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Phenotypic and Agromorphological Diversity Reveals Detailed Information About Accessions with Productive Potential for Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) in Northeastern Peru
(Plants, 2026-01-21) Cordova Sinarahua, Deyvis; Linares Huapaya, Susan Maribel; Manco Céspedes, Emma Imelda
Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) is a crop of great economic importance, as the superior quality of its fiber is highly valued worldwide. The objective of this research was to evaluate the agromorphological diversity of cotton germplasm using both qualitative and quantitative descriptors. A combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses was applied to identify promising accessions. The coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) and high heritability estimates observed for descriptors such as the number of sympodial branches, fiber weight, and number of seeds per capsule confirm genetic control, ensuring the effectiveness of selection in future breeding programs. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between lint yield and number of bolls per plant (0.893). Furthermore, principal component analysis indicated that accessions PER1010536, PER1010538, PER1010543, and PER1010547 were associated with high yield and early-maturity traits. Furthermore, multiple correspondence analysis and mixed data factor analysis demonstrated that the observed variability also depends on qualitative traits such as petal spot and bract color, supporting the concept of a complex genetic architecture. These findings provide a solid basis for the development of new cotton cultivars with improved productivity.
Agronomic and Nutritional Potential of Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Accessions as Raw Material for Silage in the Tropical Andes of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-01-22) Bobadilla , Leidy G.; Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A.; Carrasco Chilón, William Leoncio; Silva Baca, Vanesa Lizbeth; Mejía, Flor L.; Paucar, Ysai; Valqui, Leandro; Bardales, William; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Vásquez, Héctor V.
In the tropical Andes, rangeland degradation has become one of the main threats to the sustainability of livestock production in the face of climate change. In this context, optimizing the yield and nutritional quality of raw material for silage is essential to sustain livestock productivity. The aim of this study was to identify local accessions (LM) of Lolium multiflorum Lam. with greater forage potential through evaluations in consecutive cuts made at the anthesis phenological stage, using a randomized complete block design with four replicates and ten local accessions (LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4, LM6, LM7, LM8, LM11, LM12 and LM13). The statistical analysis, based on linear mixed models, showed that cuts at anthesis had a significant effect among accessions, revealing high variability in agronomic and nutritional performance across cuts. In LM4, plant height at the fourth cut was 2.48-fold higher than at the first cut. Likewise, LM4 and LM13 were identified as the latest accessions to reach anthesis in the first cut, with a decreasing trend across cuts and stabilization from the third cut onward. These accessions also showed the greatest basal coverage area, increasing 9.94- and 8.18-fold in the fourth cut relative to the first. Fresh forage yields in LM4 and LM13 increased 13.2- and 10.1-fold, and dry matter yields 13.98- and 9.86-fold, compared with the first cut. They also exhibited the highest average daily dry matter accumulation rate. By contrast, the fresh forage and dry matter yields of the remaining accessions were significantly lower than those of LM4 and LM13. The main difference between these two accessions was observed in dry matter percentage, with higher values and a stable trend in LM4 across all cuts. In terms of nutritional quality, LM4 presented crude protein of 24.2% in the second cut and 24.0% in the fourth cut, while digestibility was 86.2% in the second cut and 85.0% in the fourth cut. In conclusion, although the ensiling process was not evaluated in this study, LM4 showed the most stable and outstanding values in both agronomic and nutritional performance, thus emerging as a promising accession for selection and use as raw material for silage production in the tropical Andes.
Estimation of water stress in maize cultivation utilizing thermal and multispectral imaging from UAVs with machine learning algorithms in Lambayeque, Peru
(Asociación Española de Teledetección, 2026-01-31) Cruz Grimaldo, Camila Leandra; Vilca Gamarra, Cesar Francisco; Millan Ramírez, José Edwin; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanet; Llanos Carrillo, Cristina; Vera Díaz, Elvis; Agurto Piñarreta, Alex Iván; Quille Mamani, Javier; León Dextre, Hairo Alexander
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a fundamental cereal in global food security, but its vulnerability to water stress compromises its productivity and threatens food availability. This study analyzed the relationship between the crop water stress index (CWSI), obtained from thermal images captured by the Zenmuse H20T camera, and various vegetation indices derived from the MicaSense RedEdge-MX Dual. The analysis included machine learning (ML) models such as random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and gradient boosting regression (GBR). The results showed that RF was the most accurate model for predicting CWSI in maize, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.80, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.09. KNN achieved an R² of 0.78, an RMSE of 0.13, and an MAE of 0.09, while GBR reached an R² of 0.79, an RMSE of 0.14, and an MAE of 0.10. The red band (668 nm) played a crucial role in RF (70.69%) and GBR (50.92%), whereas in KNN, the simple ratio (SR) index showed the highest importance (36.40%). These findings confirm the superiority of ML models over traditional regression approaches for estimating CWSI in maize. Despite the satisfactory results, the algorithms underestimated CWSI values derived from thermal images, which highlights the need to refine these models to improve their accuracy in future agricultural applications.
Comprehensive Morpho-Functional Profiling of Peruvian Andean Capsicum pubescens Germplasm Reveals Promising Accessions with High Agronomic and Nutraceutical Value
(MDPI, 2026-01-17) Salas Zeta, Erick Leao; Bernal Canales, Katherine Lisbeth; Delgado Lazo, Andrea Graciela; Pacheco Lizárraga, Gonzalo Antonio; Hermoza Gutiérrez, Marián; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Dina Lida; Quispe Jacobo, Fredy Enrique; Ccapa Ramírez, Karina Beatriz
Capsicum pubescens (rocoto) is an Andean domesticate with notable agronomic and nutraceutical potential, yet it remains underrepresented in chili pepper breeding programs. In this study, 78 accessions from the Peruvian Andes were evaluated in a single field environment during the 2024 growing season for 28 variables spanning plant architecture, phenology and yield, color (CIELAB), weight, fruit morphology, physicochemical variables, and functional phytochemicals, including total phenolics, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS). Descriptive analyses revealed broad phenotypic diversity in key variables such as yield and bioactive compounds. Spearman correlations uncovered a clear modular structure, with strong within-domain associations across morphological, chromatic, and biochemical variables, and statistically significant but low-magnitude cross-domain associations (e.g., fruit length with pungency, redness with total phenolics). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering resolved three differentiated phenotypic profiles: (i) low-pungency accessions with high soluble solids and varied fruit colors; (ii) highly pungent materials with elevated antioxidant capacity; and (iii) large, red-fruited accessions with considerable carotenoid content and high moisture. This multivariate architecture revealed weak cross-block correlations among agronomic, color, and functional traits, enabling selection of promising accessions combining desirable agronomic attributes and favorable bioactive profiles in specific accessions. These results provide a quantitative foundation for future breeding strategies in C. pubescens, opening concrete opportunities to develop improved cultivars that simultaneously meet productivity and functional quality criteria.
Impact of forest degradation on soil properties in the Peruvian Amazon
(Springer Nature, 2026-01-16) Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Lozano, Andi; Saavedra , Harry; Alva Arévalo, Alberto; Ríos Vargas, Caleb; Saavedra Ramírez, Jorge; Tuesta Hidalgo, Juan; Tuesta Hidalgo, Oscar A.; Vilela, Luis; Valdez Andia, Manuel Jesús; Reategui, Keneth; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Marín, César; Vento, Bárbara
Background: The Amazonian forests are increasingly threatened due to continuous changes in land use, particularly deforestation. This study aimed to quantify and analyze the vertical distribution of soil glomalin and its relationship with carbon, climate, and soil properties across three forest types of the Peruvian Amazon. A total of 18 plots were selected and sampled in forests with different vegetation cover types: deforested, disturbed, and primary forest. The vertical variation of total glomalin (TG), easily extractable glomalin (EEG), and the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores was estimated, as it was the relationships of these variables with soil depth, physical-chemical properties, and climate conditions.
Results: The mean values for TG, EEG, and AMF showed vertical variations in the three forest cover types, with high values in disturbed forests and degraded soils. Overall, higher mean values were found in the surface soil layers compared to the deep layers. TG, EEG, and AMF were positively corelated with soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic matter (SOM). Moreover, the total nitrogen (N), SOC, OM, total phosphorus (P), and soil water content (SWC) presented higher values in the topsoil than the deep layers.
Conclusions: The highest production of glomalin in disturbed forests is probably a response to degradation processes. This work is a contribution to expand knowledge about glomalin dynamics in forest soils of the Amazon rainforest and provides essential information for future soil ecosystem restoration practices in tropical forests.
Efecto comparativo de dos sistemas de riego en la comunidad de hongos rizosféricos y productividad del olivo en Tacna, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2026-01-01) Lindo Seminario, David Enrique; Mendez Farroñan, Sandra Johana; Jahuira Arias, Martha Helena; Casanova Núñez Melgar, David Pavel; Morales Pizarro, Arturo
Perú es considerado el principal productor de olivo (Olea europaea) en América del Sur, y Tacna es la región líder con más de 23.000 hectáreas de cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos sistemas de riego por goteo (doble hilera - DH y sectorizado - ST) sobre los hongos rizosféricos y productividad del olivo. Se aislaron hongos a partir de muestras de suelo y se evaluó el rendimiento en aceitunas, peso del fruto y proporción de materia seca (%) en función del tipo de riego mediante una prueba de t con 20 repeticiones. Se aislaron 22 morfotipos de hongos del género Alternaria (2), Cladosporium (1), Fusarium (4), Paecilomyces (5), Trichoderma (8) y Verticillium (1). Hubo tendencia mayor número de cepas en ST en comparación con DH. El riego ST produjo un rendimiento superior a DH (p≤0,05), con 5.020 frente a 4417 kg ha⁻¹. Por su parte, el DH produjo un peso promedio del fruto superior al de ST, con 7,899 g frente a 7,183 g. Finalmente, los órganos de la planta en ST tuvieron una fracción de materia seca superior, con 31,30 y 22,63 %, en ramas y hojas, respectivamente, frente a 28,33 y 19,37 % en el riego DH. Además, se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas desde r = 0,95 hasta r = 0,54 (p≤0,05) entre las variables de productividad. Este estudio sugiere que, en cuanto a rendimiento, el sistema de riego ST es una mejor opción para el riego del olivo en los suelos salinos de la región de Tacna.
Manual de micropropagación in vitro y producción de semilla pre básica de papa en casa malla
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-29) Tineo Vargas, Vicky Soledad; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Toledo Choquehuanca, José Jesús Martín; Portal Huaccha, María Elvira; Flores Huisa, Karina; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano , Daniel Claudio
La papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) se constituye como el cultivo alimentario más importante a nivel mundial y desempeña un papel socioeconómico y cultural fundamental, especialmente en la región andina del Perú, considerado como centro de origen y diversificación. Pese a su vital importancia para la seguridad alimentaria nacional, la producción de papa se enfrenta a desafíos fitosanitarios crónicos que limitan significativamente su productividad. La propagación tradicional, que depende de la reutilización de tubérculos semilla, introduce un ciclo vicioso de degeneración genética y productiva, debido a la constante acumulación y transmisión de patógenos, principalmente virus, así como bacterias y hongos (Acuña et al., 2021; Galdames y Gutierrez, 2022). Esta problemática conduce inevitablemente a una reducción en los rendimientos porhectárea, afectando directamente la rentabilidad y el sustento de miles de agricultores.
Ante este panorama, el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), a través de sus Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias estratégicamente ubicadas en Canaán - Ayacucho, Andenes - Cusco, Santa Ana - Junín, Baños del Inca - Cajamarca, Illpa – Puno y Arequipa, ha asumido un rol protagónico en el desarrollo e implementación de tecnologías agrícolas de vanguardia. Este esfuerzo se centra en el aprovechamiento de las condiciones agro climáticas favorables de estas regiones y la vasta diversidad genética natural de las papas nativas en el Perú (Rizo, 2023). La solución tecnológica adoptada es la micropropagación mediante cultivo de tejidos in vitro, una herramienta fundamental que no solo asegura la disponibilidad del valioso germoplasma local, sino que también permite la producción masiva de material vegetal de alta calidad, libre de patógenos y con identidad genética garantizada.
El presente manual es el resultado de la investigación y transferencia tecnológica del INIA y tiene como principal objetivo optimizar los protocolos detallados para la micropropagación de variedades de papa de reconocido valor regional y nacional. Estas incluyen las variedades mejoradas INIA 303 - Canchán (ampliamente cultivada, de alto rendimiento y tolerancia al daño por Phytophthora infestans) e INIA 309 - Serranita (Alta calidad industrial y resistente al daño por Phytophthora infestans), junto con variedades que representan el valioso germoplasma peruano, como Ccompis y Peruanita (apreciadas por sus características culinarias y nutricionales), y las variedades de gran adaptación Yungay y Capiro, que han contribuido significativamente a la seguridad alimentaria del país en diversas altitudes (MINAGRI, 2015).
Además de la fase de laboratorio, el manual aborda de manera práctica la etapa de producción de semilla de papa pre básica (tuberculillos) en casa malla. Este segmento es crucial, ya que detalla la metodología para el escalamiento productivo del material in vitro bajo condiciones controladas. Se introduce una tecnología innovadora que integra la desinfección del sustrato mediante ozono (O3) y el riego oxigenado (O2), elementos que en conjunto optimizan la sanidad y el crecimiento de las plántulas. La producción de tuberculillos en casa malla, desde la preparación del sustrato y el trasplante, hasta el manejo fitosanitario y la cosecha, representa la base de una cadena de producción de semilla de calidad certificada.
En síntesis, este manual técnico y práctico se ofrece a los agricultores, técnicos y profesionales del sector agrario como una guía integral para la adopción de una alternativa tecnológica sostenible. Su implementación no solo potenciará la multiplicación rápida y eficiente de material de siembra libre de patógenos, sino que contribuirá al fortalecimiento de la cadena de valor de la papa, contribuyendo decisivamente al desarrollo agrícola competitivo y a la seguridad alimentaria de las regiones andinas del Perú.
Strengthening national genebanks through genomics and regional collaboration: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-23) Carbajal Yepes, M.; Petroli, C.; Correa, M.; Breseghello, F.; Tapia, G.; Salazar, E.; Chassaigne, A.; Ferreyra, M.; Reyes Herrera, P.H.; Guzmán, M.; Mendoza, A.; Vidal, R.; Condón, F.; de Almeida, N.; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Rodriguez, L.; Solano, W.; Morales, A.J.; Velasquez Flores, B.L.; Soto, J.; Robles, R.; Ledesma, A.; Aragón, M.; Castillo, D.; Roa, C.; López Noriega, I.; Wenzl, P.; Sansaloni, C.
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is a center of origin and domestication for globally important crops such as cassava, common bean, maize, and potato, all of which are key to food and nutrition security worldwide. Despite this strategic role, many national genebanks in the region face technical, financial, and policy barriers that limit the use of genomic tools for characterization and conservation. These genebanks safeguard the genetic diversity needed to enhance crop yields, climate-change resilience, nutritional quality, and pest and disease resistance. In 2022, CGIAR Centers and partners established the "Community of Practice (CoP) of national genebanks in LAC" to strengthen regional capacity for generating and interpreting digital sequence information (DSI), facilitate collaboration, and promote sustainable management of plant genetic resources. Through coordinated capacity-building activities, joint crop-based analyses, and shared learning, the CoP has connected 17 institutions across 13 countries. Members have begun generating and interpreting DSI for common bean, maize, and potato, while addressing gaps in data sharing, interoperability, and policy frameworks. Looking ahead, the CoP seeks to conduct diversity analysis, establish regional core collections, integrate existing global data portals, and advocate for policy alignment to sustain genomic characterization and access to diversity. This CoP initiative provides a model applicable in other regions to strengthen genebank operations through collaborative innovation and coordinated action, contributing to resilient and equitable global food systems.
The Germination and Subsequent Development of Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) Are Subject to Influence From the Pregerminative Methods Employed
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2025-12-20) Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Torres de la Cruz, Magdiel; Mendoza Merino, Jani Elisabet; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Arce Inga, Marielita; Álvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
In Peru, cocoa production has increased significantly, thereby establishing a prominent position for this crop in the country's agricultural landscape. The effect of different pregerminative methods on seed germination of cocoa ecotypes and their influence on seedling development in nursery were evaluated. Three cocoa ecotypes were used INDES 24, INDES 31, and INDES 67, and five pregerminative methods were applied to the seeds with mucilage, mucilage removal, tegument removal, water immersion, and immersion in Trichoderma harzianum solution. Parameters such as germination percentage GP, mean germination time GT50, mean germination rate GR50, and plant growth characteristics in terms of cotyledon height, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and stem diameter were evaluated. The results revealed that the treatments INDES 24 removal tegument, INDES 67 removal tegument, INDES 67 water immersion, and INDES 67 immersion in T. harzianum showed the best GPs of 100% at 72 h. Additionally, the INDES 67 tegument removal showed the best mean germination time and rate GT50 and GR50 with 24 h and 8 seeds/24 h, respectively. For growth parameters, INDES 67 mucilage removal showed the highest values for cotyledon height and the number of leaves per plant with 4 cm and 13.33 leaves/plant; for plant height and stem diameter, the treatments INDES 31 tegument removal and INDES 24 mucilage removal obtained the highest average values with 30.21 cm and 6.65 mm, respectively. These findings demonstrate that pregerminative methods significantly impact the germination and growth of cocoa plants. This insight can enhance cocoa propagation practices and improve the success rate of their establishment in the field.
Soil Organic Carbon Variability in Tropical Cropping Systems: Interactions With Texture, pH, Macronutrients, and Organic Matter
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2026-01-09) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallerjos Torres, Geomar
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and enhancing soil fertility. Its storage and dynamics are particularly significant in agricultural ecosystems of the Peruvian Amazon, where the expansion of agriculture and livestock farming may disrupt the regional carbon balance. This study aimed to analyze SOC variability and its relationship with edaphic and nutritional properties in agricultural systems in Eastern Peru (San Martín and Loreto regions). Four representative cropping systems were evaluated: coffee grown in agroforestry and polyculture systems; maize as a monoculture; and camu-camu and cocoa cultivated in monoculture and agroforestry systems, respectively. The highest SOC content (80.70 t·ha−1), phosphorus (12.03 mg·kg−1), and moisture (52.36%) were observed in coffee-growing soils, likely due to the presence of shade trees that enhance organic matter inputs in soils at 0–20 cm depth. In contrast, soils under maize cultivation exhibited the highest levels of nitrogen (0.19%), potassium (364.02 mg·kg−1), and pH (7.61), likely due to the frequent fertilization applied to this crop. The lowest carbon saturation deficits were found in soils under camu-camu (31.67%), cocoa (26.88%), maize (24.80%), and coffee (20.59%), with the most pronounced deficits occurring in camu-camu and cocoa soils in Yurimaguas (Loreto), indicating a heightened vulnerability to carbon loss. These findings underscore the significant influence of crop type and management practices on carbon and nutrient dynamics in tropical soils. Long-term studies are recommended to assess carbon sequestration over extended periods, informing sustainable soil management policies in the Peruvian Amazon.