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Transformation of Terraces with Irrigation Systems: Profitability and Water Savings in Potato Crop (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(MDPI, 2025-02-25) Poma Chamana, Russell; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Cordova Tadeo, Joel; Quello Huamaní, Antony Arturo; Arapa Quispe, José; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
In recent decades, climate change has intensified the challenges in agriculture, increasing the incidence of water and heat stress during critical stages of the crop cycle. It includes the exacerbation of the seasonality of rainfall and temperature. This significantly affects their development and yield. In addition, climate change has reduced irrigation water availability, highlighting the need to evaluate joint strategies to increase water productivity. These strategies include the implementation of irrigation systems, the use of terraces, and the application of deficit irrigation (DI). In this context, the present research aims to evaluate the irrigation water productivity (WPirri) and the economic water productivity (EWP) of the combined use of DI through a pressurized irrigation system in terraces of the southern highlands of Peru for a potato crop. The treatments included L0: traditional surface irrigation with irrigation depth equivalent to 100% ETc, L1: drip irrigation with irrigation depth equivalent to 100% ETC, L2: drip irrigation with DI at 75% ETc, and L3: drip irrigation with DI at 50% ETc. The DI treatments (L2 and L3) were implemented by forming stolons (60 DAS). As a result, L2 allows saving irrigation water of 3930 m³ ha−1 compared to L0 and 1164 m³ ha¯¹ compared to L1. It means a WPirri of 6.15 ± 0.35 kg m−3 allowing a commercial yield (CY: 27.15 ± 1.47 t ha¯¹) statistically similar to L1 (WPirri: 5.45 ± 0.34 kg m−3; CY: 30.14 ± 1.83 t ha¯¹) and higher than the traditional surface irrigation (WPirri: 2.63 ± 0.23 kg·m−3; CY: 21.62 ± 1.99 t ha¯¹). This water saving meant a net income of 3097.04 ± 435.52 USD ha¯¹ for L2, close to L1 (4421.12 ± 724.24 USD ha¯¹), and much higher than L0 (1664.50 ± 834.24 USD ha¯¹). The results suggest that using drip irrigation systems in terraced crops optimizes water savings, maintains yields and profitability, and could promote the modernization of terraces in rural environments.
Synergy Between Microbial Inoculants and Mineral Fertilization to Enhance the Yield and Nutritional Quality of Maize on the Peruvian Coast
(MDPI, 2024-12-21) López Montañez, Ruth; Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Quispe Matos , Kenyi Rolando; Huasasquiche Sarmiento, Lucero; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; La Torre , Braulio; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Hard yellow maize is a crucial crop in Peruvian agriculture that plays a significant role in food security and livestock production. However, intensive fertilization practices in agronomic management have negatively impacted soil health. To explore more sustainable agricultural technologies, researchers investigated solutions using microorganisms to enhance plant growth. This study assessed the synergistic effects of microbial inoculants and mineral fertilization on INIA 619 and Dekal B-7088 maize varieties' yield and nutritional quality. A split-plot design was employed, incorporating four inoculation treatments—no inoculant, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride, and Pseudomonas putida—combined with fertilization levels of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The findings revealed that Bacillus subtilis boosted yields by 13.1% in INIA 619 and 55.5% in Dekal B-7088. Additionally, combined with 100% fertilization, microbial inoculation increased protein content by 47% and carbohydrates by 6% in INIA 619 while maintaining nutritional quality with 75% fertilization. Similarly, in Dekal B-7088, inoculation with total fertilization enhanced protein content by 54% and fiber by 27%. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation could reduce mineral fertilization by up to 25% while sustaining high yields and improving the nutritional quality of maize.
Tillage Systems Modify the Soil Properties and Cassava Physiology During Drought
(MDPI, 2024-12-13) Ocaña Reyes, Jimmy Alcides; Paredes Espinoza, Richard; Quispe Tomas, Astrid; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Ore Aquino, Zoila Luz; Agurto Piñarreta, Alex; Paz Monge, W. Michel; Lobato Galvez, Roiser Honorio; Ruiz Reyes, José G.; Zavala Solórzano, José W.; Huamani Yupanqui, Hugo Alfredo; Egoávil Jump, Gianfranco; Lao Olivares, Celia P.
Soils are highly sensitive to the type of tillage practices used, as these practices influence soil properties and affect crops, the environment, and society. However, research on cassava production under different tillage systems during drought conditions in the Peruvian Amazon has not been reported. The objective of this study was to compare soil properties, cassava physiology, and yield under conservation agriculture (CA) and traditional agriculture (TA) practices, with and without mulch, in a water-scarce environment. Soil moisture, earthworm population (Ew), stomatal conductance, leaf area index, and commercial yield under CA were 5.26% (~105.2 m³ ha⁻¹), 83%, 1.2 times, 1.14 times, and 7.3 t ha⁻¹, respectively, higher than under TA. Hydraulic conductivity (Ks) in TA was 2.1 times higher than that in CA. However, Ks, bulk density, and Ew over time showed a gradual recovery under CA. The mulch factor only affected Ew, which was higher without mulch than with mulch. The results indicate that CA practices were superior to TA practices, improving soil properties, cassava physiology, and yield, and, therefore, offer significant benefits in resource conservation and higher production and profitability in a drought-prone environment.
Current Progress in Microbial Biocontrol of Banana Fusarium Wilt: A Systematic Review
(MDPI, 2025-02-28) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Johnson Pozo, Luis Fernando; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Cruz Luiz, Juancarlos Alejandro
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) poses a significant threat to global banana production. This systematic review updates current knowledge on the efficacy of various antagonistic microorganisms in controlling Foc, considering the recent spread of this disease to new regions. The studies were systematically analyzed, focusing on methodologies, results, and conclusions to provide a comprehensive overview of current research and its practical implications. A total of 118 studies were reviewed, covering the use of antagonistic microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., and Pseudomonas spp., both in pure cultures and in consortia. Most studies focused on controlling Foc TR4 in Cavendish subgroup bananas and originated from Asia. Microbial consortia demonstrated a higher control percentage with lower variability, particularly in genera such as Pseudomonas. In contrast, pure cultures were more commonly used for Streptomyces. The choice between consortia and pure cultures depends on the genus and the experimental context, as each approach has distinct advantages. Although the reviewed studies were generally of high quality, long-term research is still lacking. Antagonistic microorganisms represent a promising alternative for Foc control, although their efficacy depends on the specific strain and environmental conditions. It has been observed that inoculating these microorganisms onto seedlings before transplantation or in combination with organic matter enhances their effectiveness. Localized testing and formulation optimization are recommended to improve their application as preventive and suppressive tools in soil against infections. The review highlights a vast diversity of microbial agents with high efficacy rates, various modes of action, and additional benefits for plant development beyond Foc biocontrol. Furthermore, some studies achieved 100% control at the plant level under controlled conditions. These findings demonstrate that biological control is a viable alternative for integrated Foc management. Future research should prioritize new approaches that facilitate the widespread adoption of these methodologies, including microbial formulation, field application, and integration with other control methods.
Detecting Changes in Soil Fertility Properties Using Multispectral UAV Images and Machine Learning in Central Peru
(MDPI, 2025-03-06) Enriquez Pinedo, Lucia Carolina; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Rios Chavarria, Claudia Sofía; Urquizo Barrera, Julio; Patricio Rosales, Solanch Rosy; Alejandro Mendez, Lidiana Rene; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Barboza Castillo, Elgar; Pizarro Carcausto , Samuel Edwin
Remote sensing is essential in precision agriculture as this approach provides high-resolution information on the soil's physical and chemical parameters for detailed decision making. Globally, technologies such as remote sensing and machine learning are increasingly being used to infer these parameters. This study evaluates soil fertility changes and compares them with previous fertilization inputs using high-resolution multispectral imagery and in situ measurements. A UAV-captured image was used to predict the spatial distribution of soil parameters, generating fourteen spectral indices and a digital surface model (DSM) from 103 soil plots across 49.83 hectares. Machine learning algorithms, including classification and regression trees (CART) and random forest (RF), modeled the soil parameters (N-ppm, P-ppm, K-ppm, OM%, and EC-mS/m). The RF model outperformed others, with R² values of 72% for N, 83% for P, 87% for K, 85% for OM, and 70% for EC in 2023. Significant spatiotemporal variations were observed between 2022 and 2023, including an increase in P (14.87 ppm) and a reduction in EC (-0.954 mS/m). High-resolution UAV imagery combined with machine learning proved highly effective for monitoring soil fertility. This approach, tailored to the Peruvian Andes, integrates spectral indices and field-collected data, offering innovative tools to optimize fertilization practices, address soil management challenges, and merge modern technology with traditional methods for sustainable agricultural practices.
Morphological and phaneroptic traits of Creole goats reared in an extensive system in the dry forest of Tumbes, Peru
(The Community of Indonesian Biodiversity Society, 2024-11-12) Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Godoy Padilla, David Jose; Trillo Zarate, Fritz Carlos; Ortiz Morera, Narda Cecilia; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Mulch en la conservación del agua y rendimiento del frijol en una zona semiárida de Perú
(Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. San Lorenzo, Paraguay., 2024-06-28) Solano Ramos, Rómulo Agustín; Tineo Bermúdez, Alex Lázaro; Sulca Castilla, Orlando Fidel; Carrillo Medina, Pelayo; Aronés Quispe, Raúl Javier; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham; Sánchez Campos, Yaquelin Alexis
Seedling Production of Retrophyllum rospigliosii in Nurseries and Potential Reforestation Areas Using Modeling Techniques
(MDPI, 2024-12-11) Camarena Yupanqui, Rozly Clarita; Orellana Mendoza, Edith; Bernaola Paucar, Rosario Marilu; Ames Martínez, Fressia Nathalie; Loardo Tovar, Harold; Quispe Melgar, Harold Rusbelth
The success of reforestation and restoration projects depends on several factors, with proper seedling management and the selection of an appropriate planting area being crucial. In Peru, the populations of Retrophyllum rospigliosii (Pilg.) C.N.Page (Ulcumano) have been decreasing due to intensive logging of one of the most valuable woods in South America's tropical forests. There are few studies that unify the production of plants through seeds in nurseries and the identification of suitable areas to place the plants produced. Our study has two components. The first aimed to optimize the plant production process through an experiment that evaluated the effects of three doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (4.2, 8.4, and 12.6 g/L) and two container sizes (115 and 180 cc) on the morphological quality of seedlings in the nursery. The second component involved identifying potential reforestation areas using ecological niche modeling, based on climatic and edaphic variables. The results indicated that the 4.2 g/L CRF treatment for both container sizes had a significant positive effect on seedling growth. The average germination rate was 85% at 120 days. At six months after seedling transplantation, treatments of 4.2 g/L CRF in 115 cc and 180 cc containers were shown to have the best positive effect on morphological variables of seedlings, with a root collar diameter of 3.76 mm and a height of 13.25 cm. Regarding the potential niche models, an area of 6321.97 km² with ideal conditions for reforestation with R. rospigliosii was estimated, with the departments of Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, and Cusco showing the highest potential. Based on this, it is estimated that over three million plants are needed for large-scale reforestation projects. Integrating silvicultural studies with niche models is a valuable tool for supporting reforestation and ecosystem restoration projects.
TOMOGRAFÍA ACÚSTICA, UNA TECNOLOGÍA PARA LA SELECCIÓN DE ÁRBOLES SEMILLEROS EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA
(Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, 2024-12-02) Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Fernández Sandoval , Ándres; Macedo Ramírez, Arturo Tomas; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Pérez Arirama, Jorge Enrique; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Macedo Ladeira Carvalho, Ana Márcia
La forestación y reforestación ayudan a frenar la deforestación; pero las plantaciones en el Perú muestran baja productividad debido al uso de semillas de calidad genética deficiente. La selección en masa es la primera fase de los programas de mejoramiento, evaluando características dasométricas y morfométricas. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la sanidad interna se evalúa con técnicas poco precisas. El estudio tuvo por objetivo demostrar que la tomografía acústica es clave para seleccionar de árboles semilleros en la Amazonıá peruana. Se evaluaron las especies Anaueria brasiliensis, Aspidosperma parvifolium, Bertholletia excelsa, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Dipteryx micrantha, Nectandra cuspidata y Schefflera morototoni. Se utilizó el tomógrafo acústico para evaluar la sanidad, se analizóla incidencia por especie y el porcentaje de afectación mediante la prueba de Kruskal Wallis; y se evaluó la asociación de la sanidad con variables dasométricas. Anaueria brasiliensis presentó la mayor afectación (45,4%), mientras que Bertholletia excelsa y Cedrelinga cateniformis mostraron los menores porcentajes (0,9%). Existió diferencias significativas para el porcentaje de afectación de los árboles candidatos (p < 0,05) y presentaron fuertes asociaciones positivas con las variables dasométricas. Este estudio confirma que la tomografía acústica es fundamental en la selección de árboles semilleros en la amazonıá peruana.
Spatial Variability of Soil Acidity and Lime Requirements for Potato Cultivation in the Huánuco Highlands
(MDPI, 2024-12-13) Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Mejía, Sharon; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Alejandro Mendez, Lidiana Rene; Verástegui Martinez, Patricia; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Soil acidity is a major limiting factor for potato production in Peru's high Andean region. This study aims to predict the spatial variability of soil acidity as a fundamental tool for recommending site-specific liming treatments and to identify the physical-chemical characteristics most closely related to soil acidity. The soil samples were collected from five locations in the province of Pachitea, Huánuco. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson correlation analysis were used to identify the soil properties contributing most to total variance and those most strongly correlated with soil acidity. The ordinary geostatistical kriging method evaluated the predictive accuracy for 23 soil properties and liming requirements over a 28,463 ha area, at a spatial resolution of 10 m. Results showed that the Plaza Punta and Buenos Aires locations had more degraded acidic soils, with frequencies between 55% and 100% above the general mean (30.94 ± 24.87%) and the critical threshold (25%) for potato cultivation. Variables such as exchangeable calcium percentage (ECP), Ca2+, Mg2+, sand content, and organic matter strongly correlated with soil acidity, while exchangeable H+ and ECP were the main contributors to the total variance. Geostatistical analysis revealed that Mg2+ and Ca2+ had the highest R² values (0.87 and 0.76, respectively), indicating a strong fit between observed and predicted values in the spatial analysis of soil acidity. It is concluded that the agricultural dolomite requirements in the localities of Plaza Punta and Buenos Aires exhibit high spatial predictability. Additionally, the analysis of diverse soil physicochemical properties is emphasized as critical for determining precise application rates.