Examinando por Autor "Kobayashi, Shigeo"

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Migration patterns and land use by immigrants under a changing frontier society in the Peruvian Amazon
(Japan Soc Tropical Ecology, 2014-09-01) Ichikawa, Masahiro; Ricse Tembladera, Auberto; Ugarte, Julio; Kobayashi, Shigeo
One of main factors identified as explaining forest loss and degradation in the Selva (the Peruvian Amazon) is the migration of people from the Sierra (Andes highlands), where agricultural conditions are severe, to forest areas in the Selva in search of new land. This paper aims at clarifying the characteristics and process of migration based on interviews with local people near Pucallpa, Ucayali Department, where forest loss and degradation has advanced in recent decades. In the study area, forest loss and degradation progressed by commercial logging after construction of a road connecting between Lima and Pucallpa in 1943. After logging, stock-farming companies and immigrants entered the area, and land uses other than high forest have been expanding. Today, the study area is occupied by people who have immigrated since the 1960s. Many of them earned income by logging until the 1980s, while today almost of them make a livelihood by agriculture, stock farming, or tree planting. As a result of these economic activities, there are substantial areas of mixed shrubs and grass in the study area today. This paper clarifies two points. First, the majority of immigrants were born not in the Sierra, but in the Selva, for instance as part of the expanding population in the Departments of San Martin and Amazonas. The main stream of migration is from parts of the Selva where immigrants had started reclamation in earlier days to other parts of the Selva with still abundant forests (such as the study area). Second, most migrants were not born in a rural area, but in Pucallpa, a developing urban area in the Selva. Pucallpa is also an important place for step migrants who stayed there for a while and worked temporarily before immigrating to the study area. The urban area has gained an important role in migration to forests in the Selva as a place of birth of migrants and for its function in step migration.
Secondary succession of mixed plantations established to rehabilitate abandoned pasture in the Peruvian Amazon
(Japan Soc Tropical Ecology, 2014-09-01) Kobayashi, Shigeo; Soudre Zambrano, Manuel Antonio; Ricse Tembladera, Auberto
Secondary succession or facilitation processes carried out at sites established for rehabilitating abandoned pastures and degraded forests (prurmas) are instrumental in their return to original forest status. An understanding of these secondary succession processes contributes to the rehabilitation of degraded forest ecosystems and to the livelihoods of local communities, and aids in conserving biodiversity. We studied secondary succession in mixed species plantations that were established to rehabilitate abandoned land. The initial vegetation in these abandoned pastures and croplands was grassland composed of three dominant species: Rottboellia exaltata, Imperata brasiliensis, and Brachyaria decumbens. After tree planting and weeding had been carried out, the site was first invaded by R. exaltata and Baccharis floribunda. These two species, which depend solely on sexual and not vegetative reproduction, facilitated secondary succession and elevated species diversity by enabling subsequent invasion by several species. By contrast, B. decumbens, I. brasiliensis, and Hyparrhenia rufa depend mainly on vegetative reproduction involving rhizomes and tillers, and subsequent invasion by other species was relatively less in stand types dominated by these three species. We found that further adequate rehabilitation techniques were necessary for the respective vegetation types.