Examinando por Materia "Conservation"

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Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2025-12-22) Peña Elme, Eunice Corcas; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Enriquez Pinedo, Lucía Carolina; Cerrón Mercado, Francis Gladys; Amaro Camarena, Nery Amelia; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Loayza Loza, Hildo; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.
Agromorphological characterization of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) accessions from the germplasm bank of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation, Peru
(Elsevier, 2022-10-04) Vásquez García, Jheiner; Santos Peláez, Julio César; Malqui Ramos, Roiber; Vigo Mestanza, Carmen Natividad; Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Bobadilla Rivera, Leidy Gheraldine
Agromorphological characterization of cacao accessions in Peru is currently an important tool in the conservation and genetic improvement of cacao germplasm. The objective of this study was to carry out the morphological and agronomic characterization of 113 cacao accessions from the Huarangopampa germplasm bank. Tree, leaf, flower, fruit and seed descriptors were used. The data collected were processed by descriptive statistics using multivariate techniques. Five groups were formed according to similar characteristics. The accessions of group 1 are vigorous trees with an pod index of 19.27 pods/kg of seeds; the groups that presented better differential characteristics were group 2 with erect tree architecture, intermediate vigorousness, purple seed color and pod index of 20.07 pods/kg of seeds and group 3, which had the highest number of accessions with the lowest pod index of 18.77 pods/kg of seeds, besides being vigorous trees and having purple seeds. On the other hand, group 4 presented a particular characteristic of white seed color and high pod indexes with 22.11 pods/kg of seeds. Finally, group 5 accessions were characterized by intermediate tree architecture and vigor with an pod index of 21.3 pods/kg of seeds. The morphoagronomic characterization constitutes a first advance in the identification of cacaos with potential for genetic improvement and advances in the Peruvian chocolate industry.
Caracterización agromorfológica de accesiones de Phaseolus spp., en la región Amazonas, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2024-05-01) Vásquez García, Jheiner; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Malqui Ramos, Roiber; Fernández, Elizabeth; Duarez Vera, Edwin; Ayala, Rosmery
El Perú cuenta con una alta diversidad genética de leguminosas andinas, especialmente del género Phaseolus. Su identificación a través de descriptores agromorfológicos es trascendental para impulsar su conservación y desarrollar estudios de mejoramiento genético. Bajo este escenario, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar morfológica y agronómicamente 58 accesiones de frijol (Phaseolus spp) depositadas en el banco de germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria del Perú. Para ello, se utilizaron 24 descriptores cuantitativos y 18 cualitativos que se evaluaron en la fenología de cada accesión. El análisis de conglomerados y de correspondencias múltiples, permitió identificar la formación de cuatro grupos en función de sus características semejantes. El mayor número de accesiones se localizaron en el tercer y cuarto grupo. Sin embargo, las siete accesiones que conformaron el segundo grupo, exhibieron características promisorias por presentar alta productividad (2777,86 kg•ha-1), con semillas blancas, de aceptables dimensiones, con una germinación epigea temprana (10 días), hojas ovado-lanceoladas de crecimiento indeterminado (174,79 cm de altura de planta) que desarrollan numerosas guías. Además, mostraron una floración prolongada (33,86 días) con pétalos rosados y blancos, que dan origen a un mayor número de vainas (66,71 por planta) de color verde hasta alcanzar su madurez fisiológica. Estas son cualidades que las convierten en fuente valiosa para la implementación apropiada de futuros programas de mejoramiento genético.
Caracterización agromorfológica y análisis histórico del pallar Moche cultivado en Ica, Perú
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 2025-04-24) Gambini de la Cruz, Tabita Abigail; Aymara Meneses, Lucy; Dadther Huaman, Hans; Aybar Pevel, Leandro Joel
Antecedentes: El pallar es la segunda especie más representativa del género Phaseolus, siendo los departamentos de Ica y Lambayeque las regiones con mayor concentración de siembra; es así que existe gran interés cultural e histórico en el pallar Moche, cuyos restos se encontraron en cuevas y cerámicas de la cultura Moche, estos pallares se caracterizan por la perfecta dualidad del color blanco y negro de la semilla. Objetivo: Realizar la caracterización agromorfológica a través de 15 descriptores cualitativos y 12 descriptores cuantitativos; y analizar históricamente la importancia del pallar Moche. Metodología: Durante los meses de mayo a diciembre del 2023 se realizó la caracterización agromorfológica en 10 plantas de pallar Moche. Se utilizó el análisis estadístico descriptivo, promedios, error estándar, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación. Para el análisis histórico se realizó una revisión sistemática para comprender la historia y las diversas interpretaciones del color de tegumento del pallar Moche. Resultados: El pallar Moche pertenece al cultigrupo Big Lima con semillas de color blanco y negro, cuyas vainas presentaron 3.50 lóculos y midieron 120.36 mm de longitud y 16.10 mm de ancho; y las semillas alcanzaron una longitud de 24.33 mm y un ancho de 14.46 mm con una masa de 1.22 g; mientras que el número promedio de vainas por planta resultó en 382.22 y la masa promedio de semillas en 1123.43 g; y en el análisis histórico destacó la importancia para la cultura Moche de la combinación del color blanco y negro en el tegumento de las semillas. Implicaciones: La caracterización agromorfológica del pallar Moche es fundamental para la conservación de la biodiversidad y el análisis histórico aporta conocimientos claves que favorecen su revalorización como un cultivo ancestral. Conclusiones: La caracterización agromorfológica del pallar Moche permitió identificar los descriptores cualitativos y cuantitativos, lo que facilitaría su difusión y conservación en el Perú; mientras que el análisis histórico permitió conocer la importancia de la combinación del color blanco y negro del tegumento.
Catálogo de vid del banco de germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-01) Saenz Rodriguez, Hanz; Espinoza Ponte, Yeraldy Nathaly; Dadther Huaman, Hans Adams; Parco Quinchori, Jhimy Andy; Zamata Guzman, Raúl Rubén; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel
La vid es uno de los cultivos frutales más importantes por su valor económico y área cultivada (Torregrosa et al., 2014). Sus frutos son utilizados para obtener vino, jugo y licores, consumidos como uvas de mesa o pasas y también son fuente de antioxidantes y otros derivados útiles (Wan et al., 2013). Las semillas contienen compuestos fenólicos con efectos antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios, antihipertensivos, cicatrizantes, entre otros efectos de interés médico (Paladino y Zuritz, 2011). Los procesos de cultivo y agroindustriales de la uva vinculados a la agroexportación generan materiales que es posible aprovechar como subproductos y contribuir a una economía circular. Entre ellos, se puede mencionar a los restos de poda, que es posible utilizar como sustrato para la producción del hongo comestible shiitake (Zamata-Guzman, 2021), y la vinaza resultante del proceso de elaboración del pisco, que ha sido utilizada como alternativa no química de bajo costo para el control de Oregmopyga peruviana, un insecto plaga de la vid en Perú (Dadther-Huaman et al., 2020). La superficie vitícola mundial en el año 2024 fue de poco más de 7 millones de hectáreas, distribuidas en 92 países, siendo España el de mayor área (930 495 ha), seguido por Francia (783 049 ha), China (752 605 ha), Italia (728 255 ha) y los países restantes con superficies bastante menores, incluyendo Perú (39 830 ha) (Organización Internacional de la Viña y el Vino [OIV], 2025). Con respecto a Perú, la producción nacional de uva en 2022 fue de 922 891,5 t cosechadas en 37 843,25 ha, ocupando Ica el primer lugar como departamento productor (439 752 t), seguido de lejos por Piura (262 252 t) y otros once departamentos con producciones bastante menores (MIDAGRI, 2024). La producción de uvas frescas para exportación y la producción de pisco son dos actividades económicas importantes en Perú que se sustentan en la viticultura. Con respecto a la primera, Perú llegó a ser el primer exportador de uvas frescas del mundo en 2021, superando a países tradicionalmente líderes en ese rubro como Chile, China y Estados Unidos (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo [MINCETUR], 2022). En cuanto al pisco, el Estado Peruano lo reconoce con una Denominación de Origen, de la cual es titular y protector; lo define como el aguardiente resultante de la destilación de mostos frescos de las llamadas "uvas pisqueras" cultivadas únicamente en la zona geográfica pisquera; establece que las variedades de vid reconocidas como uvas pisqueras son: Quebranta, Negra Criolla, Mollar, Uvina, Italia, Torontel, Moscatel y Albilla; y establece también que la zona geográfica pisquera comprende la costa de los departamentos de Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua, y los valles de Locumba, Sama y Caplina en el departamento de Tacna (Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual [INDECOPI], 2019). La vid en Perú muestra una diversidad originada en las vides introducidas por los colonizadores españoles a mediados del siglo XVI, sin embargo, aunque algunos viticultores las conservan, el conocimiento general de la riqueza varietal es escaso, lo que se manifiesta en la identificación confusa de variedades y afecta a su potencial vitivinícola (Bardales et al., 2022). En respuesta a esos problemas de identificación, se han realizado investigaciones que resaltan la importancia de esa diversidad, entre las cuales, las más recientes son la caracterización morfológica de variedades pisqueras en el valle de Ica (Cáceres et al., 2017), la prospección e identificación de cultivares de vid del patrimonio tradicional peruano en los valles de Ica y Cañete (Mendoza et al., 2022) y el análisis de la riqueza varietal del valle de Majes, Arequipa (Bardales et al., 2022). Esa diversidad de la vid puede verse reducida como consecuencia del desplazamiento por otras variedades en expansión por la globalización de los mercados (Marsal et al., 2017). La conservación de esa diversidad es una de las funciones de la Colección de Vid del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, lo que implica un intenso trabajo de caracterización de sus accesiones. Como resultado de ese trabajo, se presenta este catálogo con el objetivo de difundir las características más relevantes de las 110 accesiones de la colección y con la finalidad de contribuir a la investigación relacionada con su puesta en valor.
Challenges and opportunities of genetic improvement in alpacas and llamas in Peru
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018-02-16) Gutierrez, G.; Gutierrez, J.P.; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio; Wurzinger, M.
Alpacas and llamas play an important role in the livelihood of many rural families in the High Andes of Peru. The census of 2012 indicates a population of 3 million alpacas and 746,269 llamas. Both species are kept in extensive, low-input, pasture-based systems in altitudes between 3800 m and up to 5000 meters above sea level. Smallholders keep mixed herds of sheep, alpaca and llamas as a mitigation strategy against fluctuating market prices. Since 1997 the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture manages a genealogy registry for alpacas and llamas, but so far the up-take rate by farmers and inscription rate of animals is low. The national research organisation INIA (Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agaria) runs an ex-situ in-vivo conservation program for coloured alpacas (21 different colours) and llamas. INIA is also doing research in the area of embryo transfer, artificial insemination and controlled mating. There is no national breeding program for alpacas, but all individual initiatives from private companies, NGOs and farmers´ cooperatives aim to improve fibre quality by reducing fibre diameter. At the moment these various local programs are not connected. There is also no national breeding program in place for llamas. Little attempts have been made to set up functional breeding programs for this species. Furthermore, there is no a national conservation plan in place. However, INIA have just started the formulation phase of a National Bank for Agrobiodiversity Conservation that include ex situ in vitro conservation of SACs. The Peruvian Ministry of agriculture prioritizes in the recently launched national livestock development plan for 2017 – 2027 alpacas and llamas. Support for the development of breeding plans is mentioned as one action line to increase productivity in both species.
Characterization of Coffea arabica L. parent plants and physicochemical properties of associated soils, Peru
(Cell Press, 2022-10-03) Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Bobadilla Rivera, Leidy Gheraldine; Valqui Valqui, Leandro; Silva Valqui, Gelver; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Vigo Mestanza, Carmen Natividad; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir
It is important to carry out the morphological characterization of coffee parent plants and the physicochemical properties of the associated soils in the Amazon region, Peru, in order to achieve germplasm conservation. One hundred coffee mother plants were identified and located in five provinces of the region and evaluated according to morphological descriptors such as stipula shape, young leaf color, leaf shape, leaf apex shape, young shoot color, leaf color, fruit color, fruit shape, mature leaf color, and rust incidence percentage. In the plots where the parent plants were located, soil sampling was carried out to determine the physical and chemical properties. The varieties with the greatest presence in the five provinces were Típica and caturra roja, with the greatest number of specimens reported for the province of Bagua. The predominant stipule shape was triangular (91%), lanceolate leaf shape (60%) and red fruit color (90%). Bongará reported the lowest incidence of yellow rust, as well as the Mundo Novo Rojo variety. Soil pH ranged from acidic to neutral values, low electrical conductivity, high organic matter content, low phosphorus content, high potassium levels and medium cation exchange capacity. The predominant textural class was sandy loam. The physical and chemical characterization of the soils under study show favorable ranges to encourage the best development of coffee cultivation.
Diversity and Selection of Superior Algarrobos (Neltuma pallida) Phenotypes in the Natural Dry Forests of Peru for Sustainable Conservation and Genetic Improvement
(MDPI, 2025-11-20) Casas Niño, Sebastian; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanet; Nauray , William; Tirabante Terrones, Nery; Ramírez Rojas, Max Augusto; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization in the regions of Piura and Tumbes in northern Peru. A stratified random sampling design was applied, establishing forest plots in 13 localities and evaluating 631 adult individuals. Dendrometric and phenotypic traits were recorded together with physiographic, climatic, and edaphic variables obtained from soil analyses and geographic information systems. Phenotypic differentiation among populations was assessed using the index PST, which quantifies between- and within-population variance components. High morphological variability was detected across populations, with significant differences in tree height, diameter, and fruit production, largely explained by environmental heterogeneity, particularly soil fertility and organic matter. The PST values, ranging from 0.83 to 0.98, revealed strong phenotypic divergence among populations, suggesting adaptive differentiation rather than neutral variation. Eight superior individuals were identified as potential candidates for inclusion in a germplasm bank to support breeding and restoration programs. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management and conservation of N. pallida in the arid ecosystems.
Exploring the Agromorphological Profiles of the Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Collection from the INIA Germplasm Bank in the Amazonas Region, Peru
(MDPI (Preprints), 2025-09-22) Tejada Alvarado, José Jesús; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Montenegro Acuña, Luis Alberto; Parco Quinchori, Jhimy Andy; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth
Cacao represents a crop of strategic importance for Peru due to its socioeconomic value, which has driven initiatives for the collection, characterization, and conservation of its genetic diversity, with a view to the future development of elite plants. As part of these efforts, a collection of 113 accessions was established, with agromorphological data were recorded over two consecutive growing seasons, comprising 33 quantitative and 18 qualitative descriptors. These data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical approaches, as well as Bayesian inference models. The results revealed broad phenotypic diversity, with significant variation in quantitative fruit and seed descriptors (CV = 37.51%), which was accompanied by high heritability values (> 60%) and considerable genetic advance (> 20%). Furthermore, eight phenotypic groups were identified, with Cluster II distinguished by its oblong fruits and higher pod index, and Cluster III by superior seed traits, including a greater number of fully developed seeds per fruit and an outstanding seed index (> 1.3 g). This comprehensive characterization enables the identification of accessions with promising agronomic traits and high bioactive potential, supported by phytochemical analyses using HPLC and FTIR. These findings provide a robust scientific foundation for breeding programs focused on developing more competitive and sustainable cacao production.
From neglect to limelight: Issues, methods and approaches in enhancing sustainable conservation and use of Andean grains in Bolivia and Peru
(kassel university press GmbH, 2009-01-31) Rojas, Wilfredo; Valdivia, Roberto; Padulosi, Stefano; Pinto, Milton; Soto, José Luis; Alcócer, Elsa; Guzmán, Lorena; Estrada Zúniga, Rigoberto; Apaza Mamani, Vidal; Bravo, Rosario
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), cañihua (C. pallidicaule Aellen) and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) are staple crops for millions of people in the Andes (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 1989, HOLLE 1991, JACOBSEN et al. 2003). Their nutritional content (high quality proteins and good micronutrient profile), hardiness, good adaptability to environmental stresses, versatility in use, and rich associated food culture and traditions are among the reasons for their widespread use by the native civilizations of the Andes over millennia. The role of these species as a staple food has however dramatically changed in the last fifteen years due to their poor economic competitiveness with commodity cereal crops, lack of improved varieties or enhanced cultivation practices, drudgery in processing and value addition, disorganized or non-existent market chains as well as a negative image as “food of the poor” (QUEROL 1988, TAPIA et al. 1992, PADULOSI et al. 2003). Less nutritious, but more practical and trendier products made of wheat, maize and rice have been replacing Andean grains in the diets of millions of people across Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, countries whose history has been intimately linked to the domestication and use of these ancient crops (PEARSALL 1992). The reduced use of Andean grains has been accompanied by the loss of their genetic diversity with important, albeit less obvious, repercussions for the livelihoods of Andean communities in terms of reduced sustainability and resilience of local agricultural systems, wasted opportunities for improving food and nutrition security, impoverishment of local cultures resulting in reduced self esteem and identity of people (BRESSANI, 1993, KRALJEVIC 2006). As with minor millets in South Asia or leafy vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa (ONIANG’O et al., 2006), the case of Andean grains is representative of the limits of the Green Revolution approach, which concentrated its efforts on global commodity crops, missing out hundreds of other valuable species of regional or local importance and of great value to people’s livelihoods (PADULOSI 2008). The recognition that agricultural biodiversity is a strategic asset in people’s lives has promoted over the last fifteen years or so, the rediscovery of those so-called neglected and underutilized species (NUS) crops which, as in the case of Andean grains, have for too long faced marginalization from the Research and Development sector, which has not supported their continued and effective use (PADULOSI and HOESCHLE-ZELEDON 2008). Several projects and collaborative research frameworks at national and international level have been launched in support of NUS, contributing to a re-focussing of needed and deserved attention on these ‘forgotten crops’. To that end, an important role in demonstrating the value of NUS and the development of best practices, methodologies and tools for their use enhancement is being played by the ‘IFAD-NUS Project’, the first UN-supported global effort dedicated solely to the use enhancement of NUS, including quinoa, cañihua and amaranth, tackled through international participatory, multi-stakeholder and multi-disciplinary efforts. This article reports on the work implemented by the project in Bolivia and Peru over the last seven years, highlighting significant approaches, experiences and outputs as well as challenges and experiences during the implementation of the project, which could be valuable lessons for other similar endeavors in support of NUS.
Genetic diversity in creole pigs in south central Peru
(Springer, 2023-11-30) Luna, Rosa; Acuña Rodríguez, Wendy; Gutiérrez, Gustavo; Castro Muñoz, María del Rosario; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio
The creole pigs represent 67% of the national population in Peru. They are a source of economic income in rural communities, and due to their rusticity, they are not much labor demanding. However, knowledge about its genetic diversity remains scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the population structure and genetic diversity of creole pigs from rural communities in south central Peru. Thirteen microsatellites were used to characterize 120 creole pigs from the departments of Ayacucho (57) and Apurimac (63). The samples were taken from hair follicles and ear tissue. Nine microsatellites were highly polymorphic and informative (PIC > 0.5) for both departments. The Ayacucho population had a mean number of alleles (MNA) and expected heterozygosity (HE) of 8.8 and 0.68, respectively, while in the Apurimac population, these were 8.9 and 0.71, respectively. Both populations showed in less than 50% of their loci a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. There was a moderate genetic structure according to the analysis of molecular variance and the FST statistics (0.06), which was corroborated by Bayesian methods. In conclusion, the genetic diversity was mostly due to the intrapopulation variance (91%). Some individuals from Ayacucho shared similar alleles with those from Apurimac. This latter result may be due to their geographic proximity and the introduction of the same new exotic breeds. This is the first research on the genetic diversity of creole pigs in south central Peru. In fact, this study could serve as a basis for conservation strategies and actions in this region.
Low seed viability and germination in Polylepis flavipila hinder forest restoration: The role of seed mass and maternal effects
(Elsevier B.V., 2024-12-05) Huayta Hinojosa, L. David; Quispe Melgar, Harold Rusbelth; Lagones Poma, Katherine Lucero; Llacua Tineo, Yashira Stefani; Ames Martínez, Fressia Nathalie; Renison, Daniel
Seed physiological quality is usually determined by the interaction between genetics and the mother tree’s environment, as well as by intrinsic characteristics, such as seed mass. In the Andean highlands, massive sapling production for forest restoration projects is constrained by seed availability and quality. There, species of the genus Polylepis dominate the remnant forests. The associations of seed viability with seed mass and maternal effects were evaluated in P. flavipila, a threatened tree species endemic to the Peruvian Andes. The characteristics and environments of 18 mother trees from two sites were measured, and seed quality was assessed in three tests. Seed mass was 3.49 ± 1.76 mg (range: 0.5–16 mg) and showed the greatest variability within mother trees, followed by variability among trees and among sites. Viability rates, standard germination and greenhouse germination (2.06 ± 1.35 %, 0.59 ± 0.89 % and 0.64 ± 1.11 %; respectively) were low at both sites. These results were attributed to the presence of seeds with non-viable or absent embryos. Seed viability increased with seed mass and mother tree height, and was positively associated with number of seedlings (r = 0.56). The deficient seed viability and germination found in P. flavipila are the lowest reported for the genus. The low seed physiological quality detected is a risk factor that exacerbates the species’ degree of threat, posing a challenge for sapling production. The reported associations of P. flavipila seed viability with seed mass and maternal char acteristics and environment may guide the selection of better seed quality and serve as a basis for future studies on the challenges and limitations of the reproductive biology of this species