Examinando por Materia "Non-carcinogenic risk"

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Effect of fertilization on the accumulation and health risk for heavy metals in native Andean potatoes in the highlands of Perú
(Elsevier, 2024-05-20) Orellana Mendoza, Edith; Camel Paucar, Vladimir Fernando; Yallico Madge, Luz Consuelo; Quispe Coquil, Violeta; Cosme De la Cruz, Roberto Carlos
Soil infertility is a global problem, amendments such as organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers are used to improve crop yields. However, these fertilizers contain heavy metals as well as essential mineral elements. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the accumulation and health risk of heavy metals in tubers. The plants were cultivated at an altitude of 3970 m using four treatments (poultry manure, alpaca manure, island guano and inorganic fertilizer) and a control group. Soil contamination levels and the degree of metal accumulation in the tubers were also determined. As a result, it was found that the use of inorganic fertilizer and poultry manure increased the values of Cu and Zn in soils, exceeding the recommended standards. The accumulation of heavy metals in potato tubers did not exceed the maximum recommended limits with the exception of Pb, which exceeded the limit allowed by the FAO/WHO (0.1 mg kg−1). Poultry manure contributed to the highest accumulation of Zn, Cu and Pb in tubers with 11.62±1.30, 3.48±0.20 and 0.12 ±0.02 mg kg-1 respectively. The transfer of metals from the soil to the tubers was less than 1. Individual and total non-carcinogenic risk values were less than 1, indicating a safe level of consumption for children and adults. The cancer risk was found to be within an acceptable range. However, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer treatments had the highest total cancer risk values in both age groups, suggesting a long-term carcinogenic risk.
Random Forest-based spatial distribution from heavy metals and associated with ecological and health risk assessment in agricultural soils of the Mantaro Valley, Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-07-31) Orellana Mendoza, Edith; Cosme de la Cruz, Roberto Carlos; Quispe Coquil, Violeta; Mendoza Delgado, Katia; Valero Maraví, Sheila; Rojas León, Ángeles; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Heavy metal (HM) contamination of agricultural soils in Andean valleys poses a critical threat to ecological integrity, food safety, and human health. This study assessed the spatial distribution, contamination levels, ecological and health risk (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) associated with Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and As in agricultural soils of the Mantaro Valley in the central Andes of Peru. A total of 306 topsoil samples were analyzed. Random Forest (RF) was used to model the spatial distribution of HM concentrations, integrating spectral, climatic, topographic, edaphic, and distance-related covariates. The RF models showed consistent but element-specific predictive performance. The values of R² ranged from 0.76 to 0.89, with the highest values for Pb and As and the lowest for Cu. Spatial predictions should be interpreted with consideration of the irregular sampling design and inherent uncertainties in spatial extrapolation. Mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, As, and Cd reached 1347.87, 439.91, 201.71, 90.69, and 4.27 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, exceeding both regulatory thresholds and local geochemical background values. Contamination indices revealed marked enrichment, particularly for As and Cd. Ecological risk was primarily driven by Cd and As, with 70.10% and 61.41% of samples classified as very high ecological risk for these elements, respectively. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index indicated a critical scenario with 71.7% of samples exceeding the very high-risk threshold. Human health risk assessment identified As as the main contributor to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, with children showing higher vulnerability than adults. These findings delineate priority agricultural areas where ecological risk and arsenic-related carcinogenic risk overlap, underscoring the urgent need for targeted soil monitoring, exposure reduction, and locally adapted risk management strategies in the Mantaro Valley.
Trace metals in high-Andean forages: differential dietary exposure in cattle, sheep, and alpacas, and lack of non-carcinogenic risk
(Research Square, 2026-06) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Lopez Rodriguez, Melina; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Contreras, Jose; Ramos Acuña, Hebert; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Trace metal accumulation in forage plants is a growing concern in mountain grazing systems, yet the relative importance of environmental and biological drivers remains poorly understood in the high Andes. This study evaluated trace metal concentrations in soils and cultivated forages along an altitudinal gradient (4,098–4,467 m a.s.l.) in the Junín region of central Peru and assessed potential dietary risks for livestock. Soil properties and concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cr were determined in soils and four forage species (Avena sativa, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium multiflorum, and Lolium perenne) across eight plots. Dietary exposure was estimated using the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), while non-carcinogenic risks for cattle, sheep, and alpacas were assessed through the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI). Marked spatial variation in soil properties and trace metal concentrations was observed among plots, indicating that metal accumulation was primarily driven by local soil heterogeneity. Altitude was not associated with trace metal concentrations, and forage species showed no significant differences in metal accumulation (p > 0.05). Although sheep exhibited the highest EDI values, all HQ and HI values remained below 1. These findings demonstrate that fine-scale soil heterogeneity is a stronger determinant of trace metal accumulation than altitude or forage species identity in high-Andean forage systems. The study provides new evidence that current trace metal exposure levels do not represent a significant non-carcinogenic risk for cattle, sheep, or alpacas under the evaluated environmental conditions.