Examinando por Materia "Genetic diversity"

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A microsatellite study on the genetic distance between suri and huacaya phenotypes in peruvian alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
(2012-01) La Manna, Vincenzo; La Terza, Antonietta; Dharaneedharan, S.; Ghezzi, Silvia; Arumugam Saravanaperumal, S.; Apaza, Nolberto; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio; Bozzi, Riccardo; Renieri, Carlo
Two coat phenotypes exist in alpaca: the Huacaya and the Suri. The two coats have different textile characteristics and different prices on the market. Although present scientific knowledge suggests a simple genetic model of inheritance, there is a tendency to manage and consider the two phenotypes as two different breeds. A 14-microsatellite panel was used in this study to assess genetic distance between Suri and Huacaya alpacas in a sample of non-related animals from two phenotypically pure flocks at the Illpa-Puno experimental station in Quimsachata. Peru. The animals are part of a germplasm established approximately 20 years ago and have been bred separately according to their coat type since then. Genetic variability parameters were also calculated. The codominant data was statistically analysed using the software Genalex 6.3, Phylip 3.69 and Fstat 2.9.3.2. The sample was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and after strict Bonferroni correction only one locus (LCA37) showed deviation from equilibrium (P<0.05). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was also tested and 9 loci associations showed significant disequilibrium. Observed heterozygosis (Ho= 0.766; SE=0.044), expected heterozygosis (He=0.769; SE=0.033), number of alleles (Na=9.667, SE=0.772) and Fixation index (F=0.004; SE=0.036) are comparable to data from previous studies. Measures of genetic distance were 0.06 forNei’s and 0.03 for Cavalli-Sforza’s. The analysis of molecular variance reported no existing variance between populations. Considering the origin of the animals, their post domestication evolution and the reproductive practices in place, the results suggest that there is no genetic differentiation between the two populations for the studied loci.
Agromorfología de 21 accesiones del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Decanato de Agronomía, Venezuela, 2026-09-01) Lindo Seminario, David Enrique; Bustamante Carrasco, Lesly Ysabel; Mendez Farroñan, Sandra Johana; Morales Pizarro, Arturo
El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) es un cultivo de gran relevancia a nivel global por su valor nutricional y capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno. En el Perú, existe una brecha de información sobre el potencial genético y la respuesta al estrés abiótico de las accesiones conservadas ex situ. Esto resalta la importancia de explorar la diversidad genética de esta especie conservada por el Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) responsable de su resguardo y conservación. Con el fin de explorar este recurso, se caracterizaron fenotípicamente 21 accesiones de C. arietinum L. empleando 36 descriptores agromorfológicos (18 cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos). El análisis de conglomerados diferenció la colección en cinco grupos, cuya conformación fue determinada principalmente por el número de vainas por planta, el peso de 100 semillas (PES100S) y la época de madurez, rasgos que mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (p≤0,01). El Grupo 1 presentó el mayor rendimiento en número de vainas (219 ± 32,5) y un ciclo vegetativo de 134 ± 4,42 días a la madurez de semilla; mientras que, los grupos 4 y 5 mostraron los valores más bajos. Adicionalmente, el análisis de correspondencia múltiple evidenció que las características de la semilla fueron las que explicaron la mayor proporción de la variabilidad cualitativa (45,3 %). La caracterización fenotípica permitió identificar accesiones promisorias, como las del Grupo 1 y 3, con alto potencial para ser integradas en programas de mejoramiento genético orientados a la agricultura sostenible del país.
An international breeding project using a wild potato relative Solanum commersonii resulted in two new frost-tolerant native potato cultivars for the Andes and the Altiplano
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-03-05) Arcos Pineda, Jesus Heraclides; Del Rio, Alfonso H.; Bamberg, John B.; Vega Semorile, Sandra E.; Palta, Jiwan P.; Salas, Alberto; Gomez, Rene; Roca, William; Ellis, David
This breeding project, initiated at the United States Potato Genebank (USPG) in collaboration with Peruvian partners Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria (INIA), International Potato Center, Peru (CIP), and local farmers, sought to enhance cold hardiness and frost tolerance in native potato cultivars in Peru. The Andes and Altiplano are often affected by frost, which causes significant reduction in yield; creating varieties with superior resilience is a critical undertaking. The goal was to transfer outstanding non-acclimated cold tolerance and acclimation capacity found in wild potato species Solanum commersonii (cmm). Breeding families segregating for cold hardiness were created using (a) a somatic hybrid cmm + haploid Solanum tuberosum (tbr) (cv. Superior, US variety from Wisconsin) as male and (b) seven cultivars native to Peru of the species S. tuberosum sbsp. andigenum (adg) as females. All plant materials were part of the USPG germplasm collection. Sexual seeds of each family were sent to Peru for evaluations under the natural conditions of the Andean highlands and Altiplano. The plants were assessed for their response to frost, and genotypes showing exceptional tolerance were selected. Plants were also evaluated for good tuber traits and yield. Initial planting involving ~2,500 seedlings in five locations resulted in selecting 58 genotypes with exceptional frost tolerance, good recovery capacity after frost, and good tuber traits. Over the years, evaluations continued and were expanded to replicated field trials in the harsher conditions of the Altiplano (Puno). All trials confirmed consistency of frost tolerance over time and location, tuber quality, and yield. After 8 years, two advanced clones were considered for cultivar release because of their exceptional frost tolerance and superior field productivity that outyielded many of the established cultivars in the region. In November 2018, a new native cultivar named Wiñay, a Quechua word meaning “to grow” was released in Peru. In 2022, a second cultivar followed with the name Llapanchispaq (meaning “for all of us”). This project evidenced that a multinational and all-encompassing approach to deploy valuable genetic diversity can work and deliver effective results. This is even more significant when outcomes can promote food security and sustainability in very vulnerable regions of the world.
Analysis of genetic distance between Peruvian Alpaca (Vicugna Pacos) showing two distinct fleece phenotypes, Suri and Huacaya, by means of microsatellite markers
(Taylor & Francis, 2016-02-19) La Manna, Vincenzo; La Terza, Antonietta; Ghezzi, Silvia; Saravanaperumal, Siva; Apaza, Nolberto; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio; Bozzi, Riccardo; Renieri, Carlo
Two coat phenotypes exist in Alpaca, Huacaya and Suri. The two coats show different fleece structure, textile characteristics and prices on the market. Although present scientific knowledge suggests a simple genetic model of inheritance, there is a tendency to manage and consider the two phenotypes as two different breeds. A 13 microsatellite panel was used in this study to assess genetic distance between Suri and Huacaya alpacas in a sample of non-related animals from two phenotypically pure flocks at the Illpa-Puno experimental station in Quimsachata, Peru. The animals are part of a germplasm established approximately 20 years ago and have been bred separately according to their coat type since then. Genetic variability parameters were also calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using the software Genalex 6.3, Phylip 3.69 and Fstat 2.9.3.2. The sample was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and after strict Bonferroni correction only one locus (LCA37) showed deviation from equilibrium (P<0.05). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was also tested and 9 loci associations showed significant disequilibrium. Observed heterozygosis (Ho= 0.766; SE=0.044), expected heterozygosis (He=0.769; SE=0.033), number of alleles (Na=9.667, SE=0.772) and Fixation index (F=0.004; SE=0.036) are comparable to data from previous studies. Measures of genetic distance were 0.06 for Nei’s and 0.03 for Cavalli-Sforza’s. The analysis of molecular variance reported no existing variance between populations. Considering the origin of the animals, their post domestication evolution and the reproductive practices in place, the results do not show genetic differentiation between the two populations for the studied loci.
Caracterización agromorfológica de accesiones de Phaseolus spp., en la región Amazonas, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2024-05-01) Vásquez García, Jheiner; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Malqui Ramos, Roiber; Fernández, Elizabeth; Duarez Vera, Edwin; Ayala, Rosmery
El Perú cuenta con una alta diversidad genética de leguminosas andinas, especialmente del género Phaseolus. Su identificación a través de descriptores agromorfológicos es trascendental para impulsar su conservación y desarrollar estudios de mejoramiento genético. Bajo este escenario, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar morfológica y agronómicamente 58 accesiones de frijol (Phaseolus spp) depositadas en el banco de germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria del Perú. Para ello, se utilizaron 24 descriptores cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos que se evaluaron en la fenología de cada accesión. El análisis de conglomerados y de correspondencias múltiples, permitió identificar la formación de cuatro grupos en función de sus características semejantes. El mayor número de accesiones se localizaron en el tercer y cuarto grupo. Sin embargo, las siete accesiones que conformaron el segundo grupo, exhibieron características promisorias por presentar alta productividad (2777,86 kg•ha-1), con semillas blancas, de aceptables dimensiones, con una germinación epigea temprana (10 días), hojas ovado-lanceoladas de crecimiento indeterminado (174,79 cm de altura de planta) que desarrollan numerosas guías. Además, mostraron una floración prolongada (33,86 días) con pétalos rosados y blancos, que dan origen a un mayor número de vainas (66,71 por planta) de color verde hasta alcanzar su madurez fisiológica. Estas son cualidades que las convierten en fuente valiosa para la implementación apropiada de futuros programas de mejoramiento genético.
Catálogo de quinua del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-30) Vargas Estofanero, Richard Delvi; Enriquez Pinedo, Lucía Carolina; Flores Miranda, Hernan; Ordoñez Neyra, Dora; Pachero Arenas, Erika Samamtha
La quinua es un cultivo que posee gran diversidad genética, lo que se refleja en la variabilidad de colores presentes en la planta, la inflorescencia, las semillas, los estados de desarrollo y su contenido nutricional. Esta diversidad y flexibilidad genética le confiere una notable capacidad de adaptación a distintos ecosistemas, permitiéndole resistir condiciones ambientales extremas (Delgado et al., 2024; Rojas et al., 2015). La mayor diversidad genética de la quinua se encuentra en la región de los Andes, específicamente en las áreas cercanas al lago Titicaca, que se extiende entre Perú y Bolivia. Esta zona es considerada el centro de origen y diversificación de la quinua, donde se ha identificado la mayor cantidad de variedades genéticas y ecotipos adaptados a diferentes condiciones climáticas y altitudinales. En cuanto a su domesticación, las evidencias arqueológicas más antiguas sugieren que este proceso comenzó hace aproximadamente 7000 años en la región de Ayacucho, Perú (Bruno y Whitehead, 2003; Fuentes y Bhargava, 2011; Romero-Benavides et al., 2023). A lo largo de los siglos, la quinua ha sido mucho más que un alimento básico; ha sido un símbolo de resistencia, adaptabilidad y conexión con la tierra. Desde las alturas heladas de los Andes hasta las regiones semiáridas de América Latina y más allá, la quinua ha florecido en diversos ecosistemas, desafiando las adversidades climáticas y nutriendo a generaciones enteras con su abundancia de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales (Bazile et al., 2016). Los principales países productores de quinua son Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador y Bután; este último ubicado al sur de Asia, en la cordillera del Himalaya. Durante los últimos años el cultivo se ha expandido a nivel mundial. En 2022, Perú alcanzó una producción de 114 000 toneladas, mientras que Bolivia produjo 44,7 mil toneladas y Ecuador produjo 0,8 mil toneladas. Actualmente también se cultiva en países como Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Suecia, Dinamarca, los Países Bajos, Italia y Francia (Laurente y Mamani, 2020). La producción de quinua en el Perú se realiza en 17 de los 24 departamentos, logrando alcanzar una producción de 114 000 toneladas en el año 2022 y 70,3 mil toneladas durante el año 2023. El principal productor de quinua es el departamento de Puno, con 41,1 % seguido por los departamentos de Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco, Arequipa, Junín y Huancavelica. Asimismo, en los últimos años, el promedio de las áreas destinadas a la producción se han reducido de 34 776 ha a 27 679 ha en la campaña agrícola 2022-2023 (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego [MIDAGRI], 2024). La quinua es una planta anual y rústica, con una notable variabilidad morfológica, especialmente en el color y la altura de la planta, que puede oscilar entre 0,60-3,00 m, dependiendo de la variedad (Apaza et al., 2013). La conservación de sus accesiones es fundamental, ya que presentan una alta diversidad genética, reflejada en su coloración, adaptabilidad a distintas condiciones climáticas, tipos de suelo y disponibilidad de agua. Algunas de estas accesiones han demostrado tolerancia al estrés hídrico, lo que convierte a la quinua en un cultivo estratégico para contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria. En ese sentido, el Banco de Germoplasma del INIA desempeña un papel clave en la preservación de esta valiosa diversidad. En la Estación Experimental Agraria Illpa, situada en Puno, se conserva y estudia la diversidad genética de la Colección de Germoplasma de Quinua. Este documento presenta los resultados de la caracterización agromorfológica de accesiones de quinua, con el fin de aportar información relevante para programas de fitomejoramiento y el desarrollo de nuevos cultivares que maximicen los beneficios que puedan obtenerse de esta valiosa especie. El catálogo es la evidencia de la riqueza genética y cultural que se resguarda con pasión y dedicación.
Catálogo de TARWI del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2026-03) Peña Elme, Eunice Dorcas; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Cerrón Mercado, Francis Gladys
El tarwi es una leguminosa andina con un alto valor nutricional, que destaca por su elevado contenido de proteínas y aceites (Guilengue et al., 2019). Su importancia radica en sus múltiples usos, que abarcan desde la alimentación humana y animal, hasta la mejora de suelos gracias a su capacidad para fijar nitrógeno (Parra-Gallardo et al., 2024). Debido a estas características, el tarwi se presenta como una alternativa estratégica para el fortalecimiento de la seguridad alimentaria (Tapia, 2015). En su centro de origen, en las zonas altoandinas, el tarwi ha sido una fuente primordial de proteínas para la nutrición humana durante más de 2000 años (Caligari et al., 2000), desde la época preincaica, especialmente en países como Perú, Bolivia y Ecuador (Rosell et al., 2009). A pesar de su larga historia de domesticación, su estudio y mejoramiento genético siguen siendo limitados (Bebeli et al., 2020). No obstante, en los últimos años, su potencial ha despertado un creciente interés en la investigación agronómica y el desarrollo de variedades mejoradas (Rodríguez-Ortega et al., 2023). En Perú, durante el año 2022, la producción alcanzó las 16 904 toneladas, con una superficie cosechada de 11 457 hectáreas y un rendimiento promedio de 1479 kg/ha. El 85 % de esta producción se concentró en los departamentos de La Libertad, Cusco, Apurímac, Puno y Huánuco (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego [MIDAGRI], 2022). Asimismo, en el año 2024 se registró un incremento significativo, alcanzando las 21 639 toneladas (MIDAGRI, 2024). La gran diversidad genética del tarwi refleja su capacidad de resiliencia frente a diversas condiciones ambientales, lo que ha facilitado su crecimiento en suelos pobres y ha permitido mantener su cultivo en áreas donde otras especies no prosperan (Gulisano et al., 2019). Esta diversidad ofrece un valioso recurso para los programas de mejoramiento genético, potenciando su uso comercial y facilitando su integración en nuevos sistemas de producción (Gulisano et al., 2022). Por ello, caracterizar la diversidad del tarwi es clave para su conservación y mejoramiento, ya que permite identificar accesiones con características agronómicas superiores, mayor tolerancia a factores bióticos y abióticos, y una mejor calidad nutricional. En este contexto, la Estación Experimental Agraria Santa Ana del INIA conserva una valiosa colección nacional de germoplasma de tarwi, con el propósito de proteger y mantener la diversidad genética de esta leguminosa andina, fundamental para la agricultura y la nutrición en nuestro país. Esta colección no solo resguarda el patrimonio genético del tarwi, además constituye un recurso estratégico para la investigación científica y la innovación tecnológica. El presente catálogo es el resultado del trabajo de caracterización agromorfológica de las accesiones que integran dicha colección y tiene como objetivo dar a conocer las características más destacadas de cada una de ellas, brindando información clave para estudios orientados al fitomejoramiento y a otras áreas del conocimiento.
Genetic diversity and population structure of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Peru: A microsatellite analysis
(MDPI, 2025-05-16) Peralta, Wilber; Nestares Palomino, Agustin; Gamarra Reyes, Julyssa del Pilar; Rojas, Miler; Sullca, Juan; Estrada Cañari, Richard
This study evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of Vicugna pacos (Huacaya alpacas) from two contrasting breeding contexts in Junin, Peru: the genetically managed herd of INIA’s Santa Ana Experimental Station (Suitucancha) and the community-based herd of Huayre, where natural, unregulated mating practices are common. An external reference population from Quimsachata was also included. Genetic diversity parameters revealed high allelic richness and heterozygosity within all populations. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), Bayesian clustering, and phylogenetic reconstruction indicated moderate genetic differentiation between Suitucancha and Huayre, likely influenced by the use of selected males under controlled mating in Suitucancha versus natural, unregulated group mating in Huayre, which facilitates broader gene flow. The Quimsachata group displayed distinct genetic characteristics, likely reflecting limited gene flow due to its role as a germplasm conservation nucleus under closed reproductive management. These results reflect how differences in reproductive management may influence population structure in alpacas.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth.) from the Peruvian Amazon Revealed by RAPD Markers
(MDPI, 2021-08-22) Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Cancan, Johan D.; Cruz Hilacondo, Wilbert Eddy; Correa, Mirian; Ramos León, Haydeé Miriam; Cuellar Bautista, José Eloy; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth.) is a tree species of commercial importance widely distributed in South American forests that is traditionally used for its medicinal properties and wood quality. Studies on this tree species have been focused mainly on wood properties, propagation, and growth. However, genetic studies on capirona have been very limited to date. Currently, it is possible to explore genetic diversity and population structure in a fast and reliable manner by using molecular markers. We here used 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 59 samples of capirona that were sampled from four provinces located in the eastern region of the Peruvian amazon. A total of 186 bands were manually scored, generating a 59 × 186 presence/absence matrix. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm, and, similar to the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed four groups that correspond to the geographic origin of the capirona samples (LBS, Irazola, Masisea, Iñapari). Similarly, a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and STRUCTURE analysis confirmed that capirona is grouped into four clusters. However, we also noticed that a few samples were intermingled. Genetic diversity estimation was conducted considering the four groups (populations) identified by STRUCTURE software. AMOVA revealed the greatest variation within populations (71.56%) and indicated that variability among populations is 28.44%. Population divergence (Fst) between clusters 1 and 4 revealed the highest genetic difference (0.269), and the lowest Fst was observed between clusters 3 and 4 (0.123). RAPD markers were successful and effective. However, more studies are needed, employing other molecular tools. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation employing molecular markers in capirona in Peru considering its natural distribution, and as such it is hoped that this helps to pave the way towards its genetic improvement and the urgent sustainable management of forests in Peru.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Llamas (Lama glama) from the Camelid Germplasm Bank - Quimsachata
(MPDI, 2020-05-12) Paredes Rojas, Gabriela Fabiola; Yalta Macedo, Claudia Esther; Gutiérrez, Gustavo A.; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio
Llamas (Lama glama) are invaluable resources of Peru. Despite their importance, their population is decreasing. The Camelid Germplasm Bank-Quimsachata was created as a guardian of this South American camelid (SAC) species and established a bank of llamas from their two types, Ch’aku and Q’ara. However, these populations need to present high genetic diversity to be considered suitable conservation stocks. Thus, in the present study, 13 microsatellites specific for the SAC were used to assess the current genetic variability and differentiation of the llama population from the Bank. The global population showed high genetic diversity with a total of 157 different alleles, with an average of 12.08 alleles per microsatellite, an expected and observed heterozygosity of 0.758 and 0.707, respectively, and an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.723. Although considered as two different breeds and managed separately, the genetic differentiation between Ch’aku and Q’ara was low (FST = 0.01). Accordingly, the gene flow value was high (Nm = 30.5). Overall, our results indicate the existence of high genetic variation among individuals, and thus, this llama population could be considered a suitable genetic stock for their conservation and for sustainability programs. Additionally, the 13 microsatellites can be used to study other Peruvian llama populations and monitor the genetic variability of llamas from the Camelid Germplasm Bank—Quimsachata
Genetic diversity and structure of creole cattle (Bos taurus) from southern Peruvian Highlands
(2024-01-17) Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Saldaña, Carla L.; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Heredia Vilchez, Lizeth Amparo; Mamani Cato, Rubén Herberht; Gutierrez, Gustavo; Gomez Quispe, Oscar; Ciprian, Aldo; Murga Valderrama, Luis N.; Arbizu, Carlos I.
The creole cattle was originated after the introduction of cattle into America 5 centuries ago. Currently, the production traits of Peruvian creole cattle is scarcely known. An important characteristic of the creole cattle is its adaptability to different extreme environments. However, to date, molecular studies in Peruvian creole cattle are still scarce. Currently, due to the advances in molecular genetics, a new generation of molecular markers has been developed for the genetic characterization of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have become a very popular tool for the genetic study of livestock populations. Genome-wide SNP chips were developed for multi-breed genetic studies in cattle.
Genetic diversity and validation of a microsatellite panel for parentage testing for alpacas (Vicugna pacos) on three Peruvian farms
(El Sevier, 2020-09-22) Morón, J. A.; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio; Membrillo, A.; Paredes, M. M.; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Gustavo Augusto
The alpaca is of greatest economic importance in the Peruvian High Andes. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of three Peruvian alpaca farms, as well as, to validate a microsatellite markers panel for paternity testing. In this study, 247 samples of Huacaya alpacas were taken from three different localities (Sanjo, San Pedro de Raco and Cachipampa) from Pasco Region in Peru. DNA was obtained from hair follicles and genotyped for 15 microsatellites markers in multiplex electrophoresis runs.A total of 225 alleles were detected across the 15 loci investigated. The polymorphism information content considering all loci was 0.82, which indicated that the microsatellite panel was very polymorphic and highly informative. The estimated diversity parameter showed that farms have high levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.826), and revealed the existence of genetic differentiation among the farms (FST = 2.8 %). The highest inbreeding coefficient was in the Sanjo farm (FIS = 0.303). The results of the parentage testing indicated that all loci showed values greater than 70 % probability of discrimination. However, the highest values found were 94 % (YWLL08) and 90 % (YWLL36). The average of the probability of exclusion obtained was 0.999994 if the genotype for one alleged parents is known, and 0.99999 if the genotypes for both alleged parents are known. The results obtained show that there is a high genetic diversity and validate the panel of microsatellite markers, that would help to improve the identification system and genealogical data collection.
Genetic structure and diversity of a peruvian collection of a high-quality wood tree species, Ulcumano (Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpaceae
(Universidad de Concepción, 2022-12-27) Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Cancán Loli, Johan Deyvid; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Jhoncon Kooyip, Jorge Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Ulcumano, which is native to South America, is an important conifer in Peru. Molecular studies are scarce, limiting modern breeding and appropriate conservation activities. Currently, molecular markers are widely employed to explore genetic structure and diversity parameters of plant species in a fast and precise manner. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of ulcumano in Peru by using DNA-based molecular markers. Nine Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used, while 95 individuals of ulcumano were sampled from three departments of Peru. A total of 265 DNA fragments were manually scored, but 247 of them were kept after removing the non-polymorphic markers. Genetic distances were calculated using R software based on Provesti´s coefficient. A dendrogram was obtained using the UPGMA clustering algorithm, showing no clear clustering. The principal coordinate analysis agreed with two population structure analyses, demonstrating that ulcumano is contained within two clusters, (i) Junín + Pasco, and (ii) Cajamarca, while very few individuals are intermixed. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated considering the two groups (populations) identified by STRUCTURE software. Nei’s genetic diversity estimate varied between 0.22 and 0.28, while Shannon index ranged from 3.43 to 4.16. Population divergence (Fst) between the two clusters revealed low genetic differentiation (0.064). AMOVA analysis revealed that 87.31 and 12.69% of the total genetic variation were found within populations and between individuals, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study in ulcumano in Peru, and provides valuable information for the genetic improvement and sustainable management of this conifer in the country.
Genetic structure of traditional cacao reveals four new genetic lineages in indigenous Amazonian sites in Peru
(Public Library of Science (PLOS), 2026-07-06) Motilal, Lambert A.; Calderon, Martha S.; Bustamante, Danilo E.; Gopaulchan, David; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Márquez Romero, Fanny R,; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Díaz Valderrama, Jorge R.; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Oliva, Manuel; Umaharan, Pathmanathan
Cacao genetic resources in Peru are largely uncharacterized. Knowledge of their genetic structure is needed for their conservation and use. Indigenous on-farm cacao trees (n = 390) from the Departments of Amazonas (n = 130), Ayacucho (n = 76), Cajamarca (n = 1), Cusco (n = 110), Madre de Dios (n = 10), Piura (n = 59), San Martín (n = 3) and Ucayali (n = 1) in Peru were fingerprinted with 192 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. Identity, group differentiation, phylogenetic, multivariate and ancestry analyses were conducted. Four new populations were identified guided by phylogenetic, accepted ancestral backgrounds of reference samples and least admixture among samples. The cacao from these eight Departments were variably mixed containing both pure members of new populations and admixed samples with these new populations and Amelonado, Contamana, Criollo, Curaray, Guiana, Iquitos, Marañon, Nacional, Nanay and Púrus. The findings of this study suggest that while the cacao germplasm is genetically related across different departments, each region harbors its own distinct genetic composition. The Clade IV (Chuncho 2) population was associated with the Contamana cluster and Clade I (Chuncho 1) was associated with Purus cluster. Clades II (Awajun) and III (Porcelana) were associated with the Nacional cluster. The ancestry of the economically desired CCN 51 cultivar was revealed to be better assigned as 15% Amelonado, 13% Criollo, 25% Iquitos and 45% Awajun. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the genetic landscape in Peru, enhance genebank collections in Peru and enable the differentiation of the fine flavour industry in Peru. The new groups of cacao identified in this study will help understand the genetic structuring of cacao and represent a valuable new resource to search for valuable traits for breeding and commercialization programmes in the fine flavour cacao industry in Peru.
Iron and zinc concentration of native Andean potato cultivars from a human nutrition perspective
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2007-02-16) Burgos, Gabriela; Amoros, Walter; Morote Quispe, Maximo; Stangoulis, James; Bonierbale, Merideth
The determination of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in 49 native Andean potato varieties revealed significant genotypic variation. Comparison of mineral concentrations of 37 of these germplasm accessions grown in two highland locations further revealed significant variation due to environments and genotype × environment interaction. Concentrations in raw, peeled tubers ranged from 9 to 37 mg Fe kg−1 and 8 to 20 mg Zn kg−1 (dry weight) with accessions 703274 and 701165 showing the highest levels of Fe and Zn, respectively, in both locations. Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly and positively correlated on a fresh weight basis in each site. Assessment of Fe and Zn retention during processing revealed no losses due to cooking, and the only significant differences found in iron content of peeled versus unpeeled potatoes could be attributed to contamination with soil iron, as confirmed by elevated levels of aluminium in the samples. The ranges of micronutrient concentrations reported indicate ample genetic diversity that might be exploited in breeding programmes seeking to increase Fe and Zn levels in human diets.
Morphological and phaneroptic traits of Creole goats reared in an extensive system in the dry forest of Tumbes, Peru
(The Community of Indonesian Biodiversity Society, 2024-11-12) Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Godoy Padilla, David Jose; Trillo Zarate, Fritz Carlos; Ortiz Morera, Narda Cecilia; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Paternal ancestry of Peruvian creole cattle inferred from Y-chromosome analysis
(El Sevier, 2020-12-15) Yalta Macedo, Claudia Esther; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio; Díaz Ortiz, Gerardo Ramón; Vallejo Trujillo, Adriana
The aim of this study was the identification of the genetic diversity and paternal origin of Peruvian creole cattle. A panel of 7 Y-chromosome specific markers (INRA189, UMN0103, BM861, UMN307, BYM-1, DDX3Y_1STR and ZFY10) were analyzed in 229 cattle from 6 regions of the Peruvian highlands. The creole cattle exhibited low genetic diversity (H= 0.50) mostly explained by within-population variation (98%) and absence of population structure (FST = 0.019) in the analyzed regions. These results are in concordance to other studies in Spanish cattle populations. The overall frequency and distribution of the major B. taurus haplogroups: Y1 (19%) and Y2 (81%), suggests that Peruvian creole cattle derived from the Iberian Peninsula cattle. Furthermore, our results some degree of male-mediated African cattle influence in the Peruvian creoles, supporting the findings of other studies in South American creole cattle populations. Altogether, our results revealed unique genetic characteristics of Peruvian creole cattle that may have important implications for future conservation programs.
Phenotypic variability of Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. in the peruvian amazonia
(Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 2026-04-21) Flores Castillo, Gorky; Mamani Mariaca, Yicelia Maura; Hilares Vargas, Sharmely
Calycophyllum spruceanum, commonly known as "capirona", is a tree native to the Peruvian Amazonia, with ecological, cultural and economic importance due to its diverse uses. However, gaps remain in understanding of the morphological traits that significantly contribute to its genetic diversity. This study evaluated 18 C. spruceanum individuals in situ using 34 qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors (leaf, flower, fruit and seed) and 6 forest descriptors in two forest types in the Tambopata province, Madre de Dios. The results confirmed high variability in forest characteristics (CV > 35% for height and DBH), regardless of forest type (p > 0.05). Multiple correspondence analysis revealed a close association between leaf and flower descriptors (41.9% variability). Simultaneously, principal component analysis explained 44.6% of the total variance using two axes associated with leaf and reproductive morphology, allowing the grouping of individuals into three distinct morphological groups: one with a vegetative emphasis and two with favorable reproductive potential. Strong correlations (r ≥ 0.7) between leaf and reproductive traits support this classification. These findings validate the use of these descriptors as a baseline for identifying promising phenotypes and constitute an essential contribution to establishing ex situ germplasm banks aimed at the conservation and genetic improvement of the species in the Peruvian Amazonia.
Preliminary Evidence for Domestication Effects on the Genetic Diversity of Guazuma crinita in the Peruvian Amazon
(MPDI, 2020-07-23) Tuisima Coral, Lady Laura; Hlásná Čepková, Petra; Weber, John C.; Lojka, Bohdan
Guazuma crinita, a fast-growing timber tree species, was chosen for domestication in the Peruvian Amazon because it can be harvested at an early age and it contributes to the livelihood of local farmers. Although it is in an early stage of domestication, we do not know the impact of the domestication process on its genetic resources. Amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) fingerprints were used to estimate the genetic diversity of G. crinita populations in different stages of domestication. Our objectives were (i) to estimate the level of genetic diversity in G. crinita using AFLP markers, (ii) to describe how the genetic diversity is distributed within and among populations and provenances, and (iii) to assess the genetic diversity in naturally regenerated, cultivated and semi-domesticated populations. We generated fingerprints for 58 leaf samples representing eight provenances and the three population types. We used seven selective primer combinations. A total of 171 fragments were amplified with 99.4% polymorphism at the species level. Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon information index were slightly higher in the naturally regenerated population than in the cultivated and semi-domesticated populations (He = 0.10, 0.09 and 0.09; I = 0.19, 0.15 and 0.16, respectively). The analysis of molecular variation showed higher genetic diversity within rather than among provenances (84% and 4%, respectively). Cluster analysis (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) and principal coordinate analysis did not show correspondence between genetic and geographic distance. There was significant genetic differentiation among population types (Fst = 0.12 at p < 0.001). The sample size was small, so the results are considered as preliminary, pending further research with larger sample sizes. Nevertheless, these results suggest that domestication has a slight but significant effect on the diversity levels of G. crinita and this should be considered when planning a domestication program.
Spatial patterns of diversity and genetic erosion of traditional cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Peruvian Amazon: An evaluation of socio-economic and environmental indicators
(Springer Nature, 2007-02-23) Willemen, Louise; Scheldeman, Xavier; Soto Cabellos, Víctor; Rafael Salazar, Simón; Guarino, Luigi
This study evaluates quantitatively the suitability of the use of site-specific socio-economic and environmental data as indicators to rapidly assess patterns of diversity and genetic erosion risk in cassava. Socio-economic data as well as farmers’ estimation of genetic erosion were collected in the study area, the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon, through interviews with 285 cassava farmers in 50 communities, while diversity was assessed based on agromorphological characterization of 295 cassava accessions. Using multivariate regression analyses, 50 and 45% of the variation in respectively diversity and genetic erosion estimation could be explained by a selected set of socio-economic and environmental indicators. In both regression models four out of the total of 38 variables proved to contribute significantly (at p < 0.10 level). Additionally, the study revealed that farmers are a good direct source of information on the diversity present at community level, which can contribute to the development of methodologies to assess diversity more rapidly. The results of this study are valuable for the development of models to rapidly assess diversity dynamics in large areas.