or treatments (57.1 vs. 55.6%). Intermediate cervical semen deposition resulted in a greater pregnancy rate (69.2%) than superficial deposition (25.0%). Multiple correspondence analysis revealed associations between reproductive variability, insemination depth, and estrus expression patterns. In conclusion, neither post-AI GnRH administration nor protocol duration affected pregnancy rate. However, reproductive performance appeared to depend more on insemination-related factors than on hormonal treatments under field conditions in Creole goats subjected to cervical artificial insemination programs.
Morphostructural diversity, body typology, and phenotypic classification reveal distinct biotype subpopulations in extensively raised Q’ara llamas (Lama glama)
(Research Square, 2026-09-14) Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Guzman Santaria, Hamilton; Contreras Huamani, Mijail; Garcia Herreros, Manuel
The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphostructural diversity, body conformation, and typological classification of extensively raised Q'ara llamas in the south-central Peruvian Andes. A total of 196 llamas were randomly selected from Chuschi (n=96) and Chipao (n=100) districts. The effects of district, sex, and age on zoometric measurements and indices were analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) and Multivariate Analysis. Male Chuschi: [Neck length (NL) (65.90±0.67), posterior neck circumference (RNC) (48.90±0.88), height at the withers (WH) (103.00±0.90), chest width (CW) (25.40±0.42), Perimeter thoracic (PT) (120.00±1.29), and dorsosternal diameter (DSD) (44.50±0.41)] were broader and taller compared to female from Chuschi and those from Chipao (p<0.05). Female llama from Chuschi showed harmonious development of PT and DSD as they aged (p<0.05); among males, group with four permanent incisors (4D) showed the greatest increase in PT (p<0.05). In Chipao, females in group with two permanent incisors (2D) had RNC; in males, [(WH), Rump height (RL), rump width (RW), CW, PT and DSD] increased from the 2D group with complete dentition (CD), indicating harmonious growth (p<0.05). The llamas from the Chuschi district are more compact and heavier than those from Chipao. Multivariate Analysis revealed no strict separation between individuals by location, and grouped females into three clusters by body size. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that there was low morphostructural variability among Q'ara llama populations. The detected biotypic subpopulations provide a valuable basis for the implementation of conservation policies and the selection of breeding animals.
Certificado de Obtentor INIA: 910 - KUMYMARCA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2022-12-27) Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, INIA
El Ryegrass INIA 910 - KUMYMARCA, es una variedad generada por Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, a través del Programa Nacional de Pastos y Forrajes de la Estación Experimental Agraria Baños del Inca - Cajamarca, con la participación y colaboración de los agricultores de la sierra norte del Perú. Esta variedad, comparada con cultivares locales e introducidos, ha demostrada ser más resiliente al cambio climático y por consiguiente aceptada por los ganaderos de pequeña y mediana escala. Las principales ventajas de la nueva variedad son: ciclo vegetativo precoz (30 a 45 días entre cortes o pastoreos), excelente adaptación a las condiciones agroecológicas de mayor presencia de la ganadería en Cajamarca lo que permite al cultivo tener buen rendimiento de forraje verde, materia seca y calidad proteica, logrando obtener mínimo 7 cortes o pastoreos al año.
Con buen manejo agronómico, produce semilla con tasa de multiplicación 1: 9 facilitando al sistema ganadero ampliar el piso forrajero; esta característica, es una gran ventaja frente a otras especies de pastos semi perennes que no llegan a producir semilla bajo condiciones locales.