Bellido Tenorio, EnriqueAlarcón Romani, Susan MilagrosCondori Ataupillco, Leivi TatianaPalomino-Espinoza, Claudio CarlosRengifo Sanchez, Raihil RabindranathErazo Huarache, José ManuelGarcía Blásquez, CayoSolórzano Acosta, Richard Andi2026-09-022026-09-022026-08-20Bellido Tenorio, E., Alarcón Romani, S., Condori Ataupillco, T., Palomino-Espinoza, C., Rengifo Sanchez, R. R., Erazo, J. M., García-Blásquez, C., & Solórzano, R. (2026). Co-inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Azospirillum brasilense outperforms nitrogen fertilisation in terms of yield, crude protein content, and profitability of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation in the Peruvian Andes. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. Advance online publication.2571-581Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/3263Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a key crop for food security in communities of the Peruvian Andes; however, its productivity is constrained by low soil fertility and the high cost of nitrogen fertilisers. In this context, the effects of co-inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (strain Ar-014) and Azospirillum brasilense (strain Az-007) on crop yield, crude protein content, and economic profitability were evaluated in comparison with conventional nitrogen fertilisation. The study was conducted at the Canaan Agrarian Experimental Station (Ayacucho, Peru; 2,750 m.a.s.l.) using a randomised complete block design with five treatments and four replicates: T01 (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae inoculation), T02 (Azospirillum brasilense inoculation), T03 (co-inoculation), T04 (mineral-N comparator, 82.5 kg N ha⁻¹), and T05 (uninoculated and unfertilised control). The results showed that T03 (co-inoculation) significantly outperformed nitrogen fertilisation (T04) (p < 0.01), achieving higher green pod yield (6.73 vs 5.63 t ha⁻¹), crude protein content (24.28 vs 23.67%), and economic profitability (262.75 vs 176.78%). Furthermore, T03 recorded the highest values for root length (21.73 cm), number of nodules per plant (20.27), and number of seeds per pod (6.07). Individual inoculation treatments (T01 and T02) also improved specific agronomic traits, such as aboveground biomass and number of pods per plant, respectively, although neither surpassed the performance of the co-inoculation treatment (T03). The Relative Yield Index (RYI_N) in the inoculated treatments was 16.85–19.49% higher than that observed under nitrogen fertilization. Overall, these results indicate that co-inoculation with R. leguminosarum b. viciae and A. brasilense (T03) represents a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization for green pea production under the evaluated high-Andean conditions, improving agronomic performance and economic profitability.application/pdfenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Azospirillum brasilenseco-inoculationcoinoculaciónPeruvian AndesAndes peruanosPGPRPisum sativum L.Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciaesustainable agricultureagricultura sostenibleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttps://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.00Pisum sativum; Nitrogen fertilizers, Abonado nitrogenado; Crop yield, Rendimiento de cultivos; Soil fertility, Fertilidad del suelo; Protein content, contenido proteico; Andean region, Región andina