Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Mining-Affected River Sediments in the Peruvian Central Highlands
(MDPI, 2025-09-16) Custodio, María; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Huarcaya, Javier; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis
Heavy metal contamination in rivers is a serious environmental and public health concern, especially in areas affected by mining. This study evaluated the levels of contamination and the associated ecological and carcinogenic risks in the sediments of the Cunas River, located in the central highlands of Peru. Sediment samples were collected from upstream and downstream sections. Several metals and metalloids were analyzed, including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). The ecological risk assessment focused on ten of these elements, while carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for seven metals selected based on their toxicological importance. The results showed that Cd and Pb concentrations were higher in the downstream section. Cd and As exceeded ecological risk thresholds. Regarding human health, As and Pb surpassed the acceptable limits for both the Hazard Index (HI) and the Potential Carcinogenic Risk (PCR). According to EPA guidelines, these values indicate a potentially significant lifetime cancer risk. The main exposure routes include direct contact with sediments and the consumption of aquatic organisms. Continuous monitoring, phytoremediation actions, and restrictions on the use of contaminated water are strongly recommended to reduce ecological and health risks.
Effects of Planting Methods on the Establishment, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Hybrid Grass Cuba OM-22 in the Dry Tropics of Peru
(MDPI, 2025-10-28) Vásquez, Héctor V.; Valqui, Leandro; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Bobadilla, Leidy G.; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A.; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Yalta Vera, Juan
Climate change and livestock expansion have affected forage supply in the dry tropics. Therefore, optimizing planting methods adapted to adverse tropical environments is essential for establishment and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting methods on the establishment rate, morphology, yield, and nutritional composition of Cuba OM-22 under the soil and climate conditions of the dry tropics of Peru, using a block design with four replicates and five methods for propagation by cuttings. The S4 (two-node cuttings, 25 cm in length; horizontal position 180°, parallel to the soil surface; fully buried at 8 cm depth; no spacing between cuttings along the furrow) method offered the best balance between yield and quality, with higher establishment rate (55.93%), height (182.15 cm; higher than S1 and S5), and more tillers (surpassing S1 and S2 by 16.97% and 18.86%). In addition, it obtained good green forage yields (137.43 t ha⁻¹) and was better than all planting methods in dry matter yield (37.45 t ha⁻¹). In nutritional composition, S4 ranked among the highest averages for nitrogen-free extract (NFE) (43.22%) and ash (11.06%). However, protein, crude fiber, and fat content did not differ between methods. On the other hand, planting methods showed negative correlations between the number of tillers and ash content (p = 0.006; r = −0.79), ash and NFE (p = 0.000; r = −0.92), and protein with crude fiber (p = 0.029; r = −0.68). These findings highlight S4 as a key strategy for optimizing establishment, yield, and quality in Cuba OM-22 in the dry tropics.
Simulation of soil organic carbon potential sequestration for high Andes Peruvian croplands
(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2025-10-06) Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Vera Vílchez, Jesús Emilio; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Mestanza, Carlos
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in croplands represents a significant opportunity to mitigate climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Simulation tools are increasingly used to assess the impact of climate change and soil management on soil organic carbon stock dynamics. Although Andean soils typically store large amounts of organic carbon, agricultural practices, especially plowing, may deplete these stocks, creating a need to understand these dynamics better. Here, we show the soil organic carbon sequestration potential in croplands in the Peruvian Andean region over 50 years. Soil organic carbon content and bulk density were spatially predicted across the study area using 100 georeferenced soil samples to quantify organic carbon stocks. Spatial interpolation was performed using Ordinary Kriging with exponential and spherical variogram models, which provided the best fit to the data. The RothC model was used to simulate changes in soil organic carbon stocks under two contrasting agricultural management scenarios: one without manure application and another with annual application of one ton of manure per hectare. We found that manure application can substantially increase soil organic carbon sequestration in croplands with increases ranging from 105.22 to 214.94 Mg ha-¹ over 50 years. The potential for increased carbon sequestration through manure application could help compensate for losses in other areas of the watershed, particularly grasslands (74.4 % of the area). This study contributes valuable information for developing sustainable land management strategies in Andean agroecosystems.
Yield estimation based on agronomic traits in vegetables under different biochar levels
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-09-29) Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Arias Arredondo, Alberto; Taipe Crispin, Maglorio; Marcelo Matero, Jhonny Demis; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through oxygen-limited pyrolysis of organic biomass, demonstrates exceptional potential as a soil amendment due to its porous structure and stability. This research investigated the impact of guinea pig manure biochar on three vegetable species cultivated in high Andean conditions: spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.), and chard (Beta vulgaris var.). The study implemented four biochar application rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 t/ha) and measured comprehensive agronomic parameters including leaf count, leaf length, and fresh/dry biomass of both leaves and roots. Simultaneously, UAV-captured multispectral imagery provided spectral indices that were integrated with agronomic data into machine learning models: linear regression, support vector machines (SVM), and regression trees (CART). Results demonstrated significant vegetative growth enhancement and yield increases across all crops, with the 30 t ha-1 application rate producing optimal outcomes. Predictive modeling exhibited remarkable accuracy: spinach analysis via SVM achieved R² = 0.94 and RMSE = 0.32 g; chard analysis through CART delivered R² = 0.92 and RMSE = 0.35 g; and cabbage assessment using CART yielded R² = 0.91 and RMSE = 0.38 g. This research substantiates biochar’s effectiveness as an organic amendment while establishing a reliable framework for crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms integrated with spectral data. These findings position biochar as a valuable component in sustainable agricultural systems, particularly for vegetable production in challenging high-altitude environments.
Cross‑sectional study of gastrointestinal helminthosis in goats from three ecosystems in Peru: Prevalence and associated factors
(Springer Nature, 2025-11-03) Castillo Doloriert, Hugo; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Vargas Calla, Ana; Robles Noriega, Katherine; Godoy Padilla, David; Coronel Berrospi, Sebastian; Ayala Roldan, Richard David; Acosta Granados, Irene Carol; Gomez Puerta, Luis A.
Gastrointestinal parasitism is a health issue in livestock, particularly in non-intensive farming systems. This research evaluated the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminths in goats from three ecosystems in Peru: the Andean shrubland (Ancash), dry forest (Lambayeque), and coastal valley (Lima). The study used a cross-sectional design, with random sampling of goats from extensive production systems in each ecosystem. A total of 819 fecal samples were collected and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative parasitological methods. Additionally, coproculture was performed to identify infective larvae of nematodes. The FAMACHA© index was used to assess anemia levels, while body condition scores were recorded to evaluate the nutritional status of the animals. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Andean shrubland (74.2%), followed by the dry forest (63.1%), whereas the coastal valley had the lowest prevalence (59.3%). The most frequently identified helminths were strongyle-type eggs (49.9%) and Skrjabinema sp. (33.7%), while Moniezia sp. (5.4%) and Fasciola hepatica (1.1%) were detected at lower frequencies. The identification of L3 infective larvae of Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Cooperia sp., Strongyloides sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Bunostomum sp., and Teladorsagia sp. highlighted the diversity of gastrointestinal nematodes affecting goats in Peru. Multivariable analysis revealed that anemia (FAMACHA ≥ 3; PR = 1.14), poor body condition (BCS 1–2; PR = 1.03), and age (2–6 teeths or full dentition; PR = 1.12 and 1.08, respectively) were associated with increased infection risk. Males had lower prevalence than females (PR = 0.80), and goats raised in the dry forest and coastal valley had lower risk than those from the Andean shrubland. These findings highlight the influence of physiological status and environmental conditions on parasite burden in goat herds.
In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Artemisia absinthium against gastrointestinal nematodes of free-grazing goats from Ayacucho, Peru
(Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET), 2025-09-22) Flores Prado, Vania; Godoy Padilla, David; Limaymanta Zavala, Milagros; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Zárate Rendón, Daniel
Objective: The study assessed the anthelmintic activity of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in goats, both in vitro using infective larvae and in vivo in naturally infected goats under free-grazing conditions in the region of Ayacucho, Peru. Materials and Methods: For the in vitro assay, a larval motility inhibition test was performed on Trichostrongylus spp. infective larvae from goats using three different dilutions: 150, 175, and 200 mg/ml of the plant extract. In vivo efficacy was evaluated through the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), which was applied to 15 naturally infected Creole goats in one community. Animals were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups and treated orally with 600 mg/kg of the plant extract. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum on days 0 (pre-treatment) and 7 and 15 post-treatment for egg count analysis. Results: In vitro results showed the highest inhibition of larval motility (81.79%) and larvicidal efficacy (82.2%) at the highest extract concentration (200 mg/ml). However, the in vivo results indicated that A. absinthium, at the concentration used, did not exhibit any significant effect on the FECRT. Conclusion: Although A. absinthium showed promising in vitro anthelmintic effects, the extract failed to demonstrate significant efficacy in vivo at the tested dose. Additionally, continuous monitoring of drugs in the region of study is strongly recommended based on the results obtained for albendazole.
Eco-Efficient Intensification of Potato with Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride Under NPK Fertilization
(MDPI, 2025-10-15) Tueros Munive, Miguel Luis; Vilcapoma Paliza, Melina Luz; Pillaca Chillcce, Guido Bryan; Velásquez Mantari, José; Campos Villar, Henry; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Potato production in the Andean highlands demands strategies that reduce dependence on synthetic inputs without sacrificing yield. We evaluated two microbial bioinputs—Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride—applied once pre-plant to seed tubers, under three organo-mineral fertilization regimes (0%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended NPK rate) in two cultivars (INIA 303-Canchán and Yungay) in field conditions in Ayacucho, Peru, using a randomized complete block, split-plot design (three replicates). Agronomic traits (plant height, root dry weight, stems per plant, tubers per plant, and plot-level yield) were analyzed with robust two-way ANOVA and multivariate methods. Combining microbial inoculation with 50% NPK sustained growth responses comparable to 100% NPK for key traits: in Yungay with T. viride, plant height at 50% NPK (≈96.15 ± 1.71 cm) was not different from 100% NPK (≈98.87 ± 1.70 cm), and root dry weight at 50% NPK (≈28.50 ± 0.28 g) matched or exceeded 100% NPK (≈16.97–22.62 g depending on cultivar–treatment). Notably, T. viride increased root biomass even without mineral fertilizer (≈27.62 ± 0.29 g in Yungay), while B. subtilis enhanced canopy vigor and stem number at full NPK (≈4.5 ± 0.29 stems). Yungay out-yielded INIA 303-Canchán overall (≈57.5 ± 2.5 kg vs. ≈42.7 ± 2.5 kg per plot). The highest yields occurred with B. subtilis + 100% NPK (≈62.88 ± 6.07 kg per plot), followed by B. subtilis + 50% NPK (≈51.7 ± 6.07 kg per plot). Plant height was the strongest correlate of yield (Spearman ρ ≈ 0.60), underscoring its value as a proxy for productivity. Overall, a single pre-plant inoculation with B. subtilis or T. viride can halve mineral fertilizer inputs while maintaining growth and sustaining high, cultivar-dependent yields in highland potato systems.
Eficacia de atrayentes en el control de la mosca de la mazorca (Euxesta spp.) y su impacto en el rendimiento del maíz
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Escuela de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, 2025-10-19) Vasquez Ortiz, Wildo Ivan; Huaman LIzana, Darwin; Velasquez Huaman, Fredy; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
El maíz amiláceo (Zea mays L.), variedad blanco Urubamba PMV 560, representa un cultivo estratégico para la alimentación y economía de las comunidades altoandinas del Perú. Su producción se ve amenazada por la mosca de la mazorca (Euxesta spp.), plaga que disminuye el rendimiento y la calidad del grano. Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de cuatro atrayentes y un testigo, aplicados en trampas McPhail, para reducir poblaciones de Euxesta spp. en maíz cultivado en la región Apurímac, Perú. Se analizaron el número de moscas atrapadas (ECM), número de larvas por mazorca (NLM), la incidencia de daño en mazorcas (IDM) y rendimiento del grano (RGH). El tratamiento con proteína hidrolizada (T5) mostró una captura de ECM (691,5 ± 105,6), NLM (44,6 ± 5,0), y IDM (11,7 ± 1,6), mostrando diferencias significativas (p < 0,01) al tratamiento testigo (T1), que registró un ECM (1,2 ± 0,4), NLM (82 ± 4,3) y IDM (38,3 ± 0,9). En rendimiento, T5 alcanzó 3,22 ± 0,4 t/ha, mientras que T1 obtuvo 1,06 ± 0,1 t/ha. Se concluye que el uso de proteína hidrolizada es una elección eficaz para reducir la presión de Euxesta spp. y mejorar la productividad del maíz en zonas altoandinas.
Characterization of goat production systems in the Amazonian dry tropical forest of Peru through multivariate analysis
(Frontiers, 2025-10-21) Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal Raúl; Tafur Gutiérrez, Lucinda; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Alva Tafur, Gudelio; Castañeda Palomino, Katherine Milagros; Haro Reyes, José Antonio; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Barrantes Campos, Cecilio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
The study aimed to characterize goat production systems in the tropical dry forest of Peru through multivariate analysis of 25 socioeconomic and productive variables in 60 producers from Bagua Grande, El Milagro, Cajaruro, and Cumba. Descriptive analysis, multidimensional scaling (stress = 0.03272), categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied. A predominance of extensive management (98.3%), with low technical assistance (81.7%), absence of irrigation (90%), and visual selection of animals (100%) was identified. Marketing responds to immediate economic needs (36.7%), while vaccination coverage is poor (88.3% not vaccinated). CATPCA explained 54.5% of the variance (Cronbach's alpha = 0.965), highlighting producer education, infrastructure, and access to water and energy as key factors for improving production efficiency and mitigating commercial seasonality. HCA identified two goat production systems: the improved extensive system (EES) and the traditional extensive system (TES). The EES grouped older and more experienced producers, with larger herds, higher sales weights, greater specialization, forage diversification, better infrastructure, and higher deworming frequency. In contrast, the TES included younger producers with smaller herds, lower sales weights, lower educational levels, agricultural dependence, less forage diversity, limited infrastructure, and limited sanitary measures. These differences highlight the impact of knowledge and technological development on productive sustainability. It is concluded that technological development, access to resources, and production experience are key to improving the efficiency and sustainability of goat systems in the tropical dry forests of Peru.
Impact of liquid biofertilizer from cocoa shells on the growth and chlorophyll content of sweet peppers (Capsicum chinense L.) in San Martín, Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-09-24) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Lozano , Andi; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Siqueira Bahia, Rita de Cassia
The growth and yield of sweet peppers are constrained by factors such as fertilization practices and edaphoclimatic conditions, which ultimately threaten global food security in the context of an ever-growing population. This study evaluated the effect of a liquid biofertilizer derived from cocoa husks on the growth and chlorophyll content of sweet pepper (Capsicum chinense) cultivated in San Martín, Peru. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation in Tarapoto, San Martín, Peru (6°35′00″ S, 76°19′46″ W). A completely randomized design was applied, consisting of five treatments (0, 750, 1250, 2250, and 3000 mL) with 20 plants per treatment, totaling 100 experimental units. The biofertilizer was applied eight days after sowing (days). Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf chlorophyll content were measured at 15, 35, and 85 days. After 85 days, the highest plant height was observed with the 3000 mL and 1250 mL treatments, reaching averages of 29.98 and 28.25 cm, respectively. Stem diameter was maximized with 3000 mL (6.25 cm), whereas the highest chlorophyll content was recorded with 1250 mL, averaging 35.37 SPAD units. These results highlight the potential of liquid biofertilizers produced from cocoa shells to enhance nutrient uptake, increase plant biomass, and improve photosynthetic capacity, thereby contributing to sustainable sweet pepper production.
Strategic supplementation of multinutritional blocks for goats (Capra hircus) under an intensive system on the central coast of Peru
(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária, 2025-10-27) Sessarego Dávila, Enmanuel Alexander; Castañeda, K.M.; Canchino, J.R.; Casanova, G.A.; Ramírez Vergara, Raul Omar; Ríos, P.M.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of multi nutritional blocks (MNB) for growing goats on their productive and economic performance in an intensive system, on the central Peruvian coast. For this, 51 Saanen goats at two months of age and 9.7±1.4kg live weight on average were randomly distributed in three treatments: T0 = control; T1 = MNB supplementation with 24% crude protein (CP), and T2 = MNB supplementation with 29% CP, for a period of two months. Initial live weight (ILW, kg), final live weight (FLW, kg), weight gain (WG, kg), survival rate (SR, %) and economic retribution (ER, S/) were evaluated, using SPSS v. 27. Values of 16.17±1.65 and 6.52±1.44kg were obtained for FLW and WG, respectively, and the SR was 100% for all groups. On the other hand, MNB supplementation had a highly significant effect (p = 0.000) on FLW and WG, and a higher SR was observed when MNB was supplied with 24% CP. In conclusion, MNB supplementation with 24% CP for growing goats, under an intensive production system, significantly improves their productive performance and would achieve a higher economic return.
Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2025-10-22) Vásquez, Héctor V.; Reyna, Manuel; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Bobadilla, Leidy G.; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero; Yalta Vela, Juan; Isla Pérez, José Manuel; Paucar, Ysai; Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A.; Valqui, Leandro
Scenarios of climate change, extensive land use, soil degradation, the loss of native forest cover due to monoculture expansion, and pasture scarcity pose new challenges to livestock farming worldwide. Associated crops emerge as an alternative to mitigate these factors; however, selecting compatible species that do not generate competition and optimize the attributes of the forage is a necessity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of a maize and bean association, and cutting time on the morphological variables, yield, and nutritional composition of forage. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a 3A × 3C factorial arrangement and three blocks was used. Factor A (associations) had three levels: INIA-604-Morocho maize monoculture (M), M+PER1003544 chaucha bean association (M+F1), and M+PER1003551 chaucha bean association (M+F2). Factor C (maize cutting stage) had three levels: R2 (blister grain), R3 (milky grain), and R4 (pasty grain). A total of 27 experimental units were established. No silage was made; the nutritional quality was evaluated as the raw material for silage. The treatments modulated key attributes for silage. In R4, the M+F2 association (INIA-604-Morocho + PER1003551) showed a higher percentage of dry matter in the system (32.36%) and better mixture quality due to a lower NDF and ADF (48.22% and 23.29%) and higher digestibility and protein values (62.10% and 9.53%). In addition, dry matter yields increased compared with R2 in M+F1 (134.16%), M+F2 (90.56%), and M (138.48%). Although R3 maximized green forage, R4 offered the best combination of quantity and quality for silage (as raw material), reducing the risk of deterioration and improving forage use efficiency. In general, combining maize with beans and adjusting the cut to R4 optimizes the production and quality of the raw material for silage, with the criterion that these findings pertain to pre-ensiled material and should be validated in future studies.
Using biometric analysis to estimate body weight in Creole goats
(Eldaghayes Publisher, 2025-09-30) Trillo Zárate, Fritz Carlos; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Salinas Marcos, Jorge; Temoche Socola, Víctor Alexander; Tafur Gutiérrez, Lucinda; Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Acosta Granados, Irene Carol; Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Ruiz Chamorro, Jose Antonio
Background: Creole goat husbandry for milk and meat improves food security in rural areas in Perú. Body weight (BW) is a key trait for selecting breeding stock, and it is estimated to be using algorithms. Likewise, BW is common in livestock farming. Aim: This study aimed to compare BW prediction models using a data mining algorithm in Creole goats, considering their biometric measurements. Methods: Data from 1,075 females aged between 1 and 4 years were used. Measurements of chest width, thoracic perimeter, wither height, sacrum height, rump width and length, body length, cannon bone perimeter, age, and region of the herd were recorded. The regression trees (classification and regression tree), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR) algorithms were used. Results: The SVR was better at predicting BWs in Creole goat herds. Similarly, the results were stable during training (R² = 0.765) and testing (R² = 0.707). However, it should be noted that RFR performed better with training data (R² = 0.942). Conclusion: The proposed predictive models have demonstrated significant potential for accurately predicting BW based on biometric data. Finally, it contributes to better selection, feeding, and sanitary management of Creole goats.
Identificación mediante el gen 16S rRNA de bacterias aisladas de hojas de banano (Musa acuminata) con manchas foliares en el norte de Perú
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2025-09-30) Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro
La filósfera de banano alberga un microbiota diverso, cuya composición y función en la sanidad vegetal aún son poco comprendidas. En particular, la presencia de bacterias asociadas a enfermedades como las manchas foliares, las cuales han sido escasamente estudiadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la identificación mediante el gen 16S rRNA de bacterias aisladas de hojas de banano (Musa acuminata) con manchas foliares en el departamento de Tumbes, Perú. Se analizaron 22 aislamientos bacterianos, de los cuales se extrajo el ADN genómico total. Se amplificó el gen 16S rRNA mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, seguido de su secuenciación mediante la tecnología de Sanger de doble cadena. Los productos de la secuenciación fueron ingresados en la herramienta BLAST para la búsqueda de homologías con secuencias depositadas en el banco de genes del NCBI. Se identificaron especies de los géneros Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter y Enterococcus, siendo Bacillus el género predominante con 13 especies (59.09%). No se identificaron especies de bacterias fitopatógenas. Se infiere que, en las manchas foliares del banano, se pueden encontrar diversas especies bacterianas, incluyendo aquellas con propiedades antagonistas que posiblemente las han adquirido durante su desarrollo.
Growth, Productivity, and Biomass–Carbon Allometry in Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantations of Western Mexico
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-09-27) Ruiz Blandon, Bayron Alexander; Hernández Alvarez, Efrén; Martínez Trinidad, Tomás; Amaringo Cordova, Luiz Paulo; Ucañay Ayllon, Tatiana Mildred; Bernaola Paucar, Rosario Marilu; Hernández Plascencia, Gerardo; Orellana Mendoza, Edith
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a leading tropical plantation species valued for high-quality timber and carbon (C) storage. This study assessed stand growth across ages and sites, quantified biomass and C by tree component and stand, and developed DBH-based allometric equations for biomass and C estimation. Six stand ages (5, 6, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years) were assessed in three municipalities of Nayarit, Mexico. Dendrometric inventories in permanent plots and destructive sampling of 35 trees provided calibration data for leaves, branches, stem, and roots. C concentration was determined with an elemental analyzer, and nonlinear regression models were adjusted and validated. Stand biomass and C increased with age, peaking at ages 11–14 (>130 Mg ha⁻¹; >60 Mg C ha⁻¹), with lower values at age 17. San Blas and Rosamorada accumulated significantly more than Tuxpan, reflecting site quality. C concentration was stable across sites and ages, with stem and roots consistently ranging between 48% and 50%, and leaves and branches averaging 45%–46%. Allometric equations were most accurate for stem and total biomass/C (R² = 0.73–0.79), while foliage showed higher variability. On average, 60%–70% of biomass was allocated to the stem and 15%–20% to roots. Indicators were stable, with an aboveground-to-belowground ratio (A:B) ≈ 4.9 and a biomass expansion factor (BEF) ≈ 1.5. The current annual increment (CAI) presented two main peaks: ~20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 5–6 and ~11 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 9–11, followed by a decline after age 14. Teak in western Mexico reaches peak productivity at ages 6–11, with belowground biomass essential for accurate C accounting.
Rice phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicles: Analyzing morphological characteristics and yield
(2025-09-26) Goigochea Pinchi, Diego; Vega Herrera, Sergio Sebastian; Torres Chavez, Edson Esmith; Archentti Reategui, Fernando; Barrera Torres, Ciceron; Dominguez Yap, Percy Luis; Ysuiza Perez, Alfredo; Perez Tello, Monica; Rios Rios, Raúl; Santillan Gonzáles, Manuel Dante; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Ruiz Reyes, Jose Guillermo; Agurto Piñarreta, Alex Ivan
Rice is a globally important crop and a staple in the diet of a large part of the world's population. This underscores the need for hybridization and improvement of rice genotypes to meet food demand in an environmentally sustainable manner. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have proven to be valuable tools for the morphometric phenotyping of different genotypes. In this study, seven different rice genotypes were evaluated with the objective of selecting those with high yield. Multispectral imagery was used to develop prediction models based on supervised learning algorithms, including Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Elastic Net (EN), and Neural Networks (NN). The variables studied were plant height, number of panicles, number of tillers, and yield. The results showed the following performances: R² = 0.44 for plant height using Random Forest, R² = 0.92 for number of panicles with Neural Networks, R² = 0.44 for number of tillers with SVM, and R² = 0.31 for yield with SVM. This technology significantly supports traditional selection methodologies for hybridization and improvement by providing a spatial approach that enhances and facilitates selection criteria.
Sinergias entre microorganismos y fertilización mineral en la calidad de semilla de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán (UNHEVAL) - Perú, 2025-09-26) Tueros Munive, Miguel Luis; Vilcapoma Paliza, Melina Luz; Pillaca Chillce, Guido Bryan; Velásquez Mantari, José; Campos Villar, Henry; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
La productividad del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) requiere estrategias nutricionales que optimicen el rendimiento sin afectar la calidad comercial de la semilla. En este contexto, la aplicación de microorganismos específicos que mejoren la disponibilidad de nutrientes y el desempeño fisiológico del cultivo representa una estrategia sostenible. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la fertilización órgano-mineral y la inoculación con Trichoderma viride y Bacillus subtilis sobre el rendimiento y la calidad comercial del tubérculo en dos variedades de papa (INIA 303-Canchán y Yungay) bajo condiciones agroecológicas de los Andes peruanos. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial 3x3x2 y tres repeticiones por tratamiento, sumando un total de 54 UE. Se evaluaron 3 niveles de fertilización (0 %, 50 % y 100 % NPK) y 3 niveles de microorganismos (sin microorganismo, Trichoderma, Bacillus) y dos cultivares de papa. Se aplicó ANOVA robusto (WRS2) y prueba de Sidak (α = 0.05). El peso de tubérculos por planta fue mayor con fertilización completa y microorganismos: m1×n3 = 2.043 ± 0.13 kg; m2×n3 = 1.928 ± 0.13 kg. La variedad Yungay superó a Canchán en todas las categorías, con mayor producción de semilla de primera: 21.8 ± 1.48 kg vs. 15.7 ± 1.48 kg, alcanzando un máximo de 27.0 ± 3.14 kg en m3×n3. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para peso de semilla PC2 y PC3; sin embargo, sí entre variedades: Yungay (PC2: 18.2 ± 1.08 kg; PC3: 13.7 ± 0.81 kg) e INIA 303-Canchán (PC2: 13.4 ± 1.08 kg; PC3: 10.7 ± 0.81 kg). Se concluye que la integración de PGPM con fertilidad química mejora rendimiento y calidad de semilla, favoreciendo sistemas agrícolas sostenibles en Ayacucho.
Texel and Dohne Merino highlight preweaning growth in the high andean highlands of Peru: A comparative study of six sheep breeds
(International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2025-09-19) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Pantoja, Aliaga César; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rodriguez Lopez, Melina; Bermúdez, A. W.; Morales, S. E.; Sánches, Villanueva , Humberto; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sheep production in the high Andean regions of Peru faces several challenges, including low productive performance, particularly during the pre-weaning stage. Therefore, the appropriate selection of breeds adapted to these conditions could significantly improve growth indicators and increase the profitability of the production system. The study aimed to compare the behavior of preweaning growth criteria in male and female lambs of six sheep breeds (Dohne Merino, Corriedale, Texel, Poll Dorset, Finnish Landrace, and East Friesian) raised in the high Andean conditions of Peru. A total of 199 live weight records of lambs were evaluated at birth, 25, 60, 90 days, and weaning. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between breeds, separated by sex, and the Principal Component Analysis examined patterns of variation among variables and breeds. The results showed that males of the Texel breed had a higher average weight at 60 days, while the Dohne Merino breed stood out in terms of birth weight. In females, Texel and Dohne Merino were the breeds with the highest weights at 90 days and weaning. PCA analysis revealed a positive correlation between 60-day, 90-day, and weaning weights, although no clear grouping by breed or sex was evident. However, Texel and Dohne Merino showed better performance compared to the other breeds, suggesting their potential for inclusion in genetic improvement programs under high-altitude conditions, which could contribute to strengthening livestock systems in the high Andean regions of Peru.
Nutritional quality of the “Algarrobo” neltuma pallida fruit and its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices in the dry forests of Northern Peru
(MPDI, 2025-09-16) Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Cruz Grimaldo, Camila Leandra; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Rengifo Sanchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Vargas de la Cruz, Celia; Godoy Padilla, David; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
The dry forests of northern Peru are home to extensive populations of algarrobo (Neltuma spp.). Its fruit serves as feed for goats and is used in various agro-industrial products. However, the nutritional quality can be influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and vegetation coverage. The objective of this study was to understand and predict the concentration of protein and ether extracts of carob and evaluate its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analyses were conducted. The prediction of protein and ether extract was carried out using the Eureqa-Formulize software 1.24.0. In the PCA, protein showed a positive relationship with ash and ether extract but a negative relationship with moisture. Likewise, moderate correlations were observed between protein and ash content (0.51). Protein also showed positive correlations with pH (r = 0.19), BI (r = 0.22), and NDSI (r = 0.22). Additionally, the ether extract exhibited correlations with sand content (r = 0.22), Ca2+ (r = −0.26), Cu (r = −0.20), S5 (r = 0.26), and Si (r = 0.24). Protein predictions showed moderate performance (CC = 0.73 and R2 = 0.53), as did ether extracts (CC = 0.68 and R2 = 0.46). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the nutritional quality of carob and can be used for the development of sustainable management strategies in the dry forests of northern Peru.
Rhizobium inoculation sustains optimal yields on native common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under nitrogen-deficient fertilization
(MDPI, 2025-07-25) Vásquez Lozano, Danny Jarlis; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cadenillas Martínez, Attilio Israel
Native bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) play a crucial role in ensuring food security in the Andean region. However, their cultivation faces challenges, such as low yields and a high dependence on nitrogen fertilizers. Addressing these issues requires the development of sustainable strategies to enhance productivity. This study evaluated the interaction between Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and three levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization on the growth, yield, and nutritional profile of the 'Tiachos bayo' native bean variety under Andean field conditions. Two R. phaseoli strains (UNC-1 and CIAT-2) were tested in combination with three levels of chemical fertilization (0%, 50%, and 100%) using a factorial design under field conditions. Parameters assessed included nodule number, plant height, phenology, yield, and proximal grain composition. Results indicated that inoculation and fertilization levels significantly influenced nodulation, phenological phases, and crop yield. The highest yield (2172 kg·ha⁻¹) and nodule number (78) were observed with the combined treatment of R. phaseoli CIAT-2 strain with 100% fertilization. It was concluded that R. phaseoli inoculation, when integrated with appropriate fertilization, enhances the productivity of native beans.

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