- Bienvenidos al Repositorio Institucional del INIA
Comunidades en el Repositorio
Seleccione una comunidad para explorar sus colecciones.
Envíos recientes
Mapping current and future coffee suitability in Peru under climate change: implications for restoration and deforestation-free development
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2026-04-20) Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Medina Medina, Angel J.; Tuesta Trauco, Katerin M.; Rivera Fernandez, Abner S.; Silva Melendez, Teodoro B.; Grandez Alberca, Marlen A.; Puscan Rojas, Julio; Salas López, Rolando; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Barboza, Elgar
Coffee cultivation is central to rural livelihoods and Andean–Amazonian landscapes in Peru; however, it faces increasing pressure from climate change and land-use restrictions. This study aimed to assess the current and future ecological suitability of Coffea arabica at the national scale. A Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling framework was applied, integrating high-resolution bioclimatic, topographic, and edaphic variables. Model performance was robust (mean AUC = 0.858), and variable importance was evaluated using jackknife tests and contribution metrics. Elevation, precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), soil nitrogen content, and bulk density were identified as the main determinants of habitat suitability. Under current climatic conditions, highly suitable areas cover 42,322.95 km2 (3.3% of Peru), mainly along the eastern Andean slopes. Spatial exclusion scenarios revealed a pronounced funnel effect in effective land availability, with reductions exceeding 80% when forest-cover constraints were applied. Approximately 39.8% of highly suitable areas overlap with degraded lands, highlighting opportunities for productive restoration through agroforestry systems. Future projections under SSP1–2.6 to SSP5–8.5 scenarios indicate consistent contractions of highly suitable areas (–23% to –42%) and an upslope shift toward higher elevations, while unsuitable areas expand by 4%–5% nationally. These findings provide spatially explicit evidence to support climate-smart territorial planning, restoration prioritization, and sustainable coffee development under accelerating climate change.
Spatial analysis of soil acidity and available phosphorus in coffee-growing areas of Pichanaqui: Implications for liming and site-specific fertilization
(MDPI, 2025-07-28) Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Ottos Díaz, Elvis; Arce, Andrés; Solórzano Acosta, Richard
Soil acidity is one of the main limiting factors for coffee production in Peruvian rainforests. The objective of this study is to predict the spatial acidity variability for recommending site-specific liming and phosphorus fertilization treatments. We analyzed thirty-six edaphoclimatic variables, eight methods for estimating liming doses, and three geospatial variables from 552 soil samples in the Pichanaqui district of Peru. Multivariate statistics, nonparametric comparison, and geostatistical analysis with Ordinary Kriging interpolation were used for data analysis. The results showed low coffee yields (0.70 ± 0.16 t ha⁻¹) due to soil acidification. The interquartile ranges (IQR) were found to be 3.80–5.10 for pH, 0.21–0.87 cmol Kg⁻¹ for Al⁺³, and 2.55–6.53 mg Kg⁻¹ for available P, which are limiting soil conditions for coffee plantations. Moreover, pH, Al⁺³, Ca⁺², and organic matter (OM) were the variables with the highest accuracy and quality in the spatial prediction of soil acidity (R² between 0.77 and 0.85). The estimation method of liming requirements, MPM (integration of pH and organic material method), obtained the highest correlation with soil acidity-modulating variables and had a high spatial predictability (R² = 0.79), estimating doses between 1.50 and 3.01 t ha⁻¹ in soils with organic matter (OM) > 4.00%. The MAC (potential acidity method) method (R² = 0.59) estimated liming doses between 0.51 and 0.88 t ha⁻¹ in soils with OM < 4.00% and potential acidity greater than 0.71 cmol Kg⁻¹. Regarding phosphorus fertilization (DAP), the results showed high requirements (median = 137.21 kg ha⁻¹, IQR = 8.28 kg ha⁻¹), with high spatial predictability (R² = 0.74). However, coffee plantations on Ferralsols, with Paleogene parental material, mainly in dry forests, had the lowest predicted fertilization requirements (between 6.92 and 77.55 kg ha⁻¹ of DAP). This research shows a moderate spatial variation of acidity, the need to optimize phosphorus fertilization, and an optimal prediction of liming requirements using the MPM and MAC methods, which indicate high requirements in the southwest of the Pichanaqui district.
Morphometric variation and production constraints of Criollo sheep in the high Andes of southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-08-31) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Guelac Mori, Elias; Pedemonte Cruz, Cristian Wilmer; Chiqui Condori, Katherine Milagros; Montero Pacherres, Javier Klinsmann; Cerdan Ramos, Dilser Alberto; Zúñiga Aranibar, Dayana Milagros
This study aimed to characterize the morphometric traits and production systems of Criollo sheep in the highlands of Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru. A total of 455 sheep were evaluated using a stratified proportional sampling method across the districts of Tisco, San Antonio de Chuca, and Yanque. Morphometric data were collected under standardized conditions, and nine zoometric indices were calculated to assess functional conformation and productive aptitude. Additionally, 52 sheep producers were surveyed to contextualize herd management practices. Results revealed low levels of formal education and limited technical assistance among producers. Sheep farming was primarily sustained by family tradition, with declining flock sizes attributed to pasture scarcity and climatic challenges. Campaign-based sales strategies and rudimentary reproductive management were prevalent. Health practices showed widespread deworming but limited preventive care. Multivariate analysis indicated significant morphometric variation linked to sex, biotype, and dental stage. This integrative approach highlights both the adaptive potential and production constraints of Criollo sheep in high-altitude environments, providing a basis for developing breeding strategies based on morphometric indices.
Predictive modeling of honey yield in rural apiaries: insight from Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-18) Briceño Mendoza, Yander Mavila; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Gaslac Gomez, Jhoyd B.; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel; Cayo Colca, I.S.
Honey production is influenced by multiple factors, including climatic conditions, hive management practices, and harvest scheduling. This study evaluated the predictive capacity of statistical modeling techniques using data mining algorithms (MARS, CHAID, CART, and Exhaustive) and artificial neural network algorithms (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP) to estimate honey yields in apiaries located in northeastern Peru. A structured survey was conducted with sixty-nine beekeepers across nineteen districts in the Chachapoyas province. Variables included beekeeper experience, instruction, hive count, visit frequency, harvest frequency, additional income-generating activities, and geographic location. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlations, and exploratory factor analysis were applied to identify latent structures. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the combined influence of predictors on honey production, with district included as a random effect. Results indicated that hive number, beekeeping experience, harvest frequency, and exclusive engagement in apiculture were statistically associated with increased honey yields. The model explained a substantial proportion of variance, supporting the integration of technical and socio-demographic variables in production forecasting. These findings demonstrate the utility of predictive modeling for informing hive management strategies and improving the operational efficiency of small-scale beekeeping systems in Andean regions.
Motility performance of thawed spermatozoa of bulls from the tropics throughout the year
(Animals, 2025-08-21) Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Arbaiza Barnechea, Martín Daniel; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni Tatiana; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Bernilla Carrillo, Diana; Depaz Hizo, Benjamín Alberto; Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Diaz Quevedo, Clavel; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Under tropical conditions, seasonal variations may also influence the sperm characteristics of Bos indicus. The objective was to evaluate the motility of thawed sperm of bulls from the Peruvian tropics throughout the year. Over 24 months, 129 ejaculates were evaluated based on semen quality and subjected to slow horizontal freezing in 0.5 mL straws. After thawing, the individual, seasonal period, and season effect on motility and kinetic parameters were analyzed using a Sperm Class Analyzer® (Microptic S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). There was an individual effect on volume, motility, fresh concentration, and kinetic parameters when thawed. In the dry period, higher straight-line velocity (VSL) (p < 0.05) and beat cross frequency (BCF) were found than in the rainy period (p < 0.01). In summer and autumn, there was greater total motility, fast, circular routes, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, VSL, amplitude of lateral displacement of the head, and BCF (p < 0.01). Greater volume and motility were found in winter and spring, but in summer and autumn, greater speed and vigor of movement were obtained in thawed sperm. The variation in annual climate patterns influences the seminal quality of bulls, and its effect needs to be assessed to propose adaptation strategies to climate change in tropical areas.
Genomic characterization of Peruvian Creole goats: insights into population structure and runs of homozygosity
(Animals, 2025-09-02) Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Godoy Padilla, David José; Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Escobar Robledo, Héctor Manuel; Ramírez Antaurco, Máximo Fabricio; Burgos Paz, William; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Mulim, Enrique A.; Rojas de Oliveira, Hinayah
Peruvian Creole goats (PCGs) represent a unique genetic resource shaped by adaptation to diverse environments and traditional breeding practices. In this study, we performed a genomic analysis of six regional populations (Ancash, Ica, Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, and Tumbes) using high-density SNP genotype data. Principal component analysis revealed a moderate genetic structure, with the Ica population showing clear separation and northern populations exhibiting overlap. Runs of homozygosity were predominantly short, and specific regions on chromosome 6 were shared across populations. Inbreeding coefficients were generally low, with Ancash showing the highest values. Linkage disequilibrium decayed rapidly over genetic distance, especially in Piura, indicating higher genetic diversity. Estimates of effective population size revealed decreasing trends across populations, with Piura maintaining the largest recent population size. These findings offer valuable insights into the population structure of Peruvian Creole goats, providing guidance for conservation and sustainable breeding efforts.
Integrated multivariate analysis of morphological and yield traits in native Capsicum chinense ecotypes grown in acidic soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-15) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Manrique Gonzales, Luis Fernando; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo; Flores Sinti, Geiner; Kerry Tanchiva, Juan Jose; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: The comprehensive characterization of native Capsicum chinense ecotypes represents a strategic priority for genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, and the sustainable use of Amazonian crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological, phenological, and productive variability among 12 ecotypes from the Peruvian Amazon by integrating multivariate análisis and machine learning with soil physicochemical characterization. Methods: The research was conducted on acidic tropical soils with low organic matter content and limited availability of exchangeable bases, conditions representative of degraded Amazonian agroecosystems, which enabled the assessment of soil–plant interactions and their influence on phenotypic expression and crop yield. Results: The results revealed a broad, well-structured range of phenotypic variability, with fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weight, and seed weight identified as the primary morphological determinants of yield and adaptive capacity under low-fertility soil conditions. Principal component analysis indicated that four components explained more than 70% of the total variance, primarily associated with productivity, fruit morphometry, and phenological traits. Cluster análisis identified groups with high internal consistency, while linear discriminant analysis validated the phenotypic structure, achieving a classification accuracy of 91.8%. The ecotypes JEB-028 and LAG-022 exhibited superior productive performance, whereas BAL-012 and YUR-001 demonstrated greater phenotypic stability under restrictive soil conditions. Discussion: Overall, these findings confirm the strategic value of native Amazonian germplasm and underscore the importance of integrating edaphic diagnostics into genetic selection programs and into strategies for the sustainable management and restoration of degraded agricultural soils in the Amazon.
Climate, carbon, and soil stability: a key link in coffee-growing landscapes of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-14) Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Arroyo Isuiza, Rosa Karen; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Coffee cultivation in the Central Peruvian Amazon, one of the country's most important production regions, faces increasing challenges from soil degradation and climate change impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the altitudinal gradient on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and soil erodibility (K index) in coffee-growing systems. Methods: Three altitudinal zones were established for sampling (0–20 cm depth): zone 1 (900–1200 m.a.s.l.), zone 2 (1201–1400 m.a.s.l.), and zone 3 (1401–1600 m.a.s.l.). Within these zones, physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed, and SOC and soil erodibility (K index) values were calculated. Results: The results revealed a direct and statistically significant relationship between altitude and carbon sequestration capacity. Zone 3 exhibited the highest SOC (63.19 t·ha⁻¹) and organic matter (OM) content (5.49%), compared with zone 1 (37.56 t·ha⁻¹). This difference is attributable to the climatic conditions at higher elevations, characterized by greater precipitation and lower temperatures. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that increasing altitude enhances SOC (b = 0.42), which in turn improves the soil structural stability index (SI) (R² = 0.87) and reduces the K index (b = –0.38). Overall, the findings demonstrate that organic carbon acts as a key mediator between topography, soil texture, and susceptibility to erosion. The altitudinal gradient thus represents a major controlling factor influencing the health and structural stability of coffee soils. Discussion: These results highlight the need to implement site-specific soil management practices, emphasizing intensive conservation strategies in low-altitude coffee-growing systems to mitigate accelerated erosion and ensure long-term production sustainability under changing climatic conditions.
Water management in quinoa cultivation: quantification of the water footprint and climate projections in an inter-Andean valley
(Springer, 2026-04-07) Flores Galindo, Fredy; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Alarcón Romani, Susan Milagros; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Efficient water management in agriculture is key to the sustainability of crops in inter-Andean valleys (IAV), where water availability is at risk due to climate change (CC). Quinoa, as a strategic crop in these ecosystems, requires a detailed analysis of its water use to optimize its production without compromising water resources. This study quantified the water footprint (WF) (green, blue and grey) of three quinoa varieties (INIA 415 Pasankalla, INIA 420-Negra Collana and INIA 441-Señor del Huerto) harvested in a sandy loam soil in an IAV of Peru. In addition, the trend of the WF in 12 agricultural seasons was evaluated, and future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) were projected to estimate the impact of CC on the crop's water demand towards 2090–2100. The results showed significant differences in water-use efficiency among varieties. INIA 441-Señor del Huerto showed the highest water efficiency, with a 3.20 t ha⁻¹ yield and a low total WF, making it more sustainable under CC conditions. In contrast, INIA 420-Negra Collana had a higher water demand, making it less viable under water-stress scenarios. Climate projections indicate an increase in water demand for quinoa under scenarios of greater radiative forcing, which underscores the need to develop water management strategies. These findings highlight the importance of selecting more efficient varieties for water use and adopting sustainable practices to mitigate the effects of climate change on quinoa production at IAV.
Microbial bio-inoculation effects on the seed germination dynamics and field performance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under osmotic stress and fertilization in the Amazonas region of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-04-10) Guevara Fernández, Francisco; Casas Niño, Sebastian Antonio; Munoz Salas, Milagros Ninoska; Meza Maicelo, Wagner; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Microbial bio-inoculants have been proposed as management tools to enhance crop performance under variable environmental conditions; however, their effectiveness is often influenced by site-specific factors. This study evaluated the effects of bio-inoculation on seed germination and seedling vigor of pea under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), and its interaction with two fertilization levels (75% and 100% of the recommended dose) under field conditions in the Amazonas region of Peru. Under laboratory conditions, germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential; however, osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa, while germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased. The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00), and multivariate analyses showed that variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability. Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield, although variability between locations was observed; plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity, while the findings provide practical guidance for improving pea production with bio-inoculants and optimized fertilization.