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Improvement and Maturation of Liquid Biofertilizers in Series-Connected Biodigesters: Comparative Analysis of Guinea Pig Manure and Vermicompost Leachate
(MDPI, 2025-11-05) Gómez Montoya, Juan Pablo; Castillo Alvarez, Yoisdel; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Patiño Agudelo, Alisson Dahian; Luna delRisco, Mario; Arrieta Gonzales, Carlos E.
The recovery of livestock waste through multistage anaerobic digestion represents a key strategy for producing high-efficiency liquid biofertilizers within circular economy frameworks. This study compared two underexplored substrates—guinea pig manure and vermicompost leachate (VL)—processed in series biodigesters to evaluate their nutrient composition and agronomic performance. The guinea pig manure biol exhibited higher macronutrient concentrations (N = 1.09–3.74 g L−1 ; P = 0.06–0.64 g L−1 ; K = 1.85–3.20 g L−1 ) and electrical conductivity (14.1–26.5 mS cm−1 ), while VL presented a more balanced nutrient profile (N = 0.65–0.71 g L−1 ; P = 0.04–0.09 g L−1 ; K = 2.46–3.76 g L−1 ) and slightly lower salinity (15.0–17.2 mS cm−1 ). Micronutrient levels (Fe, Mn, Zn, B) exceeded the reference thresholds established by EU Regulation 2019/1009 for liquid fertilizers, suggesting the need for dilution prior to field application. In maize field trials, VL diluted 1:7 increased above-ground biomass by 28%, and guinea pig biol diluted 1:10 achieved a 22% increase compared to the control, confirming their biostimulant potential. However, the high sodium content (848–1024 mg L−1 ) may limit application on saline or poorly drained soils, requiring adaptive agronomic management. These findings demonstrate that multistage anaerobic digestion effectively transforms unconventional organic waste into nutrient-rich biofertilizers, expanding the scientific foundation for alternative substrates and reinforcing their potential to enhance Andean smallholder agriculture, nutrient recycling, and food security within a sustainability-oriented bioeconomy.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-13) Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Révolo Acevedo, Ronald; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
Heavy metal contamination in Andean agricultural systems is a growing concern for food safety and environmental health. This study assessed the concentrations and bioaccumulation patterns of eleven metals (Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo) in seven representative crops cultivated under irrigated and rainfed conditions in the Mantaro Valley, central Peruvian Andes. Soil and foliar samples were collected from paired plots, and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated to evaluate metal transfer to plant tissues. Irrigated soils showed higher and more homogeneous concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As, reflecting long-term accumulation from historical mining activities and irrigation with contaminated water from the Mantaro River. Foliar concentrations exceeded Codex Alimentarius limits for Cd, Pb, and As in several crops, especially potato and broad bean. BAF analyses revealed distinct crop-specific behaviors: potato, quinoa, and broad bean frequently exhibited BAF >1 for metals such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mn, indicating active uptake and translocation. In contrast, cereals such as maize and barley maintained low BAF values (<1), suggesting conservative absorption patterns. Irrigation increased the bioavailability of several metals, resulting in higher foliar concentrations and elevated BAF values compared to rainfed systems. Multivariate analyses further differentiated metal accumulation profiles by crop type and water management system. These findings highlight the need for strengthened monitoring of high-accumulation crops and improved soil and water quality management in historically contaminated Andean agricultural regions.
Clustering-Based Characterization of Mixed Herds and the Influence of Pasture Fertilization in High-Andean Livestock Systems
(MDPI, 2026-01-08) Nuñez, Jesus; Paxi Meneses, Felimon; Cruz, Wilder; Estrada Cañari, Richard
Livestock production in the high Andes is vital for rural livelihoods and food security but is limited by poor pasture quality, environmental variability, and restricted resources. Pasture improvement, achieved through management practices and particularly through fertilization, may enhance productivity and sustainability in high-Andean livestock systems. This study aimed to characterize mixed herds composed of domestic sheep (Ovis aries), alpacas (Vicugna pacos), llamas (Lama glama), and domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and to evaluate the role of pasture fertilization on herd composition and livestock size. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 88 randomly selected livestock producers, complemented by direct field observations of grazing areas, corrals, shelters, and water sources. The survey documented herd structure, grazing management, pasture conservation, fertilization practices, and farm infrastructure. Data from multiple farms were analyzed using a clustering approach to group production units with similar characteristics, and statistical models were applied to assess the effects of fertilization, pasture area, and water sources. Three distinct clusters were identified: one dominated by alpacas, another by sheep, and a third by llamas with the most uniform stocking density. Pasture fertilization was most common in the sheep-dominated cluster and was significantly associated with higher sheep numbers, while no significant effects were detected for alpacas, llamas, or cattle. Farms without fertilization showed slightly higher overall livestock size; however, a strong negative interaction between pasture area and lack of fertilization indicated that expanding grazing land alone could not offset low forage quality. These findings suggest that targeted fertilization, when combined with sustainable grazing practices, may contribute to improved herd performance and long-term resilience in heterogeneous Andean livestock systems.
Effects of Diet and Altitude on the Microbiota of the First Compartment of the Stomach in Peruvian Alpacas in Highland Puna Regions and Their Correlations with Blood Parameters
(MDPI, 2026-01-08) Flores Huarco, Nils H.; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Coila, Pedro; Sanchez, Diana; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Alvarado, Wigoberto C.; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Aliaga, Mery; Galindo, Walter; Saavedra Ramírez, Jorge; Apaza, Henry; Arbizu, Carlos I.
This study explores the intestinal microbiota of eight 18-month-old male alpacas from two distinct high-altitude regions in Peru: the Wet Puna (4200 m above sea level) and the Dry Puna (4900 m above sea level). Using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA metabarcoding, microbial communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists were analyzed from the first compartment of the stomach (C1) to investigate the diversity, taxonomic composition, and correlations with hematological parameters. Significant differences in microbial diversity and composition were observed between regions, driven by dietary and environmental factors. The Wet Puna exhibited greater alpha diversity in bacterial and fungal communities, while beta diversity highlighted distinct microbial compositions. Key taxa, such as Prevotella ruminicola and Acetitomaculum, were associated with energy metabolism and host adaptation, whereas methanogenic archaea (Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera) dominated in the Dry Puna, reflecting adaptations to arid conditions. Correlations between microbial taxa and hematological variables, such as Acetitomaculum with red blood cell count and Eremoplastron with neutrophil percentage, emphasize the complex interplay between microbiota and host physiology. These findings contribute to understanding microbial adaptations in high-altitude livestock and provide practical insights for enhancing alpaca management and conservation strategies through tailored nutritional approaches and sustainable grazing practices.
Micropropagation of Vaccinium meridionale Sw.: Interaction between basal media and cytokinins, physiological quality of shoots, and ex vitro rooting
(Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, 2025-12-22) Huaman, Eyner; Muñoz, Carlos; Prat, Loreto; Meléndez Mori, Jegnes Benjamín; Vargas, Raúl; Vigo, Carmen; Tejada Alvarado, José Jesús; Huaman Pilco, Angel Fernando; Oliva Cruz, Manuel
Vaccinium meridionale is an Andean species of high nutraceutical value whose conventional propagation is limited by its low multiplication rate. In this study, an integrated micropropagation protocol was developed, encompassing in vitro establishment through ex vitro rooting. During the establishment phase, fungal contaminants were identified, detecting genera such as Diaporthe, Fusarium, Colletotrichum and Phoma. In the multiplication phase, the basal media Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW), Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) were evaluated, supplemented with zeatin (Zea), 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), meta-topolin (mT) and thidiazuron (TDZ), all applied at equimolar concentrations of 2.5 μM. Morphogenic parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, SPAD index and elemental composition of regenerated tissues were quantified. DKW medium supplemented with Zea or 2iP promoted the formation of 9–10 shoots, with lengths of 2.5–2.9 cm, SPAD values of 35–36, and chlorophyll content >31 μg/mL. The accumulation of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in the tissues varied widely among treatments. During rooting, the application of 500 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced the formation of longer roots, as well as vigorous and elongated shoots with a high number of leaves. This optimized protocol provides a valuable tool for the propagation of V. meridionale, with potential applications in conservation, genetic improvement and commercial plant production.
Productividad forrajera de cultivares de maíz en el trópico seco
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2026-01-01) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Durand Chávez, Luz Marlene; Jara Calvo, Teófilo Wladimir; Valdés Rodríguez, Ofelia A.
La escasez de pastos y forrajes en el trópico seco durante el verano afecta la productividad ganadera. El maíz (Zea mays L.) se presenta como una alternativa estratégica en trópico seco por su eficiencia fotosintética C4 que le permite tener altos rendimientos de biomasa. Se determinó el potencial forrajero de tres variedades y cuatro híbridos de maíz en condiciones de trópico seco. El estudio se realizó bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron las características morfológicas, rendimiento de forraje verde, materia seca y contenido de proteína cruda de siete cultivares a una densidad de siembra de 83 333 plantas‧ha-1. Los resultados indicaron que la variedad Marginal 28-T presentó el mayor rendimiento de forraje verde (51,99 t·ha⁻¹), el híbrido INIA 624 - KILLU SUK destacó en producción de materia seca (15,22 t·ha⁻¹), material clave que se utilizará para la conservación y almacenamiento del forraje, y el INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz sobresalió con el mayor contenido de proteína cruda (10,5 %). Se concluye que los cultivares Marginal 28-T, INIA 624 - KILLU SUK e INIA 610 - Nutrimaiz se vislumbran como alternativas estratégicas por tener potencial para suplir la escasez de forraje en condiciones de trópico seco.
Microbial Synergy Between Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus iranicum Promotes Root Biomass and Grain Yield in Andean Quinoa Cultivars
(MDPI, 2026-01-13) Gutierrez, Miriam; Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocio; García Blásquez Morote, Cayo; Quispe Tenorio, José Antonio; Cántaro Segura, Héctor Baroni; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Marsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a strategic crop for climate-smart agriculture in the Andes, yet yield gains are constrained by soil degradation and low-input systems. We tested whether synergistic bioinoculation with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (Azospirillum brasilense) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum) enhances root function and grain productivity under field conditions. A split-plot RCBD was conducted in Ayacucho, Peru (2735 m a.s.l.) using four cultivars, Blanca de Junín (BJ), INIA 441 Señor del Huerto (SH), INIA 415 Pasankalla (RP) and INIA 420 Negra Collana (NC) and four treatments: uninoculated control, Azospirillum, Glomus and co-inoculation. Vegetative, root and yield traits were quantified; ANOVA, Tukey/Dunnett contrasts, correlations and PCA were applied. Co-inoculation consistently outperformed single inoculants, increasing root diameter, length, branching, dry weight and volume dry weight, while also enlarging panicle dimensions and raising grain weight per panicle and thousand-seed weight. Grain yield reached 4.94 ± 0.59 t ha⁻¹ under co-inoculation, almost triple that of the control (1.71 ± 0.28 t ha⁻¹) and about 1.5 times higher than single inoculations. Genotypic effects were pronounced; BJ and SH combined superior root biomass with higher yield, RP maximized grain size and hectoliter weight, whereas NC responded weakly. Significant genotype × treatment interactions indicated cultivar-dependent microbiome benefits. Correlation and PCA linked root biomass and stem/panicle architecture to yield formation, positioning co-inoculation along trait vectors associated with belowground vigor and productivity. These results demonstrate a robust microbial synergy that translates root gains into yield, supporting co-inoculation as a scalable, low-input strategy for sustainable intensification of quinoa in highland agroecosystems.
Conocimientos locales, prácticas y usos contemporáneos atribuidos a la ayahuasca en el noroeste de la Amazonia peruana
(Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 2025-12-31) Rodríguez Cabrera, E. H.; Romero van-Heurck, M. A.; Cruz García, A. T.; Sandoval Vergara, A. N.; Flores, Ninoska; Angulo Pinedo, B. A.; Araujo Chávez, P. M.; Ruiz Ríos, A.; Rengifo Salgado, E. L.; Pérez, D.; Rodríguez del Castillo, Ángel Martín
Introducción y objetivos: La ayahuasca es una bebida tradicionalmente empleada con fines curativos, tanto físicos como espirituales. Su uso se ha popularizado globalmente, generando interés turístico y una creciente demanda. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo documentar y analizar los conocimientos locales, las prácticas asociadas a la toma y los usos contemporáneos de la ayahuasca en el noroeste de la Amazonia peruana, mediante un enfoque de métodos mixtos.
M&M: El trabajo de campo se desarrolló en mercados y centros naturistas, donde se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes y chamanes locales. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (χ² y prueba exacta de Fisher), complementados con indicadores de frecuencia de citación para etnovariedades y usos terapéuticos de la ayahuasca.
Resultados: La mayoría de los informantes y los chamanes conocen sobre la ayahuasca, atribuyéndole usos como purgante espiritual, digestivo y terapéutico, aunque reconocen efectos secundarios. Ambos grupos señalaron su empleo en el tratamiento de brujería, enfermedades psicológicas y digestivas, bajo prácticas rituales dirigidas por chamanes. Se identificaron 26 etnovariedades, siendo cielo ayahuasca la más conocida y utilizada.
Conclusiones: El uso de la ayahuasca persiste gracias al conocimiento local y su adaptación a las dinámicas del mercado, donde los chamanes son quienes mayoritariamente han conservado la memoria sobre su preparación y diversidad, ajustando los rituales a una demanda progresiva. Así, la práctica chamanística se convierte en una experiencia terapéutica accesible a un público más amplio, haciendo que su uso no sea exclusivamente local
Manual de producción de semillas de calidad de maíz morado INIA 615 – Negro Canaán
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 2025-12-29) Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Quispe Medina, Eugenia Rocío; Toledo Choquehuanca, José Jesús Martín; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Amaya Castillo, Jorge Augusto
En el Perú, el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) es un pilar fundamental de nuestra herencia cultural y social que viene siendo cultivado desde las zonas costeras hasta los 3 200 m s. n. m. En este contexto, el maíz morado destaca como un producto nutracéutico y un verdadero “súper alimento”. Sus excepcionales propiedades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas y antiinflamatorias provienen de los altos niveles de antocianinas presentes en la coronta, el grano y las brácteas, brindándole una ventaja competitiva en el mercado internacional e impulsando su creciente demanda global.
La producción de semillas de alta calidad es una actividad estratégica para el desarrollo agrícola sostenible del país. Un manejo adecuado no solo contribuye a conservar la pureza genética de las variedades nativas, protegiendo un valioso patrimonio cultural, sino que también mejora los rendimientos en campo, favoreciendo el fortalecimiento de la seguridad alimentaria nacional.
El Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), cumpliendo con las funciones asignadas por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), desempeña un rol crucial en la preservación de estas semillas nativas. En el Perú, la producción anual de maíz morado alcanza aproximadamente 11 500 toneladas, con un rendimiento promedio de 2.31 t/ha. Las regiones de sierra centro y sur del Perú, demuestran un alto potencial de siembra de este cultivo, con un rendimiento promedio de 7 t/ha; muy superior al promedio nacional. Esta diferencia resalta la importancia de optimizar
las prácticas de producción, selección y conservación de semillas.
Guía técnica de manejo agronómico del cultivo de frambuesa en la costa del Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-11-21) Angulo Cueva, Geysen Everson; Lobato Gálvez, Roiser Honorio; Ocas Saavedra, Manuel; Acuña Leiva, Alex Yony; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan
El Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), adscrito al Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) y ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agraria (SNIA), lidera actividades de investigación, transferencia tecnológica, conservación de recursos genéticos y producción de material genético de calidad. Asimismo, articula y regula la I+D+i en coordinación con los actores del SNIA, promoviendo la competitividad, la seguridad alimentaria y la adaptación al cambio climático. Actualmente, el INIA a través de la Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (DIDET) viene desarrollando ensayos en parcelas demostrativas de frambuesa (Rubus idaeus L.) en diferentes regiones de la costa peruana, con el objetivo de evaluar su capacidad productiva y adaptabilidad. Esta iniciativa busca responder a la creciente demanda comercial del cultivo, y simultáneamente atiende los desafíos técnicos y productivos que enfrentan los agricultores locales, promoviendo alternativas sostenibles y de alto valor para el sector agrario. En este contexto, se presenta la "Guía técnica de manejo agronómico del cultivo de frambuesa en la costa del Perú" elaborada con el propósito de brindar información técnica relevante sobre el cultivo y su manejo agronómico orientado a la producción comercial. Este documento se basa en las experiencias obtenidas en condiciones de costa, y busca contribuir a la adopción de prácticas agrícolas sostenibles que promuevan un manejo agrícola eficiente y sustentable.