Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Nutritional quality of the “Algarrobo” neltuma pallida fruit and its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices in the dry forests of Northern Peru
(MPDI, 2025-09-16) Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Cruz Grimaldo, Camila Leandra; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Rengifo Sanchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Vargas de la Cruz, Celia; Godoy Padilla, David; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
The dry forests of northern Peru are home to extensive populations of algarrobo (Neltuma spp.). Its fruit serves as feed for goats and is used in various agro-industrial products. However, the nutritional quality can be influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and vegetation coverage. The objective of this study was to understand and predict the concentration of protein and ether extracts of carob and evaluate its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analyses were conducted. The prediction of protein and ether extract was carried out using the Eureqa-Formulize software 1.24.0. In the PCA, protein showed a positive relationship with ash and ether extract but a negative relationship with moisture. Likewise, moderate correlations were observed between protein and ash content (0.51). Protein also showed positive correlations with pH (r = 0.19), BI (r = 0.22), and NDSI (r = 0.22). Additionally, the ether extract exhibited correlations with sand content (r = 0.22), Ca2+ (r = −0.26), Cu (r = −0.20), S5 (r = 0.26), and Si (r = 0.24). Protein predictions showed moderate performance (CC = 0.73 and R2 = 0.53), as did ether extracts (CC = 0.68 and R2 = 0.46). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the nutritional quality of carob and can be used for the development of sustainable management strategies in the dry forests of northern Peru.
Rhizobium inoculation sustains optimal yields on native common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under nitrogen-deficient fertilization
(MDPI, 2025-07-25) Vásquez Lozano, Danny Jarlis; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cadenillas Martínez, Attilio Israel
Native bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) play a crucial role in ensuring food security in the Andean region. However, their cultivation faces challenges, such as low yields and a high dependence on nitrogen fertilizers. Addressing these issues requires the development of sustainable strategies to enhance productivity. This study evaluated the interaction between Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and three levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization on the growth, yield, and nutritional profile of the 'Tiachos bayo' native bean variety under Andean field conditions. Two R. phaseoli strains (UNC-1 and CIAT-2) were tested in combination with three levels of chemical fertilization (0%, 50%, and 100%) using a factorial design under field conditions. Parameters assessed included nodule number, plant height, phenology, yield, and proximal grain composition. Results indicated that inoculation and fertilization levels significantly influenced nodulation, phenological phases, and crop yield. The highest yield (2172 kg·ha⁻¹) and nodule number (78) were observed with the combined treatment of R. phaseoli CIAT-2 strain with 100% fertilization. It was concluded that R. phaseoli inoculation, when integrated with appropriate fertilization, enhances the productivity of native beans.
Human-wildlife interaction, conflict, and coexistence: Bibliometric analysis from Scopus (1987–2023)
(Malque Publishing, 2025-07-18) Guzman Valqui, Betty Karina; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.
Human interactions with wildlife range from conflict (negative) to coexistence (positive or neutral). The scientific interest in this topic is increasing rapidly, although the terminology used varies among authors. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of literature on human–wildlife interaction, conflict, and coexistence (HWCICx) from 1987 to October 2023 using Scopus data analyzed with VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R. An exponential rise in publications was identified between 1995 and 2022, confirming HWCICx as an emerging yet robust research field. The United States and the United Kingdom lead in publication volume and international collaboration, whereas researchers from Asia and Latin America show growing involvement. Journals specializing in ecology, conservation, and wildlife, such as Biological Conservation, Oryx, and Human–Wildlife Interactions, dominate the field, although newer specialized journals are gaining visibility. Predominant research topics include carnivore–livestock conflicts and species conservation. However, new areas of interest are emerging, including urban wildlife interactions and the sociocultural aspects of coexistence. This study offers an updated overview of the evolution of HWCICx research and highlights the need for integrated natural and social science approaches to develop sustainable models of coexistence.
The conversion of forests to agricultural croplands significantly depletes soil organic carbon reserves, total nitrogen, and available potassium, reaching critical thresholds in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-09-19) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Lozano, Andi; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Land-use change from primary forests to agricultural croplands can degrade soil quality by depleting soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (STN), and soil-available potassium (SAK). The magnitudes and thresholds of these losses in the Peruvian Amazon remain insufficiently quantified. Methods: We assessed six land-use systems—two primary forests and four croplands (coffee, cocoa, oil palm, camu camu)—collecting 72 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from 12 subplots per system using pit sampling. SOC, STN, and SAK were measured with standard laboratory procedures and compared across land uses. Results: The humid primary forest (WE–PF) had the highest nutrient status (SOC 118.99 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.35%; SAK 181.83 mg kg⁻¹). The lowest values occurred in croplands, especially camu camu (SOC 23.93 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.08%). Forest-to-cropland conversion was associated with average reductions of 58.98% (SOC), 59.49% (STN), and 59.66% (SAK). Among crops, coffee showed the smallest deficit (18.04%), whereas camu camu showed the largest SOC deficit (30.92%). Discussion: Converting forests to croplands critically depletes SOC, STN, and SAK, indicating substantial nutrient losses and concomitant deterioration of soil quality. These findings support conserving primary forests and promoting agroforestry and soil-restorative practices to mitigate degradation in the Peruvian Amazon.
Comparación de métodos no destructivos para estimar el área foliar de Cinchona officinalis L. mediante procesamiento digital de imágenes
(Universidad de Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca”, Cuba, 2025-09-11) Fernández Zarate, Franklin Hitler; Huaccha Castillo, Annick Estefany; Vaca Marquina, Segundo Primitivo; Seminario Cunya, Alejandro; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Pérez Delgado, Luis Jhoseph; Coronel Bustamante, David; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin
Cinchona officinalis es una importante especie vegetal, fue el único tratamiento para la malaria durante más de tres siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la precisión de cuatro métodos no destructivos de procesamiento digital de imágenes (LeafArea y tres algoritmos de ImageJ) para estimar el área foliar de plantaciones jóvenes de C. officinalis en dos condiciones de establecimiento: macizo forestal y franjas de enriquecimiento. Se fotografiaron hojas a 8 cm de distancia utilizando un smartphone de 24 MP y se procesaron con los métodos evaluados. El análisis estadístico incluyó diagramas de caja y bigotes, correlación de Pearson y prueba de Friedman. Los resultados mostraron que los métodos M3 y M4 de ImageJ presentaron la mayor precisión (r = 0,99), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, y con sobreestimaciones detectadas en M1 y M2. Se concluye que M3 y M4 son opciones rápidas, de bajo costo y alta precisión para el monitoreo foliar de C. officinalis en campo.
Optimizing harvest stage and drying time to enhance yield and nutritive quality of whole-plant Tithonia diversifolia forage meal in arid tropics
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-09-19) Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal Raúl; Vásquez García, Cesar Alejandro; Riojas, Joel; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Introduction: Tithonia diversifolia, also known as Mexican sunflower, is a tropical shrub with high forage potential, but limited information exists on the optimal harvest stage to balance yield and nutritional value. Methods: A 3 × 3 factorial design was implemented under tropical dry forest conditions in northern Peru, combining three regrowth stages (30, 45, and 60 days) with three plant fractions (leaf, stem, and leaf–stem mixture), with four replicates per treatment. Agronomic traits, dry matter yield, proximate composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were evaluated. Results: Biomass yield increased significantly with harvest age, reaching 11.93 kg fresh weight and 3.45 kg dry matter per plant at 60 days, although with reduced nutritional quality due to a higher stem proportion. Leaves harvested at 30 days had the highest crude protein (16.5%) and soluble carbohydrates (48.2%) with the lowest crude fiber (19.3%). In contrast, the 45-day leaf samples achieved the highest IVDMD (62.34 ± 1.42%). A strong positive correlation was observed between leaf area and biomass yield (r = 0.93), and a moderate negative correlation with digestibility (r = –0.42). Discussion: Harvesting at 45 days provided the best compromise between biomass production and nutritional value. These findings highlight the potential of T. diversifolia as a strategic forage alternative for sustainable feeding systems in tropical dry environments.
Aplicación de consorcios microbianos para la producción sostenible de semilla de papa var. Única en la Sierra Sur del Perú
(Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), 2025-09-23) Torres Limascca, María Elena; Cordova Tarifa, Isabel Marleni; García Lopez, Kevin Eduardo; Coaquira Rios, Grecia Cecilia; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Los microorganismos del suelo tienen un gran potencial para desarrollar sistemas agrícolas integrados y sostenibles. Particularmente, la interacción entre hongos y bacterias nitrificantes favorecen el desarrollo y producción de las plantas de cultivo. En este estudio se evaluaron cuatro consorcios microbianos para potenciar la producción de semilla y el rendimiento comercial de papa var. Única en Arequipa, Perú. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones, donde se registró altura de planta, número de tallos, variables de rendimiento desagregadas por calibre (RS1-RS3) y consumo (> 120 g), número de semillas por planta y materia seca. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de Tukey (p<0,05). La combinación Trichoderma harzianum/viride + microorganismos eficaces (T2) incrementó la altura un 40 % respecto al testigo y alcanzó el mayor rendimiento total (31,8 t ha⁻¹). T. harzianum/viride + Azotobacter salinestris (T1) triplicó el peso de tubérculos de consumo (20,9 t ha⁻¹), mientras que MOBs-INIA + T. harzianum/viride (T3) obtuvo una producción de semilla de primera (9,39 t ha⁻¹) y tercera (0,43 t ha⁻¹) categoría, lo que significó un incremento superior al doble del rendimiento respecto al testigo (T5). Los consorcios microbianos formaron grupos superiores para número de semillas y calibre RS1-RS3. La materia seca y la ramificación no variaron significativamente, aunque mostraron ligeras mejoras en T1 y T2. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que la coinoculación mejoró el rendimiento comercial y la disponibilidad de semilla de papa var. Única bajo las condiciones específicas del presente ensayo en la región de Arequipa.
Analysis of binder proportions on the calorific value in a briquette made from cocoa pod husk in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-09-22) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Paquiyauri, Alexandra; Neyra, Walter; Siqueira Bahia, Rita de Cassia; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: The growing global demand for fuel has created challenges in the supply of raw materials, positioning biomass derived from cocoa pod husk waste as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable energy alternative. Methods: This study evaluated the effect of different binder types on the calorific value of briquettes produced from fermented cocoa pod husk waste in the Peruvian Amazon. For the calorific value assay, 1.05 kg of fermented cocoa pod husk waste was combined with 100 g of starch-based binders derived from corn, cassava, or potato, all sourced from the San Martín region. Statistical analyses were performed in R Studio using the dplyr package, and mean comparisons were conducted with Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.05). Results: The lowest ash content was obtained with the potato-starch binder (7.03%), whereas the highest value was recorded in the control treatment without binder (8.71%). Fixed carbon content ranged from 3.70% to 5.97% across treatments. The lowest calorific value was observed with the corn-starch binder (3,486.0 kcal/kg), while the highest was achieved with cassava starch (3,586.66 kcal/kg). Discussion: These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of producing high-quality charcoal briquettes from cocoa pod husk waste using starch-based binders, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels.
Caracterización morfológica de la colección nacional de yuca para fines de conservación en el INIA, Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), México, 2025-09-08) Marcelo Salvador, Mavel Nansi; Celestino Avelino, Doris; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Contreras Liza, Sergio
El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar morfológicamente la colección nacional de yuca(Manihot esculenta Crantz) del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Perú para fines de conservación. El estudio se realizó en la estación experimental del INIA en Huaral (Lima), se instalaron parcelas de observación con una distribución sistemática de 741 accesiones en el campo experimental. Según el desarrollo del cultivo se realizó la evaluación y caracterización usando descriptores elaborados por los curadores del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Se utilizó el análisis de conglomerado jerárquico para los parámetros utilizados en la caracterización y se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas para los descriptores cualitativos. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de componentes principales, para examinar la asociación entre los caracteres. Los parámetros cuantitativos y cualitativos permitieron discriminar entre los genotipos y establecer grupos de accesiones según sus características de similitud utilizando descriptores desarrollados por Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Dentro de las accesiones conservadas del banco de germoplasma de yuca se halló variabilidad morfológica y se identificaron 12 accesiones promisorias, con potencial de uso para el mejoramiento genético, aptas para el consumo humano y para la seguridad alimentaria.
Guinea pig manure and mineral fertilizers enhance the yield and nutritional quality of hard yellow maize on the peruvian coast
(MDPI, 2025-04-26) Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Borbor Ponce, Miryam; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sustainable fertilization using local resources such as manure is crucial for soil health. This study evaluated the potential of guinea pig manure to replace mineral fertilizers in hard yellow maize (hybrid INIA 619) under Peruvian coastal conditions. A split-plot design tested four doses of guinea pig manure (0, 2, 5, 10 t⋅ha−1) and four levels of mineral fertilization (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The study assessed plant height, ear characteristics, yield, and nutritional quality parameters. The results indicated that 100% mineral fertilization led to the highest plant height (229.67 cm) and grain weight (141.8 g). Yields of 9.19 and 9.08 t⋅ha−1 were achieved with 5 and 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure, while 50% mineral fertilization gave 8.8 t⋅ha−1, similar to the full dose (8.7 t⋅ha−1). The protein content was highest with 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure combined with mineral fertilization. However, no significant differences were found between the 50%, 75%, and 100% mineral fertilizer doses. In conclusion, applying guinea pig manure improved nutrient use efficiency, yield, and grain protein quality in maize, reducing the need for mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. This provides a sustainable fertilization strategy for agricultural systems.
Evaluación de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de heces de terneros con diarrea en la región Cajamarca, Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, 2023-05-05) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
La diarrea está asociada con bacterias infecciosas que ocasionan mortalidad en terneros como Escherichia coli, representando un problema para los productores de leche y carne a nivel global, provocando grandes pérdidas económicas. En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia a cepas de E. coli aisladas de heces diarreicas de terneros recién nacidos de la región Cajamarca. Se recolectaron 52 muestras de heces de terneros de cinco provincias de la región Cajamarca para el aislamiento de E. coli en agar MacConkey con sorbitol. La identificación molecular de E. coli se realizó mediante la amplificación del gen uidA por PCR convencional y luego se evaluó la susceptibilidad/resistencia a antibióticos utilizando la metodología de Kirby-Bauer y el uso de discos de antibiótico con neomicina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim y enrofloxacina. Los resultados fueron que el 96.15 % de cepas de E. coli fueron resistentes a tetraciclina, el 51.92 % a sulfametropim, el 26.92 % a neomicina y el 9.61 % a enrofloxacina. También se demostró que el 30.76 % presentaban resistencia a dos fármacos, el 19.23 % a tres fármacos y el 5.76 % a cuatro fármacos; se encontró diferencia significativa de resistencia a tetraciclina (P<0.0001). Se concluye que los terneros neonatos de la región Cajamarca que presentaban diarrea son portadores de E. coli resistentes a antibióticos, representando un problema para los criadores de ganado vacuno, ya que estas cepas pueden causar la muerte de los animales y contribuyen a la diseminación de la resistencia de antibióticos.
Ecological and carcinogenic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in rangelands and croplands around Lake Junin (Peru): Integrating remote sensing, machine learning, and land cover segmentation
(Elsevier, 2025-08-27) Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Barboza, Elgar; Peña Elme, Eunice Dorcas; Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis
The Junín Lake basin, a critical high-altitude ecosystem in the central Peruvian Andes, faces severe contamination from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) driven by mining activities, agriculture, and urbanization. This study evaluates the spatial distribution, ecological risk, and human health implications of 14 heavy metals, metalloids, and trace elements in surface soils surrounding the lake. Using 211 soil samples, we integrated remote sensing, land cover classification, and Random Forest machine learning models with spectral, edaphic, topographic, and proximity-based environmental covariates to predict contamination patterns and assess risk. Results reveal extreme contamination, with arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) concentrations exceeding ecological thresholds by over 100-fold in agricultural zones. Ecological risk assessments using contamination degree (mCD), pollution load index (PLI), and risk index (RI) indicated that over 99 % of the study area exhibits very high to ultra-high contamination levels. Human health risk analysis identified unacceptable carcinogenic risks from As, Pb, and Cr across adult and pediatric populations, with arsenic presenting the greatest concern. The integration of geospatial tools and machine learning enabled precise identification of contamination hotspots and vulnerable land cover types, demonstrating the value of AI approaches for monitoring contaminated territories. These findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated environmental management, targeted remediation strategies, and community-based monitoring to protect public health and preserve Andean ecosystem integrity.
Influencia del portainjerto en las características morfo-productivas de Uvina del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela, 2025-09-01) Dadther Huaman, Hans; Garay Duran, Diana Yessica; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel
La Uvina es una de las ocho variedades de uva permitidas para la elaboración del pisco en el Perú y forma parte del patrimonio cultural del país. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado ampliamente el efecto de los portainjertos sobre sus propiedades. Se evaluó la influencia de diferentes portainjertos en las características morfo-productivas de Uvina del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, considerando catorce caracteres cualitativos. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, ANOVA con comparación de medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (p≤0,05) y, para pruebas no paramétricas, el test de Kruskal-Wallis con post hoc de Holm (p≤0,05), además de análisis de correlación de Pearson y componentes principales. Los resultados evidenciaron que los portainjertos Salt Creek y 5BB sobresalieron por presentar el mayor número y masa de racimos por planta, así como mayor largo de entrenudos y masa de sarmientos. Paulsen mostró un desempeño intermedio, mientras que MGT registró los valores más bajos en la mayoría de las variables analizadas, con excepción del contenido de sólidos solubles totales, parámetro en el que superó a los demás. Se concluye que los portainjertos influyeron significativamente en las características morfo-productivas de la Uvina.
Biofermentos en la morfología y calidad de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en vivero
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (México), 2025-09-07) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Cuevas Giménez, Juan Pablo
La producción de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de calidad en vivero, es fundamental para el éxito de las plantaciones comerciales. Los biofermentos representan una alternativa sostenible para mejorar producción y la calidad de las plántulas. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de biofermentos en la producción y calidad de plántulas de cacao en vivero. Metodología. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos con diferentes combinaciones de sustratos y biofermentos sólidos y líquidos. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, midiendo variables morfológicas y de calidad. Resultados. El tratamiento sustrato tradicional con adición de biofermentos sólidos y líquidos (ST+BS+BL) presentó los mayores valores en altura, diámetro del tallo, biomasa seca y calidad de Dickson, superando en un 51% al sustrato tradicional. Implicaciones. Los biofermentos mejoran la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la estructura del sustrato, favoreciendo el desarrollo de plántulas vigorosas y mejor calidad. Conclusiones. La combinación de biofermentos sólidos y líquidos representa una estrategia agroecológica para optimizar la producción, mejorando los atributos morfológicos, y calidad de plántulas de cacao en vivero.
Challenges of organic amendments: Impact of vermicompost leachate and biochar on popcorn maize in saline soil
(MDPI, 2025-07-19) Rivas Aratoma, Brenda; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Organic amendments provide a sustainable strategy to enhance soil quality in degraded environments while also helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, for example, by improving soil structure, minimizing the use of synthetic fertilizers, and promoting a green economy. This study assessed the comparative effects of two organic amendments— vermicompost leachate and biochar—on the performance of popcorn maize (Zea mays L. var. everta) cultivated in saline soil conditions. Four treatments were evaluated: T0 (Control), T1 (Vermicompost leachate), T2 (Biochar), and T3 (Vermicompost leachate + Biochar), each with 10 replicates arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Although various soil physicochemical, microbiological, and agronomic parameters displayed no significant differences compared to the control, the application of biochar resulted in considerable improvements in soil total organic carbon, the microbial community (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts), and increased seed length and diameter. In contrast, vermicompost leachate alone negatively impacted plant growth, leading to decreases in leaf area, stem thickness, and grain yield. Specifically, grain yield declined by 46% with leachate alone and by 31% when combined with biochar, compared to the control. These findings emphasize the superior effectiveness of biochar over vermicompost leachate as a soil amendment under saline conditions and highlight the potential risks of widely applying compost teas in stressed soils. It is recommended to conduct site-specific assessments and screenings for phytotoxins and phytopathogens prior to use. Additionally, the combined application of leachate and biochar may not be advisable given the tested soil characteristics.
Fenología, crecimiento y rendimiento de nueve líneas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) en condiciones agroclimáticas de Chincha, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2025-09-01) Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Cervantes Zamudio, Rogelio; Camargo Cobeñas, Marcos Antonio; Chihuan Palomino, Evelin Analy; Rojas Meza, María Elena; Terán Rojas, José Alfonso
El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una de las leguminosas más cultivadas a nivel mundial por su alto valor nutricional y papel en la seguridad alimentaria. En el Perú, su producción en el valle de Chincha es vital para pequeños y medianos agricultores, siendo una fuente clave de ingresos. Sin embargo, su productividad depende de factores agroclimáticos y genéticos. Este estudio evaluó el desempeño de nueve líneas de frijol en el valle de Chincha para identificar materiales con mayor potencial productivo. Se empleó un Diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 14 variables evaluadas, aplicándose análisis estadísticos como ANOVA, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y agrupamiento jerárquico. El ACP explicó el 40 % de la variabilidad total en las dos primeras dimensiones. La primera (23,3 %) estuvo asociada a componentes de rendimiento, mientras que la segunda (16,7 %) se relacionó con la fenología, peso de 100 granos y longitud de vaina. El peso de 100 granos presentó correlación positiva con el largo de vaina (r=0,80) y negativa con los días a madurez de cosecha (r=-0,56). Can D8120 y Arbolito (clúster A) fueron las líneas más productivas (1402,75 y 1511,00 kg·ha⁻¹), con peso intermedio de 100 granos (49,30-51,70 g). Larán Mejorado (clúster B) destacó por su mayor tamaño de grano y rendimiento intermedio. Estos hallazgos son clave para la selección de líneas con alto potencial productivo y su incorporación en programas de fitomejoramiento.
Poisoning by (Conium maculatum) and liver deficiency in a bovine. Clinical case
(ASPD (The Academic Society for Postgraduate Development), 2025-08-04) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
In the majority of cases, poisonings in livestock occur accidentally. The primary causes of poisoning are associated with the ingestion of toxic plants, which contain a range of substances including alkaloids, nitrates, saponins, and others, that can lead to fatal outcomes. The objective of the investigation was to ascertain the cause of death of the bovine. The animal in question was a Simmental breed heifer, aged one year and two months, weighing 250 kg live, and displaying symptoms consistent with Conium maculatum poisoning. The results of the autopsy demonstrated the following: the external examination revealed slight profuse hemorrhage and icteric mucosa on the lips, a pale and icteric flaking muzzle, pale and icteric vulvar and ocular mucosa, and small hemorrhagic vesicles focused at the level of the cross, hip, and dewlap. Additionally, the abdomen was found to be slightly enlarged with a dull sound. The internal examination revealed the presence of generalized jaundice, icteric pleural tissue, icteric myocardium, cardiomegaly with flaccidity in the left ventricle, and icteric peritoneum in the abdomen. Additionally, the rumen and intestines exhibited apparently normal contents. The abomasum and liver exhibited adhesions with necrotic tissue, hepatomegaly, necrotic tissue at the level of the common bile duct, rupture of the gallbladder with the content distributed throughout the bile ducts, and an abundant blackish liquid with a putrid odor. Laboratory tests to rule out bluetongue and bovine vesicular stomatitis were conducted at the National Agrarian Health System (SENASA) and yielded negative results for both diseases. It was determined that the bovine had died as a result of poisoning by hemlock and liver deficiency.
Ichu valorization by pleurotus spp. cultivation and potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer
(MDPI, 2025-07-23) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Dionisio, Luis; Burga, Lyana; Javier Astete, Rosario Elyzabeth; Quispe Apaza, Cinthia Sheila; Oscco Laura, Persing; Johnson Pozo, Luis Fernando
The high-Andean grass Jarava ichu (Poaceae) plays a vital role in water regulation and aquifer recharge. However, its limited use is often linked to forest fires, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Therefore, this study aims to explore the valorization of ichu as a substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, and P. ostreatus) and to evaluate the potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer, offering an ecological alternative to grassland burning in the Peruvian Andes. Samples of ichu from the district of Tomás (Lima, Peru) were used as culture substrate, analyzing productivity indicators such as crop cycle (CC), biological efficiency (BE), and production rate (PR), together with the nutritional profile of the fungi and the chemical properties of the residual substrate. The results showed an average biological efficiency of 19.8%, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) in CC, BE, or PR among the species, confirming the viability of ichu as a substrate. The fungi presented a high protein content (24.1–30.41% on a dry basis), highlighting its nutritional value. In addition, the residual substrate exhibited elevated levels of phosphorus (795.9–1296.9 ppm) and potassium (253.1–291.3 ppm) compared to raw ichu (0.11–7.77 ppm for both nutrients). Germination tests on radish seeds showed rates between 80% and 100%, without inhibition, supporting its potential as a biofertilizer. This study demonstrates the double potential of ichu as a substrate for the sustainable production of edible mushrooms of high nutritional value and as a source of biofertilizers.
Biomass production of tropical trees across space and time: The shifting roles of diameter growth and wood density
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2025-08-26) Hornink, Bruna; Zuidema, Pieter A.; van der Sleen, Peter; Zanne, Amy E.; Assis Pereira, Gabriel; Ortega Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo; Fontana, Claudia; Portal Cahuana, Leif Armando; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Campos Barbosa, Ana Carolina Maioli; Granato-Souza, Daniela; Guimarães Pereira, Lucas; Lisi, Claudio Sergio; Nunes Menezes, Itallo Romany; Venegas Gonzalez, Alejandro; Jaén Barrios, Nelson; Roig, Fidel A.; Tomazello Filho, Mario; Groenendijk, Peter
1. Woody biomass in tropical trees contributes significantly to global carbon stocks; however, these stocks are increasingly affected by climate and land-use changes. Understanding the growth mechanisms driving woody biomass production is essential for assessing the short- and long-term contributions to carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests. 2. Trees accumulate biomass by increasing their size (wood volume) and/or tissue density (wood density). However, estimates of tree biomass production are often based solely on size increment through measurements of stem diameter growth, overlooking the potential spatial and temporal variation in wood density within trees. Tree-ring analysis can be applied to reconstruct past tree volume-growth and wood-density variations, allowing the quantification of their relative contributions when reconstructing past woody biomass production. 3. Here, we studied trees of the widespread Neotropical genus Cedrela along an environmental (climate and soil) gradient to address two key questions: (1) How does temporal variation in tree diameter growth and wood density affect biomass production? (2) To what extent do these relationships vary along the environmental gradient? We examined both long-term (ontogenetic) and short-term (annual) variations in diameter growth and wood density, covering eighteen sites in the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado savanna and Caatinga dry forest. 4. We found that diameter growth and wood density drive short- and long-term biomass production dynamics. Interestingly, diameter growth patterns predominantly explained short-term variability in biomass production at all sites, whereas wood density explained ontogenetic biomass patterns mainly at humid sites. These results highlight the importance of accounting for both short- and long-term variation, including climatic and ontogenetic drivers, to increase the accuracy of biomass estimations in tropical trees, particularly in humid forest ecosystems such as the Amazon. 5. Synthesis. Diameter growth is an important and good indicator of forest carbon production. However, size-related changes in wood density, which are usually neglected, are critical for accurate short- and long-term carbon assessments, especially in tropical humid sites.
Geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice soils of northwestern Peru
(Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature), 2025-08-21) Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Arce Inga, Marielita; Torres Herrera, Pedro Antonio; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Victor Hugo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method. The results indicated that the contents of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceed the limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for agricultural soils, with maximum Cd and Cr concentrations of 2 and 21 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively, mainly in very low-altitude areas (374–450 m a.s.l.). The single-factor pollution index results indicated slight Cd contamination and intense Cr contamination. Likewise, high levels of arsenic (As), Cd, and Cr were detected in soils managed via stubble burning, reaching 2, 2, and 16 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively. The highest Cr concentrations were located in the northeastern and western parts of the study area, whereas the highest Cd concentrations occurred in the northeastern and southwestern parts. These concentrations may be associated with potential contamination sources, with the use of phosphate fertilizers, water for cultivation, and soil erosion as key contributors. This study highlights the potential risk to rice productivity and crop safety, emphasizing the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring strategies for heavy metals in soils associated with crops.

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