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Synergistic effects of potassium and gibberellin on the yield and quality of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) fruits in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-24) Santos Pelaez, Julio Cesar; Leiva Espinoza, Santos Triunfo; Espinoza Núñez, Erick; Saravia Navarro, David; Castillo Torrejon, Carlos Luis; Cruz Delgado, Julio Humberto Ignacio; Klauer Garcia, Dieter Fritz; Casanova Nuñez Melgar, David Pavel
The cultivation of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) is increasing in tropical regions due to its nutritional value and market potential. Yet, agronomic strategies integrating nutrient and hormonal regulation remain scarcely studied. This research evaluated the combined effect of potassium (K₂O) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on yield and fruit quality in field-grown pitahaya in the Peruvian Amazon using a 4 × 2 factorial randomized block design with four potassium doses (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha⁻¹) and two GA₃ levels (0 and 50 mg L⁻¹). The combination of 100 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ and 50 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ significantly improved fruit performance, with fruit weight (369.5 g), yield (12 t ha⁻¹), volume (322 cm³), and soluble solids (22.8°Brix), while acidity decreased (pH 4.87 vs. 4.55 in the control). Potassium alone had a limited impact on fruit weight per plant, but under GA₃ application, a quadratic response was evident, with maximum values between 100–110 kg K ha⁻¹. Multivariate analyses confirmed that yield gains were driven by increases in fruit size and quality, with fertilized treatments clearly separated from controls. These findings demonstrate a synergistic interaction between potassium and GA₃, providing a basis for precision fertilization protocols that enhance yield and quality in high-value tropical fruit systems.
Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Control Agents Against the Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc) Under Field Conditions
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-12-03) Cárdenass Huaman, Gabriela; Morocho Romero, Henry Hoseph; Casas Niño, Sebastian; Vilchez Navarro, Sandy Graciela; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Ramirez Rojas, Max; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Lozano Isla, Flavio; Morocho Romero, Henry
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop worldwide and a cornerstone of food security across the Andean region. However, its production is increasingly threatened by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, the causal agent of the purple-top complex associated with zebra chip disease, which severely reduces both tuber yield and quality. This study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in the province of Huancabamba, Peru, to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical control agents against B. cockerelli under field conditions. A randomized complete block design was implemented with five treatments and four replicates, totaling 20 experimental units, each consisting of 20 potato plants (S. tuberosum L.), of which 10 plants were evaluated. Treatments included an untreated control (T0), a chemical control (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and imidacloprid) (T1), and three biological control agents: Beauveria bassiana CCB LE-265 (>1.5 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T2), Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T3), and Metarhizium anisopliae (1.0 × 10¹⁰ conidia g⁻¹) (T4). Foliar applications targeted eggs, nymphs, and adults of the psyllid. Results indicated that B. cockerelli mortality across developmental stages was lower under biological treatments compared with T1, which achieved the lowest probability of purple-top symptom expression (46%) and a zebra chip incidence of 60.60%. Among the biological agents, M. anisopliae (T4) reduced incidence to 56.60%, while P. lilacinus (T3) demonstrated consistent suppression of nymphal populations. In terms of yield, T1 achieved the highest tuber weight (198.86 g plant⁻¹) and number of tubers (7.74 plant⁻¹), followed by T3 (5.08) and T4 (4.24). Nevertheless, all treatments exhibited low yields and small tuber sizes, likely due to unfavorable environmental conditions and the presence of the invasive pest. Overall, chemical control was more effective than biological agents; however, the latter showed considerable potential for integration into sustainable pest management programs. Importantly, vector suppression alone does not guarantee the absence of purple-top complex symptoms or zebra chip disease in potato tubers.
Malformaciones congénitas. Reporte de meromelia, amelia y anuro en terneros
(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), 2025-11-18) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Pomatanta Escobal, Nevil Itamar; Portal Torres, Jorge; Alvarado C., Wigoberto; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
La amelia es una malformación representada por la ausencia de una extremidad o extremidades. Las causas de esta anomalía son multifactoriales, involucrando componentes genéticos, ambientales y epigenéticos. Las mutaciones en genes críticos como Shh (Sonic Hedgehog) y los genes Hox, esenciales para la formación y diferenciación de las extremidades durante el desarrollo embrionario, las interrupciones en Shh y Hox o en su ruta de señalización pueden resultar en amelia. Asimismo, mutaciones en estos genes pueden provocar disrupciones severas en el desarrollo de las extremidades. La amelia se caracteriza anatómicamente por la ausencia completa de una o más extremidades anteriores o posteriores. En cuanto a la meromelia, este tipo de anomalía se trata de la ausencia parcial de una o varias extremidades. Tres casos de bovinos presentaron una malformación en las extremidades anteriores, el primer y tercer caso con anuro. En el examen macroscópico se identificó el primer caso con meromelia y anuro. En el segundo se identificó amelia de las extremidades anteriores derecha e izquierda y el tercer caso con presencia de anuro. Concluyendo que, en los tres casos se presentaron anomalías congénitas.
Ensemble machine learning for digital mapping of soil pH and electrical conductivity in the Andean agroecosystem of Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-11-06) Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Barja , Antony; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin
In agricultural systems, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) are crucial chemical properties that directly affect nutrient availability and microbial activity, but the challenging environment of the Peruvian Andes has limited research on their estimation. This study aimed to develop an ensemble learning method to predict soil pH and EC in Andean agroecosystems using environmental predictors. By using simple and weighted averaging, we developed a heterogeneous ensemble learning approach that integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The weighted ensemble assigns weights to models based on their predictive accuracy, measured by R² from spatial cross-validation. Spatial patterns are noticeable, and pH displays greater spatial clustering than EC. Elevation was the most important predictor in ML models for both parameters. Ensemble models significantly outperformed individual models, with the weighted ensemble achieving R² >0.93 and reducing RMSE by approximately 72%. Among standalone models, RF and XGBoost performed best for pH, while SVM performed the best for EC. ANN models were the least effective. Uncertainty analysis indicated high confidence in pH predictions but moderate to high uncertainty in EC predictions, suggesting that EC is more challenging to predict. Ensemble models with optimized weighting provide robust and accurate mapping of spatially autocorrelated soil properties. The high-confidence pH maps are reliable for soil management decisions, while EC predictions, though more uncertain, effectively identify priority areas for future sampling and investigation.
Evaluating soil cover strategies for enhancing water conservation, biomass contribution, and weed control in rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) cultivation under arid conditions
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2025-11-11) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Cama Moreno, Elick Melissa; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Sustainable crop production in arid regions is challenged by soil moisture loss, low organic matter content, and intense weed competition. This study aimed to assess the impact of different mulching strategies on the main crop yield, soil moisture conservation, the contribution of dry biomass and nitrogen to the soil by living covers, and the efficacy of weed control. The experiment was conducted in Santa Rita de Siguas (Arequipa, Peru) using a completely randomized block design with four treatments and three replicates. Measurements included biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto pepper (Capsicum pubescens), volumetric soil moisture, dry biomass, and nitrogen content in living covers, as well as weed density. Results indicated that most treatments had no significant impact on the biometric and physiological parameters of rocoto. Plastic mulch reduced irrigation demand and suppressed weeds, although crop yield did not significantly differ among treatments. Among the living mulches, Trifolium pratense was more effective than Melilotus albus in conserving soil moisture, maintaining levels up to 15.86%. In contrast, Melilotus albus produced the highest above-ground dry biomass (8.57 t·h⁻¹), although both legume species accumulated similar amounts of nitrogen in their biomass. Both living covers gradually reduced weed populations, though without complete eradication. In conclusion, plastic mulch represents a potential option under conditions of severe water limitation. Meanwhile, leguminous cover crops, particularly M. albus, offer an alternative complementary strategy for enhancing soil organic matter and could promote long-term sustainability of the cropping system. These findings warrant extended temporal validation to confirm their reproducibility and reliability.
Territorial zoning as a strategy for sustainable natural resource management in Cajamarca, Northwestern Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-09-25) Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Generating agricultural suitability analyses that are objective, consistent, and accessible through digital platforms remains a technical and methodological challenge, creating an information gap for certain stakeholders. To address this issue, we assessed the territorial suitability of the Cajamarca region for coffee and cocoa cultivation using 18 subcriteria grouped into climatic, edaphological, topographic, and socioeconomic categories. To reduce subjectivity and improve consistency in variable comparisons, we applied multicriteria evaluation techniques, including the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Shannon entropy method. On the basis of the resulting weights, suitability models were generated using two approaches: one based on threshold reclassification and another using continuous suitability functions. Both approaches were validated using 3886 presence points for coffee and 671 for cocoa. The continuous approach demonstrated a greater ability to capture internal variability and spatial transitions, with greater dispersion and significant differences between classes. The most influential subcriteria for coffee were annual mean temperature, soil texture, elevation, and land use/land cover (LULC); for cocoa, they were annual mean temperature, soil pH, elevation, and LULC. In key districts, up to 59.8 % of the territory was classified as highly suitable, highlighting localized production potential. Finally, the results were integrated into the Suitability Watch Cajamarca application, developed in the Google Earth Engine, enabling interactive inspection of spatial suitability. This tool aims to support evidence-based agricultural planning and is intended for national scaling to other strategic crops.
Diversidad de palmeras ornamentales en el área urbana de Tarapoto, Perú
(Universidad de La Habana, Jardín Botánico Nacional, Cuba, 2025-11-26) Urbina Arévalo, Flavia Alexa; Pinedo Flores, Karolith Cheryl; Navarro Salas, Luceth Karina; Trigozo Macedo, Viorika; Tapia Guevara, Jhoyner; Mego Torres, Janely; Chávez Mori, Henrry Alejandro; Cachique Huansi, Danter; Salazar Vega, Ángel Alejandro; Rodríguez Soto, Juan Carlos; Mejía Carhuanca, Kember; Rojas Fox, Jenny; Rodríguez Cabrera, E. Hanz; Rodriguéz del Castillo, Angel Martín
Las palmeras ornamentales son altamente apreciadas porque pueden ser usadas para embellecer y realzar el atractivo estético de los paisajes en áreas urbanas. En ese sentido, el propósito de este estudio fue identificar la diversidad de palmeras ornamentales cultivadas en el área urbana de la ciudad de Tarapoto, en Perú. Para ello, a partir de observaciones de campo y registros fotográficos de palmeras, se realizó un listado de especies que fueron identificadas y clasificadas taxonómicamente. Se identificaron 24 especies de palmeras cultivadas, clasificadas en cuatro subfamilias y 11 tribus; 15 especies pertenecen a la subfamilia Arecoideae, siete especies a Coryphoideae y una especie en las subfamilias Ceroxyloideae y Calamoideae, respectivamente. Se determinó que 16 especies de palmeras son exóticas, originarias de Asia, África, Oceanía y otras regiones de América como la zona del Caribe, los Andes y América del Norte, mientras que ocho especies fueron reconocidas como nativas de Perú. Se observó alta abundancia de palmeras en espacios públicos como jardines, plazas y parques, contribuyendo a la diversidad paisajística de la ciudad. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran el predominio de especies exóticas en el entorno urbano de Tarapoto y ofrecen un conocimiento sobre la diversidad y distribución de las palmeras que pueden ser útiles para la ornamentación de la ciudad de Tarapoto y otras ciudades de la Amazonía peruana.
Diversity and Selection of Superior Algarrobos (Neltuma pallida) Phenotypes in the Natural Dry Forests of Peru for Sustainable Conservation and Genetic Improvement
(MDPI, 2025-11-20) Casas Niño, Sebastian; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanet; Nauray , William; Tirabante Terrones, Nery; Ramírez Rojas, Max Augusto; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Neltuma pallida (algarrobo) is a keystone species of the Peruvian dry forest whose persistence is threatened by overexploitation and habitat degradation, making its conservation and genetic improvement a national priority. This study aimed to identify outstanding phenotypes of N. pallida through phenotypic characterization in the regions of Piura and Tumbes in northern Peru. A stratified random sampling design was applied, establishing forest plots in 13 localities and evaluating 631 adult individuals. Dendrometric and phenotypic traits were recorded together with physiographic, climatic, and edaphic variables obtained from soil analyses and geographic information systems. Phenotypic differentiation among populations was assessed using the index PST, which quantifies between- and within-population variance components. High morphological variability was detected across populations, with significant differences in tree height, diameter, and fruit production, largely explained by environmental heterogeneity, particularly soil fertility and organic matter. The PST values, ranging from 0.83 to 0.98, revealed strong phenotypic divergence among populations, suggesting adaptive differentiation rather than neutral variation. Eight superior individuals were identified as potential candidates for inclusion in a germplasm bank to support breeding and restoration programs. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management and conservation of N. pallida in the arid ecosystems.
Cuy línea Merino
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-30) Chauca Francia, Lilia Janine; Huamán Alcántara, Meylin Rosario; Bernaola Rodríguez, Ferggie Cindy; Meseth Macchiavello, Enrique
El Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) ha desarrollado tecnologías de mejoramiento genético de cuyes por más de cinco décadas, logrando razas precoces y prolíficas que fortalecen la productividad y sostenibilidad de la crianza. La Línea Merino se originó a partir del cuy tipo 4, reconocido por su destacada conformación y calidad cárnica. Tras 18 años de rigurosa conservación y mejora genética, se han consolidado ejemplares que destacan por su acelerado crecimiento, eficiencia reproductiva y una calidad sensorial de carne altamente demandada en los mercados del norte. Esta labor sostenida ha garantizado no solo uniformidad fenotípica y estabilidad productiva, sino también una excepcional versatilidad frente a diversos sistemas de crianza.
Manejo integrado de queresas en el cultivo de limón sutil en Moquegua
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-30) Guerrero Tafur, Lorenzo; Espinoza Rojas, Merlyn; Guzman Valqui, Betty Karina
El limón sutil (Citrus aurantifolia) es una variedad de lima ácida muy apreciada en la gastronomía peruana. Se reconoce por sus frutos pequeños, de cáscara delgada, pulpa jugosa, muy ácida y con un aroma intenso. En la región Moquegua aún no hay grandes extensiones cultivadas, pero en los últimos años su producción se ha venido incrementando. Este cultivo tiene un gran potencial, ya que puede convertirse en una alternativa rentable, tanto para el mercado nacional como para el internacional. En la Estación Experimental Agraria Moquegua se ha instalado una parcela demostrativa de limón sutil con el objetivo de mostrar el manejo adecuado de este cultivo y promover su producción. Con la finalidad de fortalecer la iniciativa productiva de los agricultores locales, se pone a disposición los principios básicos para el manejo integrado de las queresas que afectan a este cultivo en la región. Este manejo se basa en el uso de métodos combinados, compatibles, rentables y respetuosos con el ambiente.