Examinando por Materia "Germplasm"

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Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2025-12-22) Peña Elme, Eunice Corcas; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Enriquez Pinedo, Lucía Carolina; Cerrón Mercado, Francis Gladys; Amaro Camarena, Nery Amelia; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Loayza Loza, Hildo; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.
Agromorphological characterization of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) accessions from the germplasm bank of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation, Peru
(Elsevier, 2022-10-04) Vásquez García, Jheiner; Santos Peláez, Julio César; Malqui Ramos, Roiber; Vigo Mestanza, Carmen Natividad; Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Bobadilla Rivera, Leidy Gheraldine
Agromorphological characterization of cacao accessions in Peru is currently an important tool in the conservation and genetic improvement of cacao germplasm. The objective of this study was to carry out the morphological and agronomic characterization of 113 cacao accessions from the Huarangopampa germplasm bank. Tree, leaf, flower, fruit and seed descriptors were used. The data collected were processed by descriptive statistics using multivariate techniques. Five groups were formed according to similar characteristics. The accessions of group 1 are vigorous trees with an pod index of 19.27 pods/kg of seeds; the groups that presented better differential characteristics were group 2 with erect tree architecture, intermediate vigorousness, purple seed color and pod index of 20.07 pods/kg of seeds and group 3, which had the highest number of accessions with the lowest pod index of 18.77 pods/kg of seeds, besides being vigorous trees and having purple seeds. On the other hand, group 4 presented a particular characteristic of white seed color and high pod indexes with 22.11 pods/kg of seeds. Finally, group 5 accessions were characterized by intermediate tree architecture and vigor with an pod index of 21.3 pods/kg of seeds. The morphoagronomic characterization constitutes a first advance in the identification of cacaos with potential for genetic improvement and advances in the Peruvian chocolate industry.
Ampliando la frontera agrícola de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) para disminuir los efectos del cambio climático
(Asociación Latinoamericana de la Papa, 2018-08-27) Gabriel, J.; Ruiz de Galarreta, J. I.; Cuesta, X.; Huarte, M.; Zúñiga López, Luz Noemí; Mayer de Scurrah, M.; Brenes, A.; Vilaro, F.; Ritter, E.
La mayoría de los cultivares tradicionales de papa no están adaptadas a las condiciones del cultivo provocadas por el cambio climático, que hacen disminuir drásticamente los rendimientos e incluso perder completamente la cosecha en muchos lugares desfavorecidos. En países en vías de desarrollo, como en Latinoamérica, esta situación afecta a la base alimentaria de las comunidades, y al sostenimiento económico y social; los agricultores optan por migrar en búsqueda de otros medios de subsistencia.
Caracterización agromorfológica y diversidad fenotípica de la colección de germoplasma de pallar (Phaseolus lunatus L.) del INIA, Perú
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 2024-09-11) Dadther Huaman, Hans Adams; Gambini De la Cruz, Tabita Abigail; Coaquira Mendoza, Bilijin Brany; Garay Duran, Diana Yessica; Parco Quinchori, Jhimy Andy; Quispe Castro, René; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Contreras Liza, Sergio; Casa Coila, Víctor Hugo
El pallar (Phaseolus lunatus), es una leguminosa de grano de gran importancia socioeconómica en el Perú, que ha sido domesticada en el pasado por las culturas prehispánicas. Objetivo: Realizar la caracterización agromorfológica de 36 accesiones de la Colección Nacional de pallar del Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (Perú). Metodología: Se compararon 16 caracteres cualitativos y 10 caracteres cuantitativos a través de análisis descriptivos, ANOVA y prueba de Scott Knott, de correlación, de componentes principales y de agrupamiento jerárquico. Resultados: Hubo correlación positiva entre la longitud del tallo principal y el número promedio de vainas maduras por planta, número promedio de semillas por planta, peso promedio de semillas por planta y peso promedio de semilla; asimismo, se halló correlación negativa entre el número de lóculos por vaina madura y largo de semilla y peso promedio de semilla. Implicaciones: La caracterización agromorfológica del pallar es necesaria para la conservación de los recursos genéticos originarios del Perú. Conclusiones: Se encontró variabilidad fenotípica entre las accesiones de pallar; es así, que se estableció la existencia de tres grupos entre las accesiones en relación a caracteres cuantitativos, resaltando los altos valores para número promedio de semillas por planta, grosor de semilla, número de lóculos por vaina madura, longitud del tallo principal y número promedio de vainas maduras por planta. La accesión promisoria fue la 14ac respecto al mayor número promedio de vainas maduras, número promedio de semillas y peso promedio de semillas por planta.
Caracterización morfológica de la colección de germoplasma de caigua (Cyclanthera spp.) del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Perú
(Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. Facultad de Ingeniería Agraria, Industrias Alimentarias y Ambiental, 2024-01-12) Marcelo Salvador, Mavel Nansi; Meza Quispe, Benjamín; Jara Peña, Enoc Efer; Eguiluz Moya, Marializ; Celestino Avelino, Doris; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth
Objetivo: Caracterizar las accesiones de la colección de germoplasma de caigua (Cyclanthera spp.) en la Estación Experimental Agraria Donoso de INIA en Huaral, Perú. Metodología: Se evaluaron 15 descriptores cuantitativos y 45 descriptores cualitativos, de una muestra de tres plantas por cada accesión; luego se procedió a realizar análisis multivariado para el agrupamiento de la información colectada. Resultados: Se halló que 5 de las 15 variables cuantitativas y 27 de las 45 variables cualitativas, presentaron un alto comportamiento discriminante. Los análisis de componentes principales y de conglomerados, mostraron que las accesiones se dividían en dos grandes grupos diferenciados, en las cuales se identificaron 14 accesiones pertenecientes a la especie C. brachybotrys y 32 accesiones a C. pedata. Conclusión: La variabilidad encontrada entre y dentro de los grupos mostró el potencial de estos materiales en los programas de mejoramiento genético vegetal para los diferentes rasgos evaluados, proponiendo 12 accesiones de C. pedata como promisorias, debido a sus características morfológicas, tanto vegetativas como reproductivas.
Caracterización morfológica de la colección nacional de yuca para fines de conservación en el INIA, Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), México, 2025-09-08) Marcelo Salvador, Mavel Nansi; Celestino Avelino, Doris; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Contreras Liza, Sergio
El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar morfológicamente la colección nacional de yuca(Manihot esculenta Crantz) del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Perú para fines de conservación. El estudio se realizó en la estación experimental del INIA en Huaral (Lima), se instalaron parcelas de observación con una distribución sistemática de 741 accesiones en el campo experimental. Según el desarrollo del cultivo se realizó la evaluación y caracterización usando descriptores elaborados por los curadores del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Se utilizó el análisis de conglomerado jerárquico para los parámetros utilizados en la caracterización y se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas para los descriptores cualitativos. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de componentes principales, para examinar la asociación entre los caracteres. Los parámetros cuantitativos y cualitativos permitieron discriminar entre los genotipos y establecer grupos de accesiones según sus características de similitud utilizando descriptores desarrollados por Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Dentro de las accesiones conservadas del banco de germoplasma de yuca se halló variabilidad morfológica y se identificaron 12 accesiones promisorias, con potencial de uso para el mejoramiento genético, aptas para el consumo humano y para la seguridad alimentaria.
Catálogo de algodón de costa del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-10) Oyola Medina, Mercedes Tarcila; Mendez Farroñan, Sanddra Johana; Chapoñan Vásquez, Miguel; Lindo Seminario, David Enrique
El cultivo del algodón es una actividad económica de enorme importancia en muchos países por proveer fibra, aceite y otros productos (Jabran et al., 2019), y la mayoría de estos tienen diferentes usos industriales en la producción de químicos, alimentos y textiles (Maiti et al., 2020). Por esta razón, más de 100 países producen algodón y en la campaña 2022/2023, la producción mundial fue poco más que 24,6 millones de toneladas, obtenidas en 32,2 millones de hectáreas cultivadas (International Cotton Advisory Committee [ICAC], 2023). Con respecto a la producción nacional, para 2021 se ha reportado una producción total de 14 850 t de algodón en rama en 5072 ha, con un rendimiento promedio de 2928 t/ha y un precio en chacra promedio de 4,60 soles/kg, siendo Ica el principal productor, seguido de lejos por Piura, Ancash, Lambayeque, Lima, Ucayali y Arequipa (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego [MIDAGRI], 2022). Sin embargo, la producción nacional actual es bastante inferior a la obtenida en los años 2005 a 2007, que superó las 200 000 t anuales (Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego [MINAGRI], 2010) y no ha sido igualada ni alcanzada desde entonces, presentando variaciones irregulares con tendencia al descenso (MIDAGRI, 2021). Se ha reportado que la biosíntesis de flavonoides controla la pigmentación natural marrón y verde de la fibra (Liu et al., 2018) y que la mayoría de estos compuestos desempeñan muchos roles fisiológicos y ecológicos que incluyen la defensa contra herbívoros y patógenos, la atracción de polinizadores y portadores de semillas, así como la transmisión de señales químicas involucradas en la regulación del transporte de auxinas, la fertilidad y otras respuestas fisiológicas (Yonekura-Sakakibara et al., 2019). En consecuencia, los genes de los algodones pigmentados son de interés para el desarrollo de nuevos cultivares con resistencia a plagas, enfermedades y condiciones abióticas de estrés (Mehboob-ur-Rahman et al., 2012). Los estudios para examinar los patrones de variación morfológica brindan información que facilita el uso y manejo eficientes de las colecciones de germoplasma; por ejemplo, el identificar grupos potencialmente heteróticos para avanzar en el mejoramiento, puede ser considerado en la selección de una colección núcleo y puede influir en las decisiones de futuras expediciones de colecta en el medio natural (Bekele et al., 2006). Con esa orientación, desde 2012 en la Estación Experimental Agraria Vista Florida (Chiclayo, Lambayeque) se conserva la colección de 90 accesiones de algodón que forma parte del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA. Este documento describe a detalle 47 de esas accesiones , lo que representa una contribución a la investigación relacionada con la preservación y caracterización de ese valioso material genético.
Catálogo de tuna del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-10) Canchari Risco, Cledy; Mamani Huayhua, Giovana; Tineo Canchari, Juan Ignacio; Nuñez Cuba, Victoriano Eduardo; Pillaca Chillcce, Guido Bryan; Palomino Capcha, Moisés Vicente
La tuna es la cactácea de mayor importancia económica en el mundo (Kiesling, 1998). El propósito principal de su cultivo es la producción de frutos que pueden consumirse directamente o preparados de diferentes maneras (Barbera et al., 1992). Sus tallos (cladodios) pueden ser consumidos como verdura o usados como forraje (Kiesling, 1998). La harina de los cladodios puede sustituir parcialmente a la harina de trigo o de maíz en panadería (Barba et al., 2020). Los cladodios son usados también como agente aglutinante e impermeabilizante en adobes (Griffith, 2004). Los frutos y los cladodios se caracterizan por su elevada actividad antioxidante y por contener ácidos fenólicos (principalmente ácido ferúlico), flavonoides (principalmente derivados de la rutina y la isoramnetina) y compuestos colorantes (principalmente betalaína, luteína y betacaroteno), presentes en la piel y en la pulpa de los frutos (Barba et al., 2020). Esta actividad antioxidante es una propiedad nutracéutica destacada (Fernández-López et al., 2010). Aunque la capacidad nutricional de los frutos es relativamente modesta, éstos pueden suplementar una nutrición balanceada proporcionando ingredientes esenciales y nutracéuticos como aminoácidos diversos, taurina, carbohidratos, calcio, magnesio, vitamina C, fibra y fenoles (Cota-Sánchez, 2016). También son importantes sus usos medicinales y su uso como hospedero de cochinillas productoras de valiosos pigmentos de color rojo o púrpura (Griffith, 2004). Además, como ocurre con todas las cactáceas, es una planta muy eficiente en el uso del agua (Adli et al., 2017), por lo que su cultivo es una alternativa para regiones con disponibilidad de agua limitada (Pérez-Torrero et al., 2017). Las cactáceas en general se caracterizan por una notable variabilidad de caracteres morfológicos en una especie, que es determinada por un factor genético y otro ambiental (Maddams, 1972). La tuna no es una excepción y muestra una diversidad en Perú que requiere esfuerzos de conservación y evaluación orientados a la optimización de su uso sostenible, los mismos que tienen lugar en la colección de germoplasma de tuna que se conserva en la EEA Canaán. Como resultado de la caracterización agromorfológica realizada en dicha colección, se presenta este catálogo, con el objetivo de difundir las características principales de sus 123 accesiones y con la finalidad de contribuir a la investigación vinculada con la valoración de la diversidad de la tuna, la identificación de accesiones promisorias y la obtención de nuevas variedades.
Characterization of Coffea arabica L. parent plants and physicochemical properties of associated soils, Peru
(Cell Press, 2022-10-03) Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Bobadilla Rivera, Leidy Gheraldine; Valqui Valqui, Leandro; Silva Valqui, Gelver; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Vigo Mestanza, Carmen Natividad; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir
It is important to carry out the morphological characterization of coffee parent plants and the physicochemical properties of the associated soils in the Amazon region, Peru, in order to achieve germplasm conservation. One hundred coffee mother plants were identified and located in five provinces of the region and evaluated according to morphological descriptors such as stipula shape, young leaf color, leaf shape, leaf apex shape, young shoot color, leaf color, fruit color, fruit shape, mature leaf color, and rust incidence percentage. In the plots where the parent plants were located, soil sampling was carried out to determine the physical and chemical properties. The varieties with the greatest presence in the five provinces were Típica and caturra roja, with the greatest number of specimens reported for the province of Bagua. The predominant stipule shape was triangular (91%), lanceolate leaf shape (60%) and red fruit color (90%). Bongará reported the lowest incidence of yellow rust, as well as the Mundo Novo Rojo variety. Soil pH ranged from acidic to neutral values, low electrical conductivity, high organic matter content, low phosphorus content, high potassium levels and medium cation exchange capacity. The predominant textural class was sandy loam. The physical and chemical characterization of the soils under study show favorable ranges to encourage the best development of coffee cultivation.
Colección Nacional de Achiote del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, 2023-07-31) Cochas Escandón, Melissa
La Colección Nacional de Achiote del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA conserva accesiones que han sido colectadas en 07 regiones del Perú (Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Pasco, San Martín y Ucayali). También se cuenta con accesiones internacionales provenientes de Colombia, Costa Rica y Guatemala. La presente hoja divulgativa se ha desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto N°2480490: Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación en la caracterización de los recursos genéticos de la Agrobiodiversidad en 17 departamentos del Perú.
Comparación de métodos para medir características foliares y evaluación del contenido de clorofila en diez accesiones de rocoto del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú
(Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 2025-06-10) Dadther Huaman, Hans; Delgado Lazo, Andrea Graciela; Pacheco Lizarraga, Gonzalo Antonio
Antecedentes: El rocoto (Capsicum pubescens), originario de los Andes, es una especie de gran importancia en el Perú, tanto en la agricultura como en la gastronomía, especialmente en el departamento de Arequipa. Objetivo: Comparar la precisión y relación entre los métodos de medición del área, largo, ancho y perímetro foliar utilizando el software ImageJ y el medidor portátil CI-202, así como evaluar el contenido de clorofila con el SPAD 502 Plus en diez accesiones de rocoto. Metodología: Se realizaron pruebas de normalidad y homogeneidad de varianzas para las variables foliares y de clorofila. Luego, se aplicó ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05) para comparar accesiones, además de un análisis de correlación de Pearson. Para comparar las mediciones de área foliar con ImageJ y CI-202 con el producto del largo por el ancho foliar, se empleó un modelo de regresión lineal, de igual forma se comparó el área foliar y el contenido de clorofila. Resultados: Las accesiones PER1002862 y PER1002844 mostraron los mayores valores en todos los parámetros, mientras que PER1002960 y PER1002949 tuvieron los menores, excepto en clorofila, donde PER1002821 registró el valor más bajo. El medidor portátil CI-202 obtuvo mayor coeficiente de determinación (R2=0.9919) que ImageJ (R2=0.984) al comparar el área foliar con el producto del largo por el ancho. Implicaciones: El estudio evalúa la precisión de ImageJ y CI-202 en la medición foliar y su relación con el contenido de clorofila en C. pubescens. Conclusiones: Ambos métodos, ImageJ y CI-202, fueron eficaces para la medición foliar; sin embargo, el CI-202 fue más eficiente por su rapidez en la recolección y procesamiento de datos. El contenido de clorofila varió entre accesiones, sin relación con el área foliar.
Comparative analysis of key fiber characteristics in white pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.): Native accessions from the Peruvian Amazon
(John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2024-05-19) Morales Araníbar, Luis; Nieves Rivera, Marite Yulisa; Soto Gonzales, Hebert Hernán; Morales Araníbar, Carlos Genaro; Linares Gutiérrez, Nataniel; Gamarra Gomez, Francisco; Zuffo, Alan Mario; González Aguilera, Jorge; Steiner, Fabio
The fiber quality of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) native to the Peruvian Amazon region is one of the most versatile and essential natural fibers in the Peruvian textile industry. There is little information about the fiber quality traits of cotton genotypes native to the Peruvian Amazon region. This study investigated the fiber quality traits of Peruvian Pima cotton accessions native to the Amazon region of the La Convención Province, Cusco, Peru, to determine the lines with the greatest potential for improving fiber quality in cotton genetic breeding programs. A total of 14 cotton accessions with white fiber color, being 12 accessions of G. barbadense L. (Pima cotton) and two accessions of Gossypium sp. (unknown cotton), were analyzed. The fiber properties determined using the high volume instrument method included seven characteristics. All fiber properties were classified into five quality classes. The data on fiber quality properties were subjected to distribution, correlation, and canonical variable analysis. The results of fiber quality properties showed that the two accessions of Gossypium sp. (unknown cotton) can be promising options to be used as high-quality fiber progenies in crop genetic breeding programs or can be cultivated by regional farmers for the purpose of producing cotton with high fiber quality. Future investigations could utilize other methods of fiber quality analysis and compare the fiber quality of these cotton accessions native to the Peruvian Amazon region with other cotton species grown worldwide to improve the understanding of Pima cotton fiber quality and its applicability in different contexts of the textile industries.
Diversity of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (loche and cushé) and Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (chiclayo) in Southern Amazonas, Perú
(USDA ARS U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2023-07-17) Gill, Elizabeth R.A.; Ogden, Andrew B.; Oliva Cruz, Segundo Manuel; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos
The National Institute for Agrarian Innovation (INIA) in Perú, among countless projects, maintains the Peruvian National Cucurbita spp. germplasm bank representing the remarkable Cucurbita spp. diversity in Perú. Prior to this project, the INIA Cucurbita collection covered much of the southern Perú Cucurbita spp. diversity but was lacking Cucurbita spp. samples from northern Perú. Therefore, the Fulbright Program funded this project to investigate and inventory the disappearing diversity of Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita ficifolia in the Department of Amazonas, Perú. The collection focused on three landraces that belong to two different species (Table 1). The two C. moschata landraces are known in the Amazonas region as loche and cushé, whilst the C. ficifolia landrace is commonly known as chiclayo. Loche has a higher economic value and culinary influence, whilst cushé has a greater phenotypic diversity but is farmed on a smaller scale. All three, loche, cushé and chiclayo, show different physical, culinary, cultural, and geographic adaptations. The objectives of this project included:(a) collecting C. moschata and C. ficifolia samples from different districts in the Department of Amazonas, Perú for seed saving,(b) taking morphological data and photos of each collected sample for analysis, and (c) collecting cultural, historical, and culinary information.
Extended studies of interspecific relationships in Daucus (Apiaceae) using DNA sequences from ten nuclear orthologues
(Oxford University, 2019-09-24) Martínez Flores, Fernando; Crespo, Manuel B.; Geoffriau, Emmanuel; Allender, Charlotte; Ruess, Holly; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Simon, Philipp W.; Spooner, David M.
Daucus has traditionally been estimated to comprise 21–25 species, but a recent study expanded the genus to c. 40 species. The present study uses ten nuclear orthologues to examine 125 accessions, including 40 collections of 11 species (D. annuus, D. arcanus, D. decipiens, D. durieua, D. edulis, D. gracilis, D. minusculus, D. montanus, D. pumilus, D. setifolius and D. tenuissimus) newly examined with nuclear orthologues. As in previous nuclear orthologue studies, Daucus resolves into two well-defined clades, and groups different accessions of species together. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses provide concordant results, but SVD quartets reveals many areas of disagreement of species within these two major clades. With maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses Daucus montanus (hexaploid) is resolved as an allopolyploid between D. pusillus (diploid) and D. glochidiatus (tetraploid), whereas with SVD quartets it is resolved as an allopolyploid between D. glochidiatus and an unknown Daucus sp. We propose the new combination Daucus junceus (Durieua juncea) for a neglected species endemic to the south-western Iberian Peninsula often referred to as D. setifolius, and we place D. arcanus in synonymy with D. pusillus. Three lectotypes are also designated.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Assessed by SSR in a Peruvian Germplasm Collection of Loche Squash (Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbitaceae)
(MDPI, 2022-03-14) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Blas Sevillano, Raúl Humberto; Ugás, Roberto
Loche is an ancient landrace of squash from Northern Peru, notable for its vegetative re-production and lack of seeds in fruits. To date, very little is known about its genetics. Here, we used 21 simple sequence repeats to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of a collection of 100 samples of loche from three localities in Peru, and 10 samples of related species, C. pepo and C. maxima (110 accessions in total). A total 85 bands were manually scored, obtaining an average of 4.05 alleles per locus. UPGMA clustering method and principal coordinate analysis showed a clear identification between the three species of Cucurbita. Population structure analysis clustered the 110 accessions into five populations: (i) three of loche, (ii) one of C. pepo, and (iii) one of C. maxima. Genetic diversity estimation was conducted considering only the three groups (populations) of loche identified, which was 0.024 as an average. AMOVA revealed the greatest variation between populations (79.66%) and indicated that variability within populations is 20.33%. Vegetative prop-agation by means of stem cuttings and cultivation in a very restricted geographical area would ex-plain the rather low diversity of loche. This in turn would suggest that the apparent variation ob-served in fruit shape may be explained by somatic mutation and/or environmental factors.
Genetic structure and diversity of a peruvian collection of a high-quality wood tree species, Ulcumano (Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpaceae
(Universidad de Concepción, 2022-12-27) Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Cancán Loli, Johan Deyvid; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Jhoncon Kooyip, Jorge Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Ulcumano, which is native to South America, is an important conifer in Peru. Molecular studies are scarce, limiting modern breeding and appropriate conservation activities. Currently, molecular markers are widely employed to explore genetic structure and diversity parameters of plant species in a fast and precise manner. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of ulcumano in Peru by using DNA-based molecular markers. Nine Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used, while 95 individuals of ulcumano were sampled from three departments of Peru. A total of 265 DNA fragments were manually scored, but 247 of them were kept after removing the non-polymorphic markers. Genetic distances were calculated using R software based on Provesti´s coefficient. A dendrogram was obtained using the UPGMA clustering algorithm, showing no clear clustering. The principal coordinate analysis agreed with two population structure analyses, demonstrating that ulcumano is contained within two clusters, (i) Junín + Pasco, and (ii) Cajamarca, while very few individuals are intermixed. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated considering the two groups (populations) identified by STRUCTURE software. Nei’s genetic diversity estimate varied between 0.22 and 0.28, while Shannon index ranged from 3.43 to 4.16. Population divergence (Fst) between the two clusters revealed low genetic differentiation (0.064). AMOVA analysis revealed that 87.31 and 12.69% of the total genetic variation were found within populations and between individuals, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study in ulcumano in Peru, and provides valuable information for the genetic improvement and sustainable management of this conifer in the country.
Integrated Molecular and Morphological Studies of the Daucus guttatus Complex (Apiaceae)
(BioOne, 2016-06-28) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Simon, Philipp W.; Martínez Flores, Fernando; Ruess, Holly; Crespo, Manuel B.; Spooner, David M.
In a previous study using 94 nuclear orthologs, we reported the species status of the Daucus guttatus complex to be unresolved, partitioned into three clades. In the present study, a subset of ten of these 94 orthologs was used to infer the phylogeny of the D. guttatus complex and related species. A near parallel set of accessions, planted in a common garden, was used for morphological analyses. The molecular trees are highly resolved for most of the clades, grouping accessions of the D. guttatus complex into four clades. Bayesian concordance analysis and a coalescent approach gave slightly different topologies. Morphological data likewise support four taxa in the complex. Moreover, herbarium research from a companion study informs nomenclature for taxa of the complex. We identify these four clades as D. bicolor, D. conchitae, D. guttatus, and D. setulosus; internested in or among these segregates are the phenetically distinctive species D. glochidiatus, D. involucratus, D. littoralis, and D. pusillus. Our research redefines species variation in the D. guttatus complex, clarifies species names, interspecific relationships, confirms a useful subset of nuclear orthologs for studies of dominant topologies of Daucus, and discovers morphological characters allowing proper identification of the four species of the D. guttatus complex and related species.
Inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers provide insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of carrots (Daucus, Apiaceae)
(TUBITAK, 2022-04-25) Yildiz, Mehtap; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Studies of genetic diversity and population structure are essential as an initial step in conservation and breeding programs for modern crops. Carrot (Daucus spp.) is among the ten most important vegetables worldwide, however, its genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships are not totally deciphered. Here, we explored the utility of 21 inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of 38 accessions of Daucus and one accession of a related genus. The manual scoring revealed 309 bands based on their presence/absence. The dendrogram based on the UPGMA clustering algorithm and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated the presence of four clusters. The Daucus species with 2n = 18 chromosome (subclade A´) separated from the other two species D. pusillus and D. muricatus, which were positioned into two individual clusters. The other clade includes the Daucus from the B group. It was also noticed that few accessions were intermixed amongst clusters. Different genetic diversity parameters were estimated based on the four clusters (populations) defined by STRUCTURE software, demonstrating that clusters 3 and 4 possessed the lowest and highest diversity values, respectively. AMOVA showed variation between and within clusters of 41.85% and 58.15%, respectively. The highest population divergence (Fst) was observed between clusters 2 and 3 (0.579), on the other hand, clusters 1 and 4 depicted the lowest Fst with 0.160. Our research highlighted that iPBS markers were successful and effective to study Daucus genetic diversity. These results will contribute to the genetic improvement of carrots and sustainable management of its diversity.
Morphometrics of Daucus (Apiaceae): A counterpart to a phylogenomic study
(John Wiley & Sons, 2014-11-01) Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Reitsma, Kathleen R.; Simon, Philipp W.; Spooner, David M.
•Premise of study: Molecular phylogenetics of genome‐scale data sets (phylogenomics) often produces phylogenetic trees with unprecedented resolution. A companion phylogenomics analysis of Daucus using 94 conserved nuclear orthologs supported many of the traditional species but showed unexpected results that require morphological analyses to help interpret them in a practical taxonomic context. •Methods: We evaluated character state distributions, stepwise discriminant analyses, canonical variate analyses, and hierarchical cluster analyses from 40 morphological characters from 81 accessions of 14 taxa of Daucus and eight species in related genera in an experimental plot. •Key results: Most characters showed tremendous variation with character state overlap across many taxa. Multivariate analyses separated the outgroup taxa easily from the Daucus ingroup. Concordant with molecular analyses, most species form phenetic groups, except the same taxa that are problematical in the molecular results: (1) the subspecies of D. carota, (2) D. sahariensis and D. syrticus, and (3) D. broteri and D. guttatus. •Conclusions: Phenetic analyses, in combination with molecular data, support many Daucus species, but mostly by overlapping ranges of size and meristic variation. The subspecies of D. carota are poorly separated morphologically, are paraphyletic, and all could be recognized at the subspecies rank under D. carota. Daucus sahariensis and D. syrticus are so similar morphologically that they could be placed in synonymy. Combined molecular and morphological data support three species in accessions previously identified as D. broteri and D. guttatus. Molecular and morphological results support the new combination Daucus carota subsp. capillifolius.
Phenotypic variability of Smallanthus sonchifolius germplasm of Peru
(Bioversity International, 2025-08-18) Santa Cruz Padilla, Angel Esteban; Vásquez Orrillo, Jorge Luis; Rodríguez López, Silvia Yanina; Eugenio Leiva, Araceli; Bardales Lozano, Ricardo Manuel; Seminario, Juan F.; Murga Orrillo, Hipolito
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) is a functional food native to the South American Andes. Its tuberous root and leaves are the main parts consumed; however, few studies have been carried out on its phenotypic variability. This study aimed to characterize 214 yacon accessions from the Germplasm Bank of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Peru. Twelve qualitative and seven quantitative variables were used. Accession Y-74 showed the largest leaf dimensions, while Y-28 showed the highest productivity per plant. Multiple correspondence analysis and principal component analysis revealed that the variables propagule color, leaf shape, root pulp color, leaf length and width, root weight per plant, and yield contributed significantly to the discrimination and identification of promising accessions. The geographical grouping of the accessions showed differences between accessions from the north and south of Peru. The qualitative phylogenetic tree showed 12 morphological groups discriminated mainly by leaf morphology and root characteristics, while the dendrogram analysis identified four clusters, with Cluster II standing out with an average yield of 73.5t/ha of tuberous roots. These results are important, as they allowed the identification of promising accessions and useful traits that can contribute to improving productivity and promoting the expansion of yacon cultivation at national and international levels.