The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru

dc.contributor.authorThomas, Evert
dc.contributor.authorAtkinson, Rachel
dc.contributor.authorZavaleta, Diego
dc.contributor.authorRodriguez, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorLastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano
dc.contributor.authorYovera, Fredy
dc.contributor.authorArango, Karina
dc.contributor.authorPezo, Abel
dc.contributor.authorAguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali
dc.contributor.authorTames, Miriam
dc.contributor.authorRamos, Ana
dc.contributor.authorCruz, Wilbert
dc.contributor.authorCosme, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorEspinoza, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorChavez, Carmen Rosa
dc.contributor.authorLadd, Brenton
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-05T17:27:34Z
dc.date.available2023-06-05T17:27:34Z
dc.date.issued2023-04-11
dc.description.abstractPeru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao beans are restricted to specific regions in the country, but to date no reliable maps exist of expected cadmium concentrations in soils and cacao beans. Drawing on >2000 representative samples of cacao beans and soils we developed multiple national and regional random forest models to develop predictive maps of cadmium in soil and cacao beans across the area suitable for cacao cultivation. Our model projections show that elevated concentrations of cadmium in cacao soils and beans are largely restricted to the northern parts of the country in the departments of Tumbes, Piura, Amazonas and Loreto, as well as some very localized pockets in the central departments of Huánuco and San Martin. Unsurprisingly, soil cadmium was the by far most important predictor of bean cadmium. Aside from the south-eastern to north-western spatial trend of increasing cadmium values in soils and beans, the most important predictors of both variables in nation-wide models were geology, rainfall seasonality, soil pH and rainfall. At regional level, alluvial deposits and mining operations were also associated with higher cadmium levels in cacao beans. Based on our predictive map of cadmium in cacao beans we estimate that while at a national level <20 % of cacao farming households might be impacted by the cadmium regulations, in the most affected department of Piura this could be as high as 89 %.en
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationThomas, E.; Atkinson, R.; Zavaleta, D.; Rodriguez, C.; Lastra, S.; Yovera, F.; ... & Ladd, B. (2023). The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru. Science of The Total Environment, 881, 163372. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372es_PE
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2185
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevieren
dc.publisher.countryPE
dc.relation.ispartofScience of the Total Environmenten
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceInstituto Nacional de Innovación Agrariaes_PE
dc.source.uriRepositorio Institucional - INIAes_PE
dc.subjectGeologyen
dc.subjectSeasonalityen
dc.subjectPrecipitationen
dc.subjectpHen
dc.subjectSoil textureen
dc.subjectRandom foresten
dc.subject.agrovocGeologyen
dc.subject.agrovocGeologiaes_PE
dc.subject.agrovocSeasonalityen
dc.subject.agrovocEstacionalidades_PE
dc.subject.agrovocPrecipitationen
dc.subject.agrovocPrecipitación atmosféricaes_PE
dc.subject.agrovocpHen
dc.subject.agrovocSoil textureen
dc.subject.agrovocTextura del sueloes_PE
dc.subject.ocdehttps://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.04
dc.titleThe distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peruen
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
google.citation.firstpage163372
google.citation.volume881

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