Examinando por Materia "Plant genetic resources"

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Adapting agriculture to climate change: A synopsis of coordinated national crop wild relative seed collecting programs across five continents
(MDPI, 2022-07-13) Eastwood, Ruth J.; Tambam, Beri B.; Aboagye, Lawrence Misa; Akparov, Zeynal I.; Aladele, Sunday E.; Allen, Richard; Amri, Ahmed; Anglin, Noelle L.; Araya, Rodolfo; Arrieta-Espinoza, Griselda; Asgerov, Aydin; Awang, Khadijah; Awas, Tesfaye; Barata, Ana Maria; Kwasi Boateng, Samuel; Magos Brehm, Joana; Breidy, Joelle; Breman, Elinor; Brenes Angulo, Arturo; Burle, Marília L.; Castañeda-Álvarez, Nora P.; Casimiro, Pedro; Chaves, Néstor F.; Clemente, Adelaide S.; Cockel, Christopher P.; Davey, Alexandra; De la Rosa, Lucía; Debouck, Daniel G.; Dempewolf, Hannes; Dokmak, Hiba; Ellis, David; Faruk, Aisyah; Freitas, Cátia; Galstyan, Sona; García, Rosa M.; Ghimire, Krishna H.; Guarino, Luigi; Harker, Ruth; Hope, Roberta; Humphries, Alan W.; Jamora, Nelissa; Ahmad Jatoi, Shakeel; Khutsishvili, Manana; Kikodze, David; Kyratzis, Angelos C.; León-Lobos, Pedro; Liu, Udayangani; Mainali, Ram P.; Mammadov, Afig T.; Manrique-Carpintero, Norma C.; Manzella, Daniele; Mohd Shukri, Mat Ali; Medeiros, Marcelo B.; Mérida Guzmán, María A.; Mikatadze-Pantsulaia, Tsira; Ibrahim Mohamed, El Tahir; Monteros-Altamirano, Álvaro; Morales, Aura; Müller, Jonas V.; Mulumba, John W.; Nersesyan, Anush; Nóbrega, Humberto; Nyamongo, Desterio O.; Obreza, Matija; Okere, Anthony U.; Orsenigo, Simone; Ortega-Klose, Fernando; Papikyan, Astghik; Pearce, Timothy R.; Pinheiro de Carvalho, Miguel A. A.; Prohens, Jaime; Rossi, Graziano; Salas, Alberto; Singh Shrestha, Deepa; Uddin Siddiqui, Sadar; Smith, Paul P.; Sotomayor Melo, Diego Alejandro; Tacán, Marcelo; Tapia, César; Toledo, Álvaro; Toll, Jane; Vu, Dang Toan; Tuong, Dang Vu; Way, Michael J.; Yazbek, Mariana; Zorrilla Cisneros, Cinthya; Kilian, Benjamin
The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.
Conservation and Use of Latin American Maize Diversity: Pillar of Nutrition Security and Cultural Heritage of Humanity
(MDPI, 2021-01-15) Guzzon, Filippo; Arandia Rios, Luis Walquer; Caviedes Cepeda, Galo Mario; Céspedes Polo, Marcia; Chávez Cabrera, Alexander; Muriel Figueroa, Jesús; Medina Hoyos, Alicia Elizabeth; Jara Calvo, Teófilo Wladimir; Molnar, Terence L.; Narro León, Luis Alberto; Narro León, Teodoro Patricio; Mejía Kerguelén, Sergio Luis; Ospina Rojas, José Gabriel; Vásquez, Gricelda; Preciado Ortiz, Ricardo Ernesto; Zambrano, José Luis; Palacios Rojas, Natalia; Pixley, Kevin
Latin America is the center of domestication and diversity of maize, the second most cultivated crop worldwide. In this region, maize landraces are fundamental for food security, livelihoods, and culture. Nevertheless, genetic erosion (i.e., the loss of genetic diversity and variation in a crop) threatens the continued cultivation and in situ conservation of landrace diversity that is crucial to climate change adaptation and diverse uses of maize. We provide an overview of maize diversity in Latin America before discussing factors associated with persistence of large in situ maize diversity, causes for maize landrace abandonment by farmers, and strategies to enhance the cultivation of landraces. Among other factors, maize diversity is linked with: (1) small-holder farming, (2) the production of traditional food products, (3) traditional cropping systems, (4) cultivation in marginal areas, and (5) retention of control over the production system by the farmers. On the other hand, genetic erosion is associated with substitution of landraces with hybrid varieties or cash crops, and partial (off-farm labor) or complete migration to urban areas. Continued cultivation, and therefore on-farm conservation of genetic diversity held in maize landraces, can be encouraged by creating or strengthening market opportunities that make the cultivation of landraces and open pollinated varieties (OPVs) more profitable for farmers, supporting breeding programs that prioritize improvement of landraces and their special traits, and increasing the access to quality germplasm of landraces and landrace-derived OPVs.
Development and application of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity assessment and construction of a core collection of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mcvaugh germplasm from the peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2024-10-25) Castro, Juan C.; Vasquez Guizado, Stalin J.; Vigil, Bianca E.; Ascue, Francisco; Rojas Villa, Naysha; Paredes, Jae D.; Cobos, Marianela; Castro, Carlos G.; Motta, Daniel E.; Adrianzén, Pedro M.; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Maddox, J. Dylan
The Amazonian shrub Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) produces vitamin C-rich fruits of growing commercial interest. However, sustainable utilization requires assessment and protection of the genetic diversity of the available germplasm. This study aimed to develop and apply microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity and construct a core collection of M. dubia germplasm from the Peruvian Amazon. Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using an enrichment approach. The evaluation of 336 genotypes from 43 accessions of the germplasm bank, originating from eight river basins, was conducted using these newly developed markers. Genetic diversity parameters, including observed and expected heterozygosity, were calculated. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to assess the distribution of genetic variation within and among accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering analysis was employed to infer population structure. A core collection was constructed to maximize allelic richness. High genetic diversity was observed, with heterozygosity values ranging from 0.468 to 0.644 (observed) and 0.684 to 0.817 (expected) at the river basin level. AMOVA indicated significant genetic variation within (73–86%) compared to among (14–27%) accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering detected ten genetic clusters, with several degrees of admixture among river basins, except for the genetically homogeneous Putumayo River basin. A core collection comprising 84 plant genotypes (25% of the full collection) was established, representing 90.82% of the overall allelic diversity. These results have important implications for M. dubia conservation strategies and breeding programs, in demonstrating a need for genetic connectivity between populations but preserving unique genetic resources in isolated basins. These results validate the expected levels of diversity and population subdivision in a crop and stress the need to secure genetically diverse germplasms, underscoring the importance of thorough genetic characterization for ex situ germplasm management.
New proposals to strengthen the boom of agriculture in Peru: massive use of genetic resources and development of modern breeding programs
(Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, 2021-10-22) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Blas Sevillano, Raúl Humberto
Peru is a place with abundant biological resources that should be employed for the benefit of society in general. However, to date, the use of Peruvian plant genetic resources was not fully exploited for the development of improved crops. This work was mostly conducted by the international private sector. The Climate Change Laboratory at Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, and other laboratories at Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina together with other research programs of other institutions seek to promote the massive and sustainable use of plant genetic resources maintained in germplasm banks. It is planned to make use of modern molecular and morphological techniques. Moreover, infrastructure and human resources are being improved. As a result, we will be able to maintain the growth of the agricultural activity in Peru in terms of space and time.