Examinando por Materia "Cadmium"

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Antagonistic interaction between zinc and cadmium in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. var. CCN-51) seedlings amended with rock phosphate
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-02-12) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Malca Quezada, María Esmilda; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Huamaní Yupanqui , Hugo Alfredo; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo
Introduction: In the San Martın region, several studies have reported Cd concentrations in surface soils approaching the upper limit (UL), with mean values ranging from 0.27 to 1.351 mg·kg- ¹. Methods: Cadmium (Cd) transfer to Theobroma cacao (CCN-51) seedlings was evaluated under 12 factorial combinations of phosphate rock (RFP) and foliar zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applications, using relative uptake (foliar Cd/soil Cd) as the primary response variable. Results: The treatment showing the highest Cd uptake was T4, defined as RFP = 0 mg·kg-1 and ZnSO4 = 527.80 mg·plant-1, with a value of 53.12. The observed range in relative uptake was 33.08 units, indicating substantial variation among management combinations. At the factor-level analysis, the high RFP treatment (114.55 mg·kg- ¹) was associated with an average reduction of approximately 26.5% in relative uptake and lower within-group variability compared to the 0 mg·kg- ¹ level. Interaction plots indicated that the effect of ZnSO4 on nutrient uptake depended on RFP level, with a descending response profile at high RFP concentrations. In parallel, soil correlation analyses identified available phosphorus and pH as the principal modulators of Cd transfer from soil to plant. Leaf-level principal component analysis showed that Zn and K were projected in the opposite direction to P2O5 and Cd, consistent with an ionic balance mechanism regulating Cd accumulation, and achieved an overall classification accuracy of approximately 81%, thereby confirming multivariate separability among treatments. Discussion: Collectively, these integrated results support identifying T4 as the treatment with the highest Cd uptake within the evaluated set. Accordingly, the presence of Zn²+–Cd²+ antagonism can be asserted; however, its expression is strongly influenced by soil pH and, most critically, by the availability of phosphorus derived from RFP.
Determinación de plomo y cadmio en frutos de Mangifera indica L. (mango) cercanos a pozos de oxidación
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 2026-01-29) Alarcon Cruz, Neidi; Peláez Gonzales, Romario Anibal; Chico Ruíz, Julio Roger; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Campos Ruiz, Sanderson Narcizo; Calle Iparraguirre, Nander Oriol; García Carrasco, Elfer
Los metales pesados constituyen una de las principales fuentes de contaminación ambiental debido a su persistencia, bioacumulación y efectos adversos sobre los ecosistemas y la salud humana. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las concentraciones de plomo (Pb) y cadmio (Cd) en frutos de Mangifera indica L. cultivados en áreas adyacentes a pozos de oxidación en el distrito y provincia de Jaén, Perú. La cuantificación de los metales se realizó mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, siguiendo la normativa USEPA (1996) y el método 3052. Los resultados indicaron que el 33,3 % de las muestras superaron los límites máximos permisibles de Pb y el 3,33 % excedieron los valores establecidos para Cd, conforme al Codex Alimentarius, la Unión Europea y la legislación rusa. Asimismo, se observó mayor concentración de Pb en frutos de la parte inferior de la copa y de Cd en la zona media. En conclusión, los frutos evaluados no son aptos para consumo humano, representando un riesgo potencial para la salud pública.
Geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice soils of northwestern Peru
(Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature), 2025-08-21) Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Arce Inga, Marielita; Torres Herrera, Pedro Antonio; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Victor Hugo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method. The results indicated that the contents of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceed the limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for agricultural soils, with maximum Cd and Cr concentrations of 2 and 21 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively, mainly in very low-altitude areas (374–450 m a.s.l.). The single-factor pollution index results indicated slight Cd contamination and intense Cr contamination. Likewise, high levels of arsenic (As), Cd, and Cr were detected in soils managed via stubble burning, reaching 2, 2, and 16 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively. The highest Cr concentrations were located in the northeastern and western parts of the study area, whereas the highest Cd concentrations occurred in the northeastern and southwestern parts. These concentrations may be associated with potential contamination sources, with the use of phosphate fertilizers, water for cultivation, and soil erosion as key contributors. This study highlights the potential risk to rice productivity and crop safety, emphasizing the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring strategies for heavy metals in soils associated with crops.
Soil, site, and management factors affecting cadmium concentration in cacao-growing soils
(MDPI, 2020-06-05) Scaccabarozzi, Daniela; Castillo, Luis; Aromatisi, Andrea; Milne, Lynne; Bullón Castillo, Adolfo Alejandro; Muñoz Rojas, Miriam
Soil contamination by potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) such as Cadmium (Cd), is a major environmental concern because of its potential implications to human health. Cacao-based products have been identified as food sources with relatively high Cd contents. Here, we assessed Cd concentrations of cacao-growing soils in four major agricultural regions with contrasting climates in Peru, one of the main exporters of cacao products worldwide. At each study site (n = 40) a broad range of potential factors affecting Cd concentration in soils, i.e., site, soil and management, were evaluated. Concentrations of Cd ranged between 1.1-3.2 mg kg-1. Mean values per region were below 2.7 mg kg-1, usually established as upper-limit for non-polluted soils. Cadmium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in sites at higher elevations and in a temperate, drier climate. Cadmium correlated positively with pH (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and was higher (p < 0.001) in alluvial sediments and Leptosols. Management factors (cacao variety, cultivation year, management practices) and agroecology did not affect Cd concentrations directly. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering a broad range of both natural and anthropogenic factors to evaluate Cd concentrations in cacao-growing soils and contribute to effective and sustainable cacao production by improving land management and planning
Spatial assessment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils of the lower Chancay–Huaral valley, Peru
(Wiley, 2026-05-29) Samaniego Vivanco, Tomás Daniel; Ramirez Aparicio, Jorge Adrian; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) poses a potential threat to agricultural productivity and food security, particularly in rapidly developing coastal regions. This study evaluates the spatial distribution and contamination levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in agricultural soils from the Huaral, Chancay, and Aucallama districts of the Lima region, Peru, an area undergoing urban expansion, mining concessions, and the establishment of a new international port. A total of 88 soil samples were analyzed for metal concentrations using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), along with key physicochemical properties. Geostatistical interpolation techniques, including ordinary kriging (OK) and cokriging (CK), were applied to generate spatial prediction maps for each element. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) were used to determine the contamination status. Mean Igeo values ranged from −0.59 to −0.46, while mean CF values ranged from 1.09 to 1.21, indicating generally unpolluted to moderately polluted conditions. Although maximum values reached 1.41 for Igeo and 4.21 for CF, these were spatially localized. Results revealed that most metal concentrations remained below the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standards for agricultural soils, suggesting predominantly natural geochemical origins. However, a small proportion of samples showed slight and localized exceedances (4.54% for Cd and 3.41% for Mn). For elements not regulated under national standards, international guidelines were considered, further supporting the absence of widespread anthropogenic contamination. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mn were spatially clustered in the north-central sector of the study area, suggesting responses to soil properties such as pH, texture, and moisture. Notably, areas of higher concentration did not coincide with zones of higher contamination indices, indicating limited anthropogenic influence. However, proximity to urban expansion, mining activities, and port infrastructure highlights the need for continuous soil monitoring to prevent accumulation and ensure agricultural sustainability.