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URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/9

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Sustainable enhancement of purple corn traits using Azospirillum brasilense–glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum inoculants: Evidence from andean agroecosystems – Perú
(Preprints.org, 2025-06-09) Rondinel Huanco, Bill; Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocío; García Blasquez, Morote Cayo; Quispe Tenorio, José Antonio; Velásquez Mantari, José; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Purple corn (Zea mays L.), a traditional Andean crop valued for its high anthocyanin content and increasing relevance in the nutraceutical industry. However, its production is challenged by envirmental stress and the overuse of chemical fertilizers in Andean ecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense (a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, PGPR) and Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF) on growth and yield performance in five purple corn genotypes under highland field conditions in Ayacucho,Peru. A randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented across two locations to compare a control (no inoculation) with individual and combined microbial treatments. Results showed that combined inoculation significantly improved vegetive parameters, ear and yield-related traits in both locations, with increases of up to 60.8% in grain yield compared to the control. Statistically significant differences were observed among treatments and genotypes (Tukey, p < 0.05), with the Canaán location showing the highest overall performance between control and combined microbial treatments. These findings support the potential of PGPR-AMF consortia to sustainably enhance purple corn productivity and resilience, offering a viable alternative to reduce chemical inputs in Andean agriculture.
Challenges of organic amendments: Impact of vermicompost leachate and biochar on popcorn maize in saline soil
(Preprints.org, 2025-05-09) Rivas, Brenda; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Organic amendments offer a sustainable strategy to enhance soil quality in degraded environments, while also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas generation and implementing a green economy. This study evaluated the comparative effects of two organic amendments— vermicompost leachate and biochar—on the performance of Popcorn maize (Zea mays L. var. everta) grown under saline soil conditions. Four treatments were tested: T0 (Control), T1 (Vermicompost leachate), T2 (Biochar), and T3 (Vermicompost leachate + Biochar), each with 10 replicates arranged in a Completely Random Design (CRD). Although several soil physicochemical, microbiological, and agronomic parameters showed no significant differences compared to the control, biochar application led to notable improvements in soil total organic carbon, microbial community (mesophilic aerobes bacteria, molds, and yeasts), and increased seed length and diameter. In contrast, vermicompost leachate alone had a detrimental effect on plant growth, including reduced leaf area, stem thickness, and grain yield. Notably, grain yield declined by 46% with leachate alone and by 31% when combined with biochar, compared to the control. These results highlight the superior performance of biochar over vermicompost leachate as a soil amendment under saline conditions and underscore the potential risks of broadly applying compost teas in stressed soils. Site-specific assessments and screening for phytotoxins and phytopathogens are recommended before use. Furthermore, the combined use of leachate and biochar may not be advisable under the tested soil characteristics.
Reinvindication of pre-hispanic agricultural technologies for a future food crisis: A scientometric study of the high fields based on citespace and VOSviewer
(Preprints.org, 2025-04-03) Oscanoa Gamarra, Luis; Olivera Vilca, Socrates; Cuellar Condori, Nestor; Arroyo Paz, Antonio; Osso Arriz, Oscar; Leon Manrique, Brunilda; Farromeque Meza, María del Rosario; Dextre Mendoza, Rodolfo; Virú Vásquez, Paul; Rodriguez Flores, Ruben; Gabriel Gaspar, María; Bravo Toledo, Luigi
This study aimed to bibliometrically analyze the scientific production on pre-Hispanic agricultural technologies, highlighting their potential to address contemporary challenges related to food security and sustainability. To achieve this, 584 documents from SCOPUS (1932–2024) were examined using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, enabling the mapping of co-authorship networks, keywords, and institutional collaborations, as well as reviewing citation indicators, h-index, and gindex. The results indicate a substantial increase in publications since the 1980s, with accelerated growth from the 2000s onward. The United States leads in publication volume, followed by the United Kingdom, China, India, and France. Prominent among the research institutions are multidisciplinary centers specializing in archaeology, ecology, and biotechnology. Influential journals in the field include Journal of Archaeological Science, The Holocene, and Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. The keyword analysis underscores the significance of ancestral agricultural systems (raised fields, terraces, chinampas) and the integration of modern methodologies (genomics, remote sensing) to enhance their applicability in climate change scenarios. In conclusion, the growing attention to these technologies highlights their value as viable and sustainable alternatives, rooted in agroecological diversity, to strengthen food security and increase the resilience of modern agricultural systems.
Ichu valorization by Pleurotus spp. cultivation and potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer
(MDPI, 2025-03-18) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Dionisio, Luis; Burga, Lyana; Javier Astete, Rosario Elyzabeth; Quispe Apaza, Cinthia Sheila; Oscco, Persing; Johnson, Luis
The high Andean grass Jarava ichu (Poaceae) plays a vital role in water regulation and aquifer recharge. However, its limited use is often linked to forest fires, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Therefore, this study aims to explore the valorization of ichu as a substratefor the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor and P. ostreatus) and to evaluate the potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer, offering an ecological alternative to grassland burning in the Peruvian Andes. Samples of ichu from the district of Tomás (Lima, Peru) were used as culture substrate, analyzing productivity indicators such as crop cycle (CC), biological efficiency (EB) and production rate (PR), together with the nutritional profile of the fungi and the chemical properties of the residual substrate. The results showed an average biological efficiency of 19.8%, with no significant differences (p>0.05) in CC, EB or PR among the species, confirming the viability of ichu as a substrate. The fungi presented a high protein content (24.1-30.41% on a dry basis), highlighting its nutritional value. In addition, the residual substrate exhibited elevated levels of phosphorus (795.9-1296.9 ppm) and potassium (253.1-291.3 ppm) compared to raw ichu (0.11-7.77 ppm for both nutrients). Germination tests on radish seeds showed rates between 80% and 100%, without inhibition, supporting its potential as a biofertilizer. This study demonstrates the doublé potential of ichu as a substrate for the sustainable production of edible mushrooms of high nutritional value and as a source of biofertilizers
Impact of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Cultivation: A Peruvian Amazon Forest Study in San Martín Province
(Scielo Preprint, 2024-03-12) Arevalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Rodriguez Toribio, Elmer; Rosillo, Leodan; Diaz Chuqizuta, Henry; Torres Chávez, Edson Esmith; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Siqueira Bahia, Rita de Cassia; Perez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth
Green manuring is an environmentally friendly technology aimed at providing nutrients to plants, enhancing soil fertility, mitigating soil degradation, controlling weeds and pests, and decreasing reliance on inorganic fertilizers. However, it requires dissemination and support to be adopted, especially in the poorest agricultural communities in Latin America. The study was conducted at the El Porvenir INIA in San Martín, Perú; it assessed two treatment sets: (1) green manure Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiforme (CanE), no green manure; and (2) nitrogen fertilizer dose (FN75, FN100). It was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. During the experiment we detected an important fluctuation in soil parameters, however, it is the diminished levels of soil carbon and nitrogen, which were presumably the outcomes of microorganism processes. Otherwise, we observed that CanE significantly reduced the diseased tillers by "White Leaf Virus" (RHBV) by 2.82% compared to the control. The superior outcomes were achieved through CanE, and the highest yield was 8.36 t.ha¯¹ with the CanE - FN100 treatment. Additionally, the nutritional quality of rice was not altered by green manures or chemical nitrogen fertilization doses tested.
The complete chloroplast genome of a centennial olive tree (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) from the southern Peruvian coast
(F1000Research, 2024-12-04) Saldaña, Carla L.; Chura Llanos, Luz S.; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Zirena Vilca, Franz; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Amasifuen Guerra, Carlos Alberto; Gutierrez Reynoso, Dina Lida; Injante Silva, Pedro Hugo; Arbizu, Carlos I
Olive (Olea europaea Linaeus 1753) is one of the valuable fruit trees and very important edible oil plant in the world. The chloroplast (cp) genome of an olive tree (Olea europaea) from the southern Peruvian arid coast was obtained for the first time. Genomic DNA of high quality was used to generate librarieswith Illumina Hiseq paired-end methods. The cp genome is 155,886 pb in length and contains a large single-copy region (LSC) of 86,610 pb and a small single copy region (SSC) of 17,790 pb separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,741bp). The cp genome of olive contains 124 genes that consists of 80 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA, eight rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis showed this olive tree is sister to O. europaea subsp. maroccana ( Oleeae tribe). This study presents the first overview of the chloroplast genome organization and phylogenetics of O. europaea, offering valuable insights for genetic and evolutionary research in the genus Olea.
Guinea Pig Manure and Mineral Fertilizers Enhance the Yield and Nutritional Quality of the INIA 619 Maize Variety on the Peruvian Coast
(Preprints.org, 2025-02-28) Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Borbor Ponce, Miryam; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sustainable fertilization using local resources like manure is crucial for soil health. This study evaluated the potential of guinea pig manure to replace mineral fertilizers in hard yellow maize (hybrid INIA 619) under Peruvian coastal conditions. A split-plot design tested four doses of guinea pig manure (0, 2, 5, 10 t ha-1) and four levels of mineral fertilization (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The study assessed plant height, ear characteristics, yield, and nutritional quality parameters. The results indicated that 100% mineral fertilization led to the highest plant height (229.67 cm) and grain weight (141.8 g). Yields of 9.19 and 9.08 t ha-1 were achieved with 5 and 10 t ha-1 of manure, while 50% mineral fertilization gave 8.8 t ha-1, similar to the full dose (8.7 t ha-1). Protein content was highest with 10 t ha-1 of manure combined with mineral fertilization. However, no significant differences were found between the 50%, 75%, and 100% mineral fertilizer doses. In conclusion, applying guinea pig manure improved nutrient use efficiency, yield, and grain protein quality in maize, reducing the need for mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. This provides a sustainable fertilization strategy for agricultural systems.
Sustainability of Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) for the Development of Highland Livestock Farming in the Northern Macro-Region of Peru
(Preprints.org, 2024-10-10) Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Diaz, Arturo; Becerra, Yessica; Vallejos Fernández, Luis A.; Florián, Roy; Carrasco Chilón, William Leoncio; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos; Muñoz Vilchez, Yudith
The productive sustainability of Pennisetum clandestinum in the Peruvian highlands was evaluated through productivity, growth and chemical composition. The effect of the nitrogen (N2) dose applied to the soil, the use of organic matter and the frequency of cutting or phenological age on the productive yields, chemical composition, plant height and growth rate of Kikuyu were determined. Experimentation was carried out under a randomised block design in divided plots. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to determine the associated differences in each study factor. It was determined that applying 120 kg of N2 increases the annual protein production to 3 454.53 kg ha-¹. yr-¹, and a crude protein (CP) level of 23.54%, the distance of the live fences influences the biomass production to 19 176.23 kg DM ha-¹ at an interval of 8.5 to 11.5 meters from the base of the cypress tree (Cupressus lusitanica). Organic matter favours the biomass yield of Kikuyu. Although there is no difference in dry matter production between 30 and 60 days of cutting, CP production is higher at 30 (p<0.05). The highest DM production per day is obtained at 45 days, generating a higher biomass accumulation of 21 186.9 kg DM ha-¹. yr-¹. The consideration of Pennisetum clandestinum for dairy cattle is viable, taking into account that the possibility of implementing a plant improvement programme on this species is open, aimed at increasing the composition of the diet in high-production cows due to its high yield and good chemical composition in highland conditions.
Holistic sustainability in cattle ranching: A tri-dimensional framework for social, economic, and environmental resilience
(2025-01-08) Tafur Culqui, Josue; Gomez Fernandez, Darwin; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Taboada Mitma, Victor H.; Quichua Baldeon, Rosalia; Arce Inga, Marielita; Anchayhua, Janella; Rabanal Oyarse, Raul; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Tineo Flores, Daniel
Sustainability is a multidisciplinary concept that integrates social, economic, and environmental dimensions. To assess sustainability in production systems, this study employed a multidimensional approach, using indicators that reflect these three dimensions. The research focused on understanding the current dynamics of livestock farming by surveying 120 livestock farmers who provided prior consent. Indicators were quantified using a weighted scale, where values close to 10 represented the most desirable conditions, and values near 0 indicated the least desirable. The findings revealed key insights across the three dimensions. Social dimension: The age of the farmer emerged as a significant factor, with agricultural training playing a secondary role. Economic dimension: Annual yield and economic dependency on livestock farming were identified as critical factors y, Environmental dimension: Farm specialization, water availability, and soil erosion were highlighted as essential indicators for sustainable development. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between these indicators. More experienced producers tended to rely more heavily on livestock farming for their income, achieving higher yields but often at the cost of intensive land use. These results underscore the need for balanced actions to promote sustainability, such as reducing social inequalities, diversifying animal production, supporting ongoing training for farmers, improving water management practices. In conclusion, achieving sustainability in livestock farming requires a holistic approach that balances social, economic, and environmental factors. Addressing these areas can enhance both the sustainability of production systems and the quality of life for livestock farmers.
First characterization of somatic proteins of trematodes of the family Paramphistomidae by SDS-PAGE isolated from cattle from the Cajamarca region, Peru.
(Research Square, 2024-12-02) Fernandez Mendoza, Charito Jennyfer; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Cueva Rodriguez, Medali; Aliaga Tambo, Hector Fernando; Hoban Vergara, Cristian; Rodriguez Ulloa, Claudia; Alvarez Garcia, Wuesley Yuesmein; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Cabrera Gonzalez, Marco Antonio
Paramphistomosis is a gastrointestinal parasitic disease with high prevalence in tropical and subtropical areas. This study characterized somatic proteins of adult trematodes of the Paramphistomidae family by SDS-PAGE. 630 adult parasites were collected from the rumen and reticulum of slaughtered cattle in Cajamarca, Peru. 21 protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 15 kDa to 119 kDa were identified. These findings may contribute to alternative control programs, including the development of vaccines and selection of appropriate drugs.
Compost quality optimization through Plackett-Burman’s design
(OICC Press, 2024-08-28) Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Mendez Revollar, Yerly; Solorzano Acosta, Richard; Lastra, Sphyros; Carrion Carrera, Gladys
Purpose: This research aimed at compost quality optimization through Plackett-Burman’s design application.This statistical method was used to identify and evaluate key factors that impact compost quality and determine its optimal levels. Method: Eight experiments were carried out with variables such as leachate recirculation, Carbon/Nitrogen ratio,manure type, bacterial and fungi incorporation, type of plant material, and compost pile height. Results: Obtained results revealed significant influence of guinea pig manure in compost quality, improving pH and electric conductivity (dS∙m-1) values, as well as its influence on purple corn fresh and dry weight increase. However, the use of guinea pig manure can increase arsenic, mercury, and lead compost levels, but within the range allowed by Peruvian technical standards. Leachate recirculation showed significant effect on compost humidity increase, which decreased its physical quality to not permitted values by Peruvian technical standards. In addition, leachate uses a reduced number of corn leaves, as well as its fresh and dry weight. It was possible to identify optimal conditions to maximize composting process efficiency, through Plackett-Burman’s Design. Conclusion: These findings provide a solid foundation for composting practice's continuous improvement, contributing to high-quality organic fertilizer production more efficiently and sustainably. This study has the potential to guide future research and feasible applications in the agricultural field, favoring more environmentally friendly practices adoption.
Gastrointestinal parasites in free grazing goats from Ayacucho, Peru: prevalence and risk factors associated with infection in herds
(Research Square, 2024-03-28) Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Ramos Huaman, Michael; Flores Prado, Vania; Godoy Padilla, David; Zárate Rendón, Daniel A.
recording the location, sex, and age of the animals. The fecal samples were analyzed using the flotation technique in salt and sugar solution, and modified McMaster egg counting techniques for eggs/oocysts (epg/opg) of gastrointestinal parasites. The associations between location, sex, and age with the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites were analyzed using the chi-square test. Fecal samples showed an overall parasite prevalence of 87.80%. The identified parasites were Eimeria spp. (86.22%), Strongyle type eggs (STE) (65.75%), Skrjabinema sp. (7.87%), Trichuris sp. (3.15%) and Moniezia spp. (3.15%). There was no significant association between the location and the presence of parasites (p<0.05), however, there was a higher prevalence and parasite variety in Luricocha. Sex and age did not have a significant association with parasitosis (p>0.05), except in prevalences of Trichurisspp. and Moniezia spp. (p<0.05). The epg/opg values revealed a higher parasite burden in goats from Colca compared to the other locations (p<0.05). There was also no statistical relationship between fecal egg/oocyst counts and sex or age, nevertheless, there were moderate and high parasitic burdens. The high prevalence of parasites such as nematodes and Eimeria spp. the need to implement strategic control and prevention programs in goats, where location and sex were found to be the most relevant risk factors for parasitosis in Ayacucho, Peru.
Digital soil mapping of metals and metalloids in croplands using multiple geospatial data and machine learning, implemented in GEE, for the Peruvian Mantaro Valley
(Elsevier, 2024-03-29) Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel; Vera Vilchez, Jesús Emilio; Huamani, Joseph; Cruz, Juancarlos; Lastra, Sphyros; Solórzano Acosta, Richard; Verástegui Martínez, Patricia
Quality and safety of the soil are essential to ensure social and economic development and provides the supply of contaminant free food. With agriculture intensification, expansion of urban zones, construction of roads, and mining, some agricultural soils sites become polluted increasing environmental risks to ecosystems functions and human health. Hence the need know the spatial distribution of elements in soils, we mapped 25 elements, namely Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Be, K, Na, As, Sb, Se, Tl, Cd, Zn, Al, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, Fe, Co, Mn and V, using various geospatial datasets, such as remote sensing, climate, topography, soil data, and distance, to establish the spatial estimation models of spatial distribution trained trough machine learning model with a supervised dataset of 109 topsoil samples, into Google earth engine platform. Using R2, RMSE and MAE to assess the prediction accuracy. First Random Forest gave satisfactory results in predicting the distribution of analyzed elements in soil, being improved for some elements when adds more trees. Additionally, each element analyzed has a different combination of environmental covariates as predictor, mainly soil, climate, topographic and distance variables especially croplands close to rivers, with less importance for spectral variables. Our results suggest that is possible to identify polluted soils and improved regulations to minimize harm to environmental health and human health, for short-to-medium-term environmental risk control.
Draft genome sequence and SSR data mining of “pumpo” (Bos taurus), a top bull from a peruvian genetic nucleus
(MDPI, 2024-06-18) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Casanova Nuñez Melgar, David Pavel; Vásquez Pérez, Hector Vladimir; Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Pumpo is a Simmental breed and an essential livestock resource in the nucleus genetic cattle of Peru. This study provides a draft genome sequence of a top bull using a de novo assembly approach on the Illumina Novaseq X platform, yielding 208 GB of raw sequencing data with 150 bp paired‐end reads. The final genome assembly resulted in a size of 2.06 Gb with an N50 contig length of 108 Mb and a completeness of 95.7% according to BUSCO analysis. A total of 973,925 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified, with a predominance of mononucleotide repeats. The genome showed low heterozygosity (0.568%) and moderate repeatability (11.5%), aligning with other Bos taurus genomes. Reference‐guided scaffolding improved the assembly quality significantly, producing an N50 scaffold value of 108 Mb. The SSR analysis of the Pumpo genome identified 973,925 SSRs with a frequency of 2,808 SSRs per kilobase, predominantly mononucleotide repeats, and 85,453 found in compound formations. Obtaining knowledge of the genome of a breeding Simmental bull is essential to optimize breeding programs and improve productivity.
Intake and digestibility of four rations with different fiber levels in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
(Springer, 2024-01-16) Obregón Cruz, Ana Belén; Gómez Bravo, Carlos Alfredo; Osorio Zavala, Cesar Mauro; Van Saun, Robert John
The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of different dietary fiber levels on intake and apparent nutrient digestibility of nutrients in alpacas, and to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) from the content of crude protein (CP) in feces. The study was carried out with twelve alpacas (36.7 ± 6.4 kg BW), which were offered 4 treatments with different neutral detergent fiber content (NDF. T1: 40.3%; T2: 62.1%; T3: 67.8%; T4: 71.6%) under a switch back design. Dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for T1 (612 g/d) while T4 consumed less (470 g/d. p ≤ 0.05), when correcting DMI for body weight (BW) and metabolic weight (MW) was equal between treatments (p ≥ 005). NDF intake was similar between treatments when related to BW or MW (on average 1%BW and 23.2 g/kg BW0.75. p ≥ 0.05). Water intake (L/day) was higher in T1 compared to the other treatments, with values ranging from 1.8 L/day (T1) to 1.4 L/day (T4), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein was higher in T1 than in the other treatments, with average values ranging from 65% for T1 to 48% for T4 (p ≤ 0.05). NDF digestibility was similar among treatments (p ≥ 0.05). The regression equation generated to predict OM digestibility (y) was as follows: y = 0.07635-(-0.33866*exp (-(-0.51457)*Fecal CP(g/kg OM)/100)). Further studies will indicate whether faecal nitrogen can be used to estimate digestibility and hence diet quality in South American camelids.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the Peruvian Andean legume, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), with high quality SNPs
(MDPI, 2023-01-19) Huaringa Joaquin, Amelia; Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Saravia Navarro, David; García Bendezú, Sady; Rodriguez Grados, Pedro; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Camarena, Felix; Injante Silva, Pedro Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Fabaceae), “tarwi” or “chocho”, is an important grain legume in the Andean region. In Peru, studies on tarwi have mainly focused on morphological features; however, they have not been molecularly characterized. Currently, it is possible to explore the genetic parameters of plants with reliable and modern methods such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Here, for the first time, we used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to infer the genetic diversity and population structure of 89 accessions of tarwi from nine Andean regions of Peru. A total of 5922 SNPs distributed along all chromosomes of tarwi were identified. STRUCTURE analysis revealed that this crop is grouped into two clusters. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm and, like the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed two groups that correspond to the geographic origin of the tarwi samples. AMOVA showed a reduced variation between clusters (7.59%) and indicated that variability within populations is 92.41%. Population divergence (Fst) between clusters 1 and 2 revealed low genetic difference (0.019). We also detected a negative Fis for both populations, demonstrating that, like other Lupinus species, tarwi also depends on cross-pollination. SNP markers were powerful and effective for the genotyping process in this germplasm. We hope that this information is the beginning of the path towards a modern genetic improvement and conservation strategies of this important Andean legume.
Morphological variability of 65 amaranth accessions from the Cajamarca Region, Peru
(Research Square, 2023-10-11) Escalante Ortiz, Lucia Emperatriz; Santa Cruz Padilla, Angel Esteban; Eugenio Leiva, Araceli; Vasquez Orrillo, Jorge Luis; Rodriguez Lopez, Silvia Yanina; Soriano Morales, Susan Haydee; Seminario Cunya, Juan Fransisco
Amaranth is a promising crop for the Cajamarca region and Peru. The National Institute of Agrarian Innovation (INIA) from Peru preserves a national collection of 552 amaranth accessions; however, there needs to be a detailed study of the morphology of these materials. In this research, 65 accessions were morphologically characterized based on their place of origin, using 21 descriptors standardized by INIA-Peru. The clustering of accessions and principal component analysis showed the presence of 38 groups and a duplication rate of 41.5% of accessions at a taxonomic distance of 0.62. In addition, 18 morphological characters that significantly contributed to morphological variability were identified and explained by the first six principal components. Due to the scarcity of studies on amaranth, it is recommended to conduct more characterization and molecular studies to obtain better approximations of the genetic diversity of the amaranth germplasm to be used on amaranth plant breeding programs.
Rye production under acid soils and drought conditions: an alternative for the sustainability of high Andean livestock farming in Peru
(MDPI, 2023-07-05) Carrasco Chilón, William Leoncio; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir
The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p < 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p > 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1868.4 and 1797.8 kg ha−1 of grain, respectively (p = 0.0072); the use of 60 kg ha of nitrogen, 120 kg ha−1 of P2O5, and 80 kg ha−1 of K2O gave higher grain and residue yields. The high nutritional value and yield of the rye ecotypes studied in acid soil conditions and without irrigation can be an alternative for livestock feeding and grain production in the rainy season in the Andes as a dual-purpose crop.
Predictive characteristics of male fertility in alpacas with special reference to seminal NGF
(Elsevier, 2023-12-29) Carrasco, R. A.; Bogle, O. A.; Ratto, M. H.; Ulloa Leal, C.; Mamani Cato, Rubén Herberht; Adams, Gregg Patrick
Recent studies document the LH-releasing pathway of nerve growth factor (NGF) in male camelids and that the LH response to seminal NGF is associated with elevated plasma testosterone concentration. Results provide rationale for the hypothesis that NGF in semen is associated with male fertility. In Experiment 1, the association between the amount of NGF in the ejaculate and characteristics of the male reproductive system was examined in alpacas. The concentration of NGF was measured by radioimmunoassay in semen samples collected from male alpacas (n = 47) and correlated with sperm morphology and motility, and measurements of the male reproductive anatomy. Most ejaculates had NGF concentrations that, based on previous studies, triggered ovulation in female camelids, however, we only found a positive correlation between NGF concentration with sperm concentration, thread formation and total NGF, and a negative correlation with pH. In Experiment 2, a retrospective analysis was carried out to determine if breeding performance during the previous season was related to recent concentrations of seminal NGF in male alpacas (n = 22). Birth rates tended to be correlated with sperm concentration and total amount of NGF in the ejaculate (P = 0.09). Experiment 3 was a prospective study to determine the relationship between seminal NGF (n = 8 male alpacas) and ovulation and pregnancy rates in a breeding trial. No association was detected between seminal NGF concentration and ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, or LH response in the female. We conclude that among the breeding males used in our study, the abundance of seminal NGF was correlated with sperm concentration and thread formation, however, it was not predictive of male fertility in alpacas. Examination of males not previously selected as breeding stock may be expected to include a broader range of seminal NGF and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between seminal NGF and male fertility.
Índices de reflectancia espectral de pigmentos en hojas de cultivos andinos
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2023-06-20) Solano Reynoso, Walter Mario; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham; Soca Flores, Renato; Torres Huaripaucar, Noel; Dávalos Prado, Juan Zenón
Para esta investigación se estudiaron los índices de reflectancia espectral de pigmentos (clorofila, antocianina y carotenoides) contenidos en hojas de 6 variedades de cultivos andinos registrados en el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) de Ayacucho, Perú: maíz de grano blanco (MB) INIA 620 Wari y maíz de grano y tusa de color morado INIA 615 Negro Canaán (MM) (Zea mays); tubérculos de papa color blanca (PB) de la variedad Yungay y tubérculos de papa de color roja (PR) INIA 316 Roja Ayacuchana (Solanum tuberosum); y quinua de grano blanco (QB) de la variedad Blanca de Junín y de grano rojo (QR) INIA 620 Pasankalla (Chenopodium quinoa). Los índices se determinaron a partir de datos de reflectancia espectral R(λ) entre 350 y 2500 nm, obtenidos mediante el espectrorradiómetro ASD FieldSpec 4, entre el 17 de febrero y el 9 de marzo de 2020, tiempo dividido en tres periodos bien definidos (inicial, crítico y final). Las medidas directas de reflectancia R(λ) en la región visible mostraron una mayor presencia de antocianinas en la quinua roja (QR) que en el resto de cultivos. Los 4 índices de clorofila calculados (SR, NDCI,ChlRE, Chlgreen) tienen el mismo comportamiento hacia el descenso para cada cultivo estudiado, por lo que puede utilizarse cualquiera de ellos en la cuantificación del contenido de clorofila. La quinua roja, a diferencia de los otros, mostró una tendencia al incremento en la última medición. Para los índices de antocianinas y carotenoides los índices utilizados muestran también el mismo comportamiento en cada cultivo, es decir, tendencia a la disminución o estabilización, como en la QB, QR Y PR. En el caso del índice de la razón carotenoides/clorofila (Car/Chl) no se da la misma tendencia en cada cultivo; sin embargo, el índice CClHE es el que mejor se acomoda en los 6 cultivos, por mostrar más estacionariedad para todos los cultivos. No obstante, es recomendable validar su uso para cada cultivo.

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