Examinando por Materia "Bananas"

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Biosecurity for small growers of local and organic export banana in Peru – seeking synergies with food safety and ecological intensification
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2023-05-17) Staver, C.; Delgado, R.; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Rivas, J. C.
For decades, banana Fusarium wilt Race 1 (FWR1) has spread throughout banana growing areas of Peru. In response, small growers have changed cultivars and crops. The threat of FW to bananas countrywide has worsened with the detection of Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (FWTR4) in organic export banana on the northern coast. Farm-level biosecurity measures to reduce the risks of FWTR4/R1 are directed toward physical barriers and control points to minimize vehicles and persons entering and leaving the farm and ensure their sanitation. We completed a diagnostic study of biosecurity practices in two smallholder banana-growing regions – organic export Cavendish on the north coast and cultivars for national markets often susceptible to FWR1 in the central Selva. Simultaneously we examined the potential to increase productivity through ecological intensification and to gain market acceptability through food safety measures. We hypothesized that among resource-scarce growers, biosecurity measures which contribute to productivity and food safety requirements will be more readily put into practice. Seven farms in central Selva and five marketing associations were profiled through site visits, drone views and structured interviews. Interviews were also conducted with research and regulatory agencies. The assessment showed that growers in both zones had received little training on banana disease symptoms and epidemiology and were not implementing biosecurity measures. In the central Selva, planting material appeared to be the major path for FWR1 spread and 6 of 7 farms visited already had infected fields. On the north coast, fields are contiguous joined by flood irrigation and served by over 75 mobile packing sheds and harvesting crews which move from farm to farm and sector to sector without biosecurity measures, both contributing to major risk of spread. Inspectors for certification in both regions and input sales representatives on the north coast arriving from abroad are not subject to biosecurity measures. Practical training on disease symptoms, characteristics and management of healthy planting material and epidemiology-based risk assessment and the promotion of multi-purpose living hedges as barriers could contribute to biosecurity, productivity and food safety, while control of international and local visitors addresses biosecurity and food safety.
Digital mapping tool: a territorial approach for containment of Fusarium wilt TR4 in Peru
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2023-05-16) Clercx, L.; Cozzarelli, M.; Balarezo Camminati, D.; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos
Fusarium wilt caused by the tropical race 4 (TR4) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is known as the most serious and devastating banana disease. In April 2021 the presence of TR4 was detected on a plot in Chocán, in the district of Querecotillo in the Chira Valley, Peru. Organic banana cultivation for export is located in this valley, between Sullana and Piura, in Morropón and Lambayeque; altogether, 10,000 ha. There are two dozen mid-sized banana farms; but the export sector is mainly made up of approximately 9,000 small producers, with average plot sizes of 0.5-1.0 ha, organized in around 35 producer associations and cooperatives. To a great extent, the banana sector depends on flood irrigation. Harvesting is done by dozens of harvesting teams, who cut and carry banana bunches on their shoulder to one of the hundreds small packing stations, walking their shortest way through the banana plots. The export banana sector in Peru is small and young, with only an incipient institutional development and leadership. Typical biosecurity protocols to prevent entrance of the fungus are designed for farms; and need ‘re-invention’ for the highly fragmented context of Peru. All these characteristics make the sector extremely vulnerable to further spreading of TR4. Between April 2021 and June 2022, 82 TR4 outbreaks were detected by the phytosanitary agency SENASA in the districts of Querecotillo, Salitral and Marcavelica. Together with the data processing company Opus Insights, and in a broad alliance with other companies and institutions, the importer of Fairtrade and organic banana AgroFair started a project to carry out detailed aerial mapping, as tool for implementation of risk analysis and biosecurity measures with a territorial approach. The digital maps were completed in July 2022. We will examine the first practical experiences with this tool, formulate recommendations and indicate institutional conditions favorable to develop strategies for coping with TR4.
Draft genome sequence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 from Peru, obtained by nanopore and illumina hybrid assembly
(American Society for Microbiology, 2022-08-08) Leiva, Ana M.; Rouard, Mathieu; Lopez-Alvarez, Diana; Cenci, Alberto; Breton, Catherine; Acuña Payano, Rosalyn Katherine; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Dita, Miguel; Cuellar, Wilmer J.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, a major threat to the banana industry worldwide. Here, we report the genome of a Foc TR4 strain from Peru, sequenced using a combination of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies.
First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 causing Fusarium wilt in Cavendish bananas in Peru
(American Phytopathological Society, 2022-06-29) Acuña Payano, Rosalyn Katherine; Rouard, M.; Leiva, A. M.; Marques, C.; Olortegui, J. A.; Ureta, C.; Cabrera Pintado, Rosa María; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Lopez Alvarez, Diana; Cenci, A.; Cuellar, W. J.; Dita, M.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), is currently the major threat to the banana industry worldwide (Dita et al. 2018). Restricted to South Asia for more than 20 years, Foc TR4 has spread in the last years to the Middle East, Mozambique, and Colombia (García-Bastidas et al. 2020; https://pestdisplace.org/embed/news/map/disease/11). The incursion of Foc TR4 in Colombia increased awareness and prevention efforts across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). However, new Foc TR4 outbreaks in LAC countries were considered inevitable. In April 2021, banana (Musa spp., Cavendish, AAA) plants (30% of incidence) showing typical symptoms of FWB, such as leaf yellowing, wilting, and vascular discoloration, were observed in one farm (about 1 ha) located in Querecotillo, Peru (4°43′54.84″ S, 80°33′45.00″ W). Mycological analyses of samples (pseudostem strands) collected from 10 symptomatic plants were performed as described by Dita et al. (2010). These analyses revealed a continuous presence of fungal colonies identified as F. oxysporum species complex. Molecular diagnostics targeting two different genome regions (Dita et al. 2010; Li et al. 2013) identified nine of these isolates as Foc TR4. These results were further confirmed by qPCR analyses using the commercial Clear Detections TR4 kit. The genomes of four single-spore isolates (PerS1, PerS2, PerS3, and PerS4) were sequenced using the Illumina platform (MiSeq Kit, 2x151 bp Paired-End). The strain PerS4 was also sequenced using Oxford Nanopore (FLOW-MIN111; R10.3 chemistry) as described by López-Alvarez et al. (2020). The generated draft assembly yielded 533 contigs for a size of 47 Mbp (BioProject: PRJNA755905), which is comparable with sizes of previously reported Foc TR4 strains (Asai et al. 2019; García-Bastidas et al. 2020; Maymon et al. 2020; Warmington et al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2018). The sequence assembly showed high contiguity (94.9%) and high similarity (95.48%) with the high-quality genome sequence of the Foc TR4 isolate ‘UK0001’ (Warmington et al. 2019). Further analyses to identify the presence/absence of full sequences for the putative effector genes (Secreted in Xylem - SIX) and their allelic copies also revealed that the SIX gene profiles of the strains isolated from Querecotillo matched with previously reported Foc TR4 isolates (Czislowski et al. 2017). Pathogenicity tests with three isolates and water controls were performed as described by Dita et al. (2010), using five Cavendish plantlets per treatment. Four weeks after the inoculation, typical external and internal symptoms of FWB were observed only in the inoculated plants. Fungal isolates recovered from inoculated plants tested positive for Foc TR4 when analyzed with PCR diagnostics as mentioned above. No fungal isolates were recovered from water-control plants, which did not show any symptoms. Altogether, our results confirm the first incursion of Foc TR4 in Peru. Currently, Foc TR4 has the phytosanitary status of a present pest with restricted distribution in Peru, and it is under official control of the National Plant Protection Organization – SENASA. Reinforced prevention and quarantine measures, disease monitoring, and capacity building to detect, contain and manage eventual new outbreaks of Foc TR4 are strongly encouraged across LAC banana-producing countries, especially those bordering Peru with larger banana plantations, such as Ecuador and Brazil.
Ma$ Banano: an app to leverage data from smallholder organic export banana for continual improvement
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2023-05-16) Staver, C.; Mora, G.; Coria, J. J.; Guzmán, E.; Flores, O. E.; Acevedo, G.; Rengifo, D.; Perez, A.; Paulino, A.; Perez, E.; Suarez, P.; Torres, J. C.; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Nuñez Ticliahuanca, Edwin Oberti; Bustamante, A.; Espinoza, G.; Corozo, R. E.; Durango, W.; Tiselema, S.; Lara, G.; Arias, M.
The export banana sector depends on weekly data to ensure that a perishable fruit reaches distant consumers regularly, meeting quality and ripeness standards. Emerging organic and Fairtrade consumers have offered a window to small growers and their associations in dry tropical regions to export bananas, although with increased data demands to document production practices. A survey among small growers and their associations in Dominican Republic, Peru and Ecuador showed that data are collected to ensure that contracted containers meet certification requirements primarily in paper forms, checklists, farm visits and phone calls. Data are not managed and analyzed systematically to improve production efficiency and profitability or risk reduction. FONTAGRO financed the development of an app for data collection and analysis for small growers and their organizations as a key strategy to scale promising innovations to reduce banana rejects from red rust and increase productivity through soil health. Ma$ Banano, the name of the app, operates off-line with data uploaded opportunely to a central server. Multiple users linked to production and fruit processing in each banana farm can enter data depending on their work responsibilities. Data entry is organized in 2 sections aligned with the promising innovations. For red rust, modules capture 1) bagging efficiency and timeliness and application of repellents and insecticides, and 2) quantification of rejects and their causes at processing. For soil health, modules receive data on 1) mat density ha‑1, 2) plant vigor, 3) residue and fertilizer management and placement, 4) roots and soil biological, physical and chemical parameters, and 5) nutrient balance. Two initial modules serve to identify the farm and field and to capture weekly reporting of flagged and harvested bunches and boxes processed. A routine of app use begins with an assessment using all modules. Monthly follow-up scouting of key practices and general quarterly monitoring orient continual improvement. Data reports are generated through a web interface for individual growers and associations. The overall base with data privacy mechanisms in place will be available for big-data research.
Sistemas de producción de musáceas en Perú
(Bioversity International, 2022-12-31) Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Arévalo Quinde, Cinthya Geraldine; Marín Horna, Julio Ernesto; Dita Rodriguez, Miguel Ángel
Este documento se elaboró como parte de las actividades del proyecto “Fortaleciendo conocimientos, capacidad de diagnóstico y buenas prácticas frente a la amenaza de Fusarium y otros problemas fitosanitarios para las familias productoras de plátanos del Perú”, implementado por la Alianza de Bioversity International y el CIAT, el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA) y la Secretaría Técnica de CGIAR en Perú. Está orientado a productores, estudiantes, técnicos y profesionales del rubro musáceas, que buscan ampliar sus conocimientos y fortalecer sus capacidades técnicas para mejorar la toma de decisiones en los sistemas productivos de estos cultivos.