Examinando por Materia "Andean agriculture"

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Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-13) Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Révolo Acevedo, Ronald; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Heavy metal contamination in Andean agricultural systems is a growing concern for food safety and environmental health. This study assessed the concentrations and bioaccumulation patterns of eleven metals (Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo) in seven representative crops cultivated under irrigated and rainfed conditions in the Mantaro Valley, central Peruvian Andes. Soil and foliar samples were collected from paired plots, and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated to evaluate metal transfer to plant tissues. Irrigated soils showed higher and more homogeneous concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As, reflecting long-term accumulation from historical mining activities and irrigation with contaminated water from the Mantaro River. Foliar concentrations exceeded Codex Alimentarius limits for Cd, Pb, and As in several crops, especially potato and broad bean. BAF analyses revealed distinct crop-specific behaviors: potato, quinoa, and broad bean frequently exhibited BAF >1 for metals such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mn, indicating active uptake and translocation. In contrast, cereals such as maize and barley maintained low BAF values (<1), suggesting conservative absorption patterns. Irrigation increased the bioavailability of several metals, resulting in higher foliar concentrations and elevated BAF values compared to rainfed systems. Multivariate analyses further differentiated metal accumulation profiles by crop type and water management system. These findings highlight the need for strengthened monitoring of high-accumulation crops and improved soil and water quality management in historically contaminated Andean agricultural regions.
Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Control Agents Against the Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc) Under Field Conditions
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-12-03) Cárdenass Huaman, Gabriela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Casas Niño, Sebastian; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Lozano Isla, Flavio; Morocho Romero, Henry
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop worldwide and a cornerstone of food security across the Andean region. However, its production is increasingly threatened by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, the causal agent of the purple-top complex associated with zebra chip disease, which severely reduces both tuber yield and quality. This study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in the province of Huancabamba, Peru, to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical control agents against B. cockerelli under field conditions. A randomized complete block design was implemented with five treatments and four replicates, totaling 20 experimental units, each consisting of 20 potato plants (S. tuberosum L.), of which 10 plants were evaluated. Treatments included an untreated control (T0), a chemical control (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and imidacloprid) (T1), and three biological control agents: Beauveria bassiana CCB LE-265 (>1.5 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T2), Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T3), and Metarhizium anisopliae (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T4). Foliar applications targeted eggs, nymphs, and adults of the psyllid. Results indicated that B. cockerelli mortality across developmental stages was lower under biological treatments compared with T1, which achieved the lowest probability of purple-top symptom expression (46%) and a zebra chip incidence of 60.60%. Among the biological agents, M. anisopliae (T4) reduced incidence to 56.60%, while P. lilacinus (T3) demonstrated consistent suppression of nymphal populations. In terms of yield, T1 achieved the highest tuber weight (198.86 g plant⁻¹) and number of tubers (7.74 plant⁻¹), followed by T3 (5.08) and T4 (4.24). Nevertheless, all treatments exhibited low yields and small tuber sizes, likely due to unfavorable environmental conditions and the presence of the invasive pest. Overall, chemical control was more effective than biological agents; however, the latter showed considerable potential for integration into sustainable pest management programs. Importantly, vector suppression alone does not guarantee the absence of purple-top complex symptoms or zebra chip disease in potato tubers.
Manual de producción de semillas de calidad de maíz morado INIA 615 – Negro Canaán
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 2025-12-29) Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocío; Toledo Choquehuanca, José Jesús Martín; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Amaya Castillo, Jorge Augusto
En el Perú, el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) es un pilar fundamental de nuestra herencia cultural y social que viene siendo cultivado desde las zonas costeras hasta los 3 200 m s. n. m. En este contexto, el maíz morado destaca como un producto nutracéutico y un verdadero “súper alimento”. Sus excepcionales propiedades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas y antiinflamatorias provienen de los altos niveles de antocianinas presentes en la coronta, el grano y las brácteas, brindándole una ventaja competitiva en el mercado internacional e impulsando su creciente demanda global. La producción de semillas de alta calidad es una actividad estratégica para el desarrollo agrícola sostenible del país. Un manejo adecuado no solo contribuye a conservar la pureza genética de las variedades nativas, protegiendo un valioso patrimonio cultural, sino que también mejora los rendimientos en campo, favoreciendo el fortalecimiento de la seguridad alimentaria nacional. El Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), cumpliendo con las funciones asignadas por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), desempeña un rol crucial en la preservación de estas semillas nativas. En el Perú, la producción anual de maíz morado alcanza aproximadamente 11 500 toneladas, con un rendimiento promedio de 2.31 t/ha. Las regiones de sierra centro y sur del Perú, demuestran un alto potencial de siembra de este cultivo, con un rendimiento promedio de 7 t/ha; muy superior al promedio nacional. Esta diferencia resalta la importancia de optimizar las prácticas de producción, selección y conservación de semillas.