Examinando por Materia "Bolivia"

Mostrando 1 - 5 de 5

Application of HACCP Principles to Local Drying Processes of Capsicum Species in Bolivia and Peru
(ResearchGate, 2010-09-16) Salvatierra Rojas, Ana; Nagle, Marcus; Argyropoulos, Dimitrios; Ríos Lobo, Llermé; Serrano Quintanilla, Edwin; Bejarano Martinez, Carlos; Jäger, Matthias; Mueller, Joachin
The aims of the proposed research were to identify and document species, production and uses, describe processing procedures for drying, evaluate drying conditions and practices and apply Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles to identify the critical control points involved in drying processes. The study focused on cultivated species of capsicum in the areas around Chuquisaca, Bolivia and Lima, Peru under the guidance of local partners. Farmer interviews were conducted to obtain information about current postharvest handling practices. In addition, drying procedures were evaluated at several sites. Parameters were documented, including drying conditions and behaviour of the product by placing climate sensors in the drying bulks and sampling and analysing the product at significant processing points. Based on this data, HACCP principles were applied, namely: product description, identification of intended uses, construction and confirmation of flow diagrams, list potential hazards, hazard analysis and consideration of control measures, establishment of critical control points based on Codex Alimentarius and establishment of critical limits. Recommendations are given as a baseline for the complete implementation HACCP standards corresponding to the monitoring of the production chain to ensure food safety. Corrective actions can now be implemented via verification procedures and documentation and record keeping will allow realisation of HACCP quality assurance for the production of dried Capsicum in Bolivia and Peru.
Assessment of Current Drying Practices for South American Pepper Varieties ( Capsicum spp ) with Respect to Final Product Quality
(The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 2010-10-31) Halle, Christian; Nagle, Marcus; Argyropoulos, Dimitrios; Serrano, E.; Peña Pineda, Karla Mónica; Martínez, C. B.; Jäger, Matthias; Mueller, Joachin
Worldwide fresh and dried Capsicum species are used as ingredients in foods and medicines. In Peru and Bolivia, with large percentages of population occupied in agriculture and living below the poverty line, capsicum is among the most important agricultural products. However, especially small-scale farmers face reduced sales due to market restrictions on low quality products. Many studies show that dried Capsicum especially is often contaminated with mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of microbes, which pose significant health risks to consumers. As fungal growth depends on moisture content, drying is a critically important postharvest process. The current practice is largely open-air sun drying of capsicum, a fruit with high water content, which allows for quick infection by microbes. Additional processing like milling can further increase contamination. Another aspect of Capsicum processing that addresses livelihood of local people is the high content of carotenoids that are responsible for the red colour. Carotenoids have an important role in human nutrition as they are metabolised to vitamin A after ingestion. In many developing countries vitamin A deficiency causes severe health problems and losses of up to 53 % of the initial carotenoid content during drying have been reported due to sensitivity to heat and UV radiation. This study evaluated the prevailing postharvest system of the Capsicum drying in Peru and Bolivia with a focus on microbial contamination and carotenoid degradation. Drying processes of several locally grown Capsicum cultivars were observed and products were sampled at various postharvest points. Different quality parameters including moisture content, colour, microbial contamination, mycotoxin content and beta-carotene were determined by standard methods. By reverse analysis of the production chain, critical control points were identified where measures can be taken to improve product quality. As a result, recommendations for improved manufacturing practices are given. By analysis and optimisation of the current drying techniques, product quality can be improved and value increased, generating new market opportunities that can increase income of local farmers. Furthermore, increasing nutritional value and decreasing the presence of mycotoxins will contribute to the health and well-being of consumers of dried capsicum.
Exploration of underutilized crop diversity of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru
(2014-06) Van Zonneveld, Maarten J.; Ramírez, Marleni; Williams, David E.; Petz, Michael; Meckelmann, Sven W.; Avila, Teresa; Bejarano Martinez, Carlos; Ríos Lobo, Llermé; Libreros, Dimary; Scheldeman, Xavier
The genus Capsicum is a highly diverse complex of domesticated and wild species that displays abundant variation in its main center of domestication and diversity in Bolivia and Peru but that remains under-researched. New collecting expeditions undertaken in 2010 by the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) in Peru and the Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP) in Bolivia have significantly increased the size of the collections. INIA Peru now maintains 712 accessions of the five domesticated species, making it one of the largest and most diverse national collections of native Capsicum pepper varieties in the world. The collection in Bolivia contains 492 accessions, including the five domesticated species, four wild species, and one wild botanical variety of a domesticated species. We report on the identification of promising native Capsicum germplasm for potential use in the development of differentiated products. Identification of promising material representative of native Capsicum diversity in both collections followed several steps: (1) Identification of a core collection of nearly 100 accessions per country representing the different species and their geographic distribution. Dried samples of these accessions were biochemically screened for commercially interesting attributes including capsaicinoid content, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids, lipid content and color; (2) Based on results of the biochemical screening, sub-sets of 44 Bolivian and 39 Peruvian accessions were selected, representing the different species and variation in biochemical attributes; and (3) The selected materials were grown in different environments to identify the agro-ecological conditions were they best express the special properties of commercial interest. The biochemical screening and agromorphological characterization and evaluation revealed that Capsicum accessions from Bolivia and Peru have unique combinations of functional attributes, confirming that a wealth of commercially valuable properties can be found in Capsicum’s primary center of diversity. This study was financed by GIZ.
Generación de innovaciones para mejorar la competitividad y los beneficios de los actores de las cadenas de valor de los ajíes nativos en Bolivia y Perú
(Bioversity International, 2014) Jäger, Matthias; Amaya, Karen
El documento revisa los resultados del proyecto Rescate y promoción de los ajíes nativos en su centro de origen, en el cual se desarrolló un enfoque modelo combinando actividades de investigación y desarrollo para demostrar cómo se pueden mejorar los ingresos de los agricultores de ajíes nativos aprovechando la diversidad que actualmente está siendo subutilizada, y la transición hacia una producción y comercialización diferenciada de alto valor.
Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru
(Boris Alexander Vinatzer, Virginia Tech, UNITED STATES, 2015-09-24) Van Zonneveld, Maarten J.; Ramírez, Marleni; Williams, David E.; Petz, Michael; Meckelmann, Sven W.; Avila, Teresa; Bejarano Martinez, Carlos; Ríos Lobo, Llermé; Peña Pineda, Karla Mónica; Jäger, Matthias; Libreros, Dimary; Amaya, Karen; Scheldeman, Xavier
For most crops, like Capsicum, their diversity remains under-researched for traits of interest for food, nutrition and other purposes. A small investment in screening this diversity for a wide range of traits is likely to reveal many traditional varieties with distinguished values. One objective of this study was to demonstrate, with Capsicum as model crop, the application of indicators of phenotypic and geographic diversity as effective criteria for selecting promising genebank accessions for multiple uses from crop centers of diversity. A second objective was to evaluate the expression of biochemical and agromorphological properties of the selected Capsicum accessions in different conditions. Four steps were involved: 1) Develop the necessary diversity by expanding genebank collections in Bolivia and Peru; 2) Establish representative subsets of ~100 accessions for biochemical screening of Capsicum fruits; 3) Select promising accessions for different uses after screening; and 4) Examine how these promising accessions express biochemical and agromorphological properties when grown in different environmental conditions. The Peruvian Capsicum collection now contains 712 accessions encompassing all five domesticated species (C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens). The collection in Bolivia now contains 487 accessions, representing all five domesticates plus four wild taxa (C. baccatum var. baccatum, C. caballeroi, C. cardenasii, and C. eximium). Following the biochemical screening, 44 Bolivian and 39 Peruvian accessions were selected as promising, representing wide variation in levels of antioxidant capacity, capsaicinoids, fat, flavonoids, polyphenols, quercetins, tocopherols, and color. In Peru, 23 promising accessions performed well in different environments, while each of the promising Bolivian accessions only performed well in a certain environment. Differences in Capsicum diversity and local contexts led to distinct outcomes in each country. In Peru, mild landraces with high values in health-related attributes were of interest to entrepreneurs. In Bolivia, wild Capsicum have high commercial demand.