Characterization of fruits of varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) conserved in Peru ISSN 0100-2945 DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.1590/0100-29452021710 Botany and physiology Characterization of fruits of varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) conserved in Peru Lady Laura Tuisima Coral1 & Hector Alonso Escobar-Garcia2 Abstract -The department of Piura is the main mango producer in Peru accounting for 66.7% of the national crop. The objective of the study was to characterize the fruits of forty varieties of mango preserved since 1969 in northwestern Peru. The fruits were harvested at the El Chira Agrarian Experimental Station, Department of Piura from December 2019 to January 2020. Thirteen quantitative fruit variables were evaluated: width, thickness, length, weight, seed width, seed thickness, seed length, percentage of seed, percentage of fresh skin, percentage of pulp, texture, °Brix, and pulp / seed ratios. The varieties with the highest percentage of pulp were Tommy Atkins, Haden x carabao 1, Irwin, and Jaffra, the latter was also the variety with the highest pulp / seed ratio (17.0). The varieties with the highest ° Brix were Blacman (21.3 ° Brix) and Julie (22.0 ° Brix). Knowledge of the fruit characteristics is essential for proper selection and use by the industry, especially those with a higher pulp weight to obtaining higher yields in processing. Index terms: Anacardiaceae, pulp percentage, seed percentage, Brix degrees. Caracterização de frutos de variedades de manga (Mangifera indica) conservadas no Peru Resumo - O Departamento de Piura é o principal produtor de manga do Peru, representando 66,7% da safra nacional. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os frutos de quarenta variedades de manga, preservadas desde 1969, no noroeste do Peru. Os frutos foram colhidos na Estação Experimental Agrária de El Chira, Departamento de Piura, de dezembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Foram avaliadas treze variáveis q uantitativas dos frutos: largura, espessura, comprimento, peso, largura da semente, espessura da semente, comprimento da semente, porcentagem de semente, porcentagem de casca fresca, porcentagem de polpa, textura, °Brix e relação polpa / semente. As variedades com maior percentual de polpa foram Tommy Atkins, Haden x carabao 1, Irwin e Jaffra, sendo esta última, Corresponding author: hescobarg@unp.edu.pe também, a variedade com maior relação polpa / semente (17,0). As variedades com maior °Brix foram Blacman (21,3 °Brix) e Julie (22,0 °Brix). O conhecimento das características dos frutos é Received: September 16, 2019 essencial para a correta seleção e o aproveitamento pela indústria, principalmente aquelas com maior Accepted: March 05, 2021 peso de polpa para obtenção de maiores rendimentos no processamento. Copyright: All the contents Termos para indexação: Anacardiaceae, porcentagem de polpa, porcentagem de sementes, graus of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. 1Researcher, Estación Experimental Agraria El Chira. Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sullana - Talara, Km. 1027, Sullana, Piura 20120, Perú. Email: ct_elchira@inia.gob.pe(ORCID 0000-0001-7810-801X) 2Agronomist, M.Sc., Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Piura (UNP), Urb. Miraflores S/N, Castilla, Piura, Perú. E-mail: hescobarg@unp.edu.pe(ORCID 0000-0002-5003-2268) 1 2 Lady Laura Tuisima Coral & Hector Alonso Escobar-Garcia Brix. is oblong, oval in shape, resistant to mechanical damage Introduction and it has a longer shelf life. However, it does not have the best flavour and aroma characteristics. It is also an early Mango belongs to the genus Mangifera, which variety and more common in the markets. consists of around 30 species of tropical fruit trees in the Forty varieties are currently conserved in the mango Anacardiaceae family, it has been cultivated in India for germplasm bank located in the Department of Piura, they more than 4000 years, and mango is native to Southeast receive adequate management of irrigation, fertilization, Asia (SHAH et al., 2010). The diversity of mango fruits and pruning activities, which allows a good yield and the is enormous, and each one has its own unique flavour and conservation of the germplasm. characteristics. Beginning in the 16th century, mango fruits Some morphological differences between varieties were gradually distributed throughout the world, reaching are notorious, however, there is no report of their the Americas in the 18th century (CRANE et al., 2017). characterization. The objective of this research was to Brazil was the first country in America to cultivate characterize forty mango varieties using fruit quantitative this plant, first introduced by the Portuguese to Rio de variables in order to know the existing variability Janeiro in the 16th century, expanding throughout the of the collection, and it can contribute to making country. Currently, Brazil stands out as the seventh mango appropriate decisions for the production, management, producer and most of the production is concentrated in the and conservation of the mango collection. states of Bahia (23%), Pernambuco (23%), and São Paulo (18%) (MAIA et al., 2016; IBGE, 2016). Materials and Methods In Peru, only the yellow mango variety was registered as Criollo de Chulucanas, and it was introduced 1. Location of the germplasm bank in 1810 by the Spaniards. In 1969, 44 cultivars were introduced from Florida (USA) and planted at the El Chira In 1969, four plants of 44 varieties of mango from Agricultural Experiment Station in northwestern Peru. Florida (USA) were installed, completing a total of 176 Since then, mangoes have been grown in 22 of Peru’s 24 trees, of which 40 varieties are currently conserved with Departments with an approximate area of 30,817 hectares. a total of 125 living trees. The germplasm bank was The Departments of Piura (66.7%), and Lambayeque established in the district of Tambogrande, Department of (14.6%) together contribute approximately 82% of Peru’s Piura, Peru, located at 4° 52’ 55.64”S, and 80°19’12.19”W total mango crop (SIEA 2014-2019). and 82 m altitude (Figure 1). The climate is classified as In 2020, Peru exported 242,879,787 kg of fresh BWh type, which means tropical and subtropical desert mango with a FOB price of 284,101,570 USD, with the climate. Netherlands and the United States as the main importing countries, receiving 66% of exports (AGRODATAPERU 2. Sample collection and evaluation of quantitative 2020). The most popular commercial varieties are Kent, variables Haden, Edward, and Tommy Atkins, known as improved varieties. There are also non-grafted varieties, such as the Within the period December 2019 - January 2020, Criollo de Chulucanas, the Rosado mango, or the Chato 10 ripe fruits were randomly collected for each mango de Ica variety, which are planted in the Department of Ica, variety; we evaluated the weight, width, thickness, and Peru (MINAGRI, 2014). Mango fruit is low in calories length of the fruit and the seed, fresh weight of the skin, and very rich in acids, vitamin C, vitamin B5, and vitamin weight, and texture of the pulp and °Brix. Knowing the A, making it an antioxidant fruit, providing the body with weights of pulp, seed, and fresh skin, the percentages a defensive power against cell degradation (LEDESMA, of each variable with respect to the total weight of the 2018). fruit was calculated, and we obtained the pulp/seed ratio, Due to the importance of this fruit, the Banco getting a total of 13 quantitative variables of the fruit. Agrario (2007) of Peru characterized the commercial Values related to weight were obtained using a weight varieties of mango according to their color as red, green, scale (Camry, China), the dimensional variables were and yellow. Within the red group are the Kent variety, recorded using a digital vernier (Stainles shardened, the most exported from Peru, large in size (500 to 800 g), China). The texture was evaluated with a penetrometer it has a yellow-orange epicarp with reddish color when (Wagner, Italy), and to evaluate °Brix was used a digital ripe, oval orbicular shape, pleasant flavour, juicy, with low handheld refractometer (Boeco, Germany). fibrosity and high sugar content, it is also a late variety. The Haden variety, of medium to large size (380 to 700 g) and yellow epicarp with reddish or totally red, is oval in shape with firm flesh, pleasant flavour, and is an early variety. The Tommy Atkins variety, large in size (600 g), Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) Characterization of fruits of varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) conserved in Peru 3 Figure 1. The geographical location of the mango germplasm bank, established in the district of Tambogrande, Pro- vince of Piura, Peru. Ono (155.0 g - 86.0 mm), Saigon (167.0 g - 92.0 mm) and Chirimollo (174.0 g - 75.0 mm). While the heaviest 3. Data analysis mango varieties were Sprinffels (670.0 g - 152.0 mm), Haden x Carabao 2 (681.0 g - 137.0 mm), and Jaffra (688.0 The experimental design used was completely g - 121.0 mm). Moreover, Golex recorded a higher weight randomized with 10 replications. Quantitative variables compared to the rest of the varieties (879.0 g) (Table 1). were standardized to whole numbers to one decimal Fruits weight of the export varieties were Kent place. Simple descriptive statistics were obtained for all (625.0 g), Edward (599.0 g), Tommy Atkins (510.0 g), and variables. To determine the similarity between mango Haden (322.0 g). Crane et al. (2017) and Ledesma (2018) varieties, cluster analysis (CA) was performed using reported some fruit characteristics of 37 and 109 mango Ward’s grouping method. This method was considered varieties, respectively, which grow in Florida. Of all of because it seems to be much more discriminative in the them only nine varieties are included among the varieties determination of grouping levels, and widely used for evaluated in this work (Edward, Fairchild, Glenn, Haden, the analysis of quantitative variables. Subsequently, to Julie, Kent, Palmer, Sensation, and Tommy Atkins). This determine the existence or not of statistical differences demonstrates the extensive diversity of mango varieties. between the groups formed, a one-way analysis of variance Of the nine varieties, the fruit weight of Haden (ANOVA) was performed and Tukey’s test was used (p≤ (322.0 g) and Palmer (187.0 g) were lower than those 0.05). A multiple Pearson correlation analysis was added. reported by Crane et al (2017) with an average of 566.7 Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) of the g for both varieties, meanwhile Ledesma (2018) recorded thirteen quantitative variables under study was performed averages of 600.0 g for those varieties. In addition, using StatGraphicsV. 19 software (StatGraphics 2009). A Edward, Haden, Kent, and Tommy Atkins stand out as significance level of 5% was used in all statistical analyses. commercial varieties. All of them, with the exception of Haden, are varieties with an average fruit weight greater than 500.0 g and considered of large size. Results and Discussion Jaffra and Golex were the varieties with the lowest seed proportion (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), while Weight and dimensions of fruit and seed Ono (15.8%), Palmer (16.2%), and Saigon (18.3%) were the varieties with the highest seed proportion. Dried mango seeds contain 15% tannin which could be used We obtained the averages, standard deviation, and as an astringent in cases of diarrhea, dysentery, and coefficient of variation of quantitative fruit variables of the urethritis. Previous studies revealed that mango seeds 40 mango varieties evaluated. The lightest mango varieties are free of toxic substances and appear to be a safe according to the average fruit weight and length were: source of antioxidants (SOWMIYA et al., 2009). On the Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) 4 Lady Laura Tuisima Coral & Hector Alonso Escobar-Garcia other hand, the variables with the highest coefficient of Corresponding to the pulp/seed ratio, Rodriguez- variation were fruit weight (CV= 49.7%), seed length Pleguezuelo et al. (2012) stated that as much higher is (CV= 24.8%), and fruit length (CV= 23.1%), in contrast the pulp/seed ratio, the mango variety can be considered to seed thickness (CV= 10.5%). In this context, the fruit commercially valuable, in that context the Jaffra variety is sold in the European market according to quality types excelled with respect to the pulp/seed ratio (17.4) with based on the commercial characteristics of size and color. 16.3 °Brix, so it could also be considered as a variety of In addition, Rodríguez-Pleguezuelo et al. (2012), indicate commercial importance. However, it has been observed that consumers more appreciate medium-sized fruits. that the shelf life of this variety is short, so its scope would be in a national context. Moreover, °Brix and pulp/seed Proportion and texture of skin and pulp ratios of the export varieties were: Kent (18.8 °Brix and 11.6 pulp/seed ratio), Edward (18.0 °Brix and 12.5 pulp/ seed ratio), Tommy Atkins (15.8 °Brix and 10.9 pulp/seed Tommy Atkins had a lower proportion of fruit skin ratio) and Haden (15.0 °Brix and 6.6 pulp/seed ratio). The (7.5%). This variety also presented a higher percentage of °Brix results for the commercial varieties in this research pulp (84.8%), moreover, this percentage is comparable were superior to those reported by Rodríguez-Pleguezuelo with the studies reported by Siller-Cepeda et al. (2009), et al. (2012) in European Mediterranean conditions, Rodriguez-Pleguezuelo et al. (2012), and Carneiro et al. but Fernández et al. (2001) in an Argentine subtropical (2018) with 76%, 81.9%, and 66.4%, respectively. climate, recorded 15.2 °Brix for Haden, 14.0 °Brix for Of the forty (40) mango varieties, fourteen (14) Tommy Atkins and 20.0 °Brix for Kent. recorded more than 80% pulp percentage (Table 1), so they could be considered for obtaining mango pulp and also those can be processed in the manufacture of sweets, Multiple correlation of quantitative variables of juices, or ice cream (Pitchaon, 2011). On the other hand, mango fruit the texture variable is associated with the stage of ripening, for as the fruit reaches the highest stage of ripening the Correlation analysis indicated that the quantitative texture get reduced. For the acceptable eating quality of variables of fruit weight, seed percentage and flesh mango fruits in relation to their texture, they should present percentage, and fruit length were positively and highly values between 1.75 to 2.0 kg/cm2 according to Mitcham significantly related to each other (Table 2). Therefore, and McDonald (1992). the larger the fruit size, the higher the seed and pulp Fruit texture ranged from 1.0 kg/cm2 to 5.7 kg/ percentage, and greater the fruit length. In order to obtain cm2. At the time of evaluation, eight (8) varieties recorded more pulp and less seed percentage, it would be important texture values below those of acceptable quality according to initiate research on crosses or in vitro trials to create to Mitcham and McDonald (1992), this parameter should hybrids with a higher percentage of pulp and small seeds. be considered when deciding the appropriate time to In addition, fruit width is positively correlated with 10 harvest. In contrast, thirteen (13) varieties recorded of the variables with the exception of the variable °Brix values greater than 2.8 kg/cm2 (Table 1), all of them also which has a negative correlation (r=-0.39; p ≤ 0.05), considered of late maturing. It was also observed that the which is also inherent to the variety. Fruit texture is about Erlivety, Philips, and Sensation varieties are characterized 43% related to skin fresh weight, in this regard, thirteen by hard flesh, while Tolbert variety has hard skin and soft varieties recorded between 15.2% and 21.0% fresh skin flesh. The maximum texture value was recorded for the weight. In contrast, there is a negative correlation between Haden variety at 5.7 kg/cm2 evaluated before it reaches fruit weight, flesh percentage, and texture concerning to the optimum ripening stage. °Brix (r=-0.36; p ≤ 0.05), i.e., the higher the fruit weight, flesh percentage, and texture, the lower the value of °Brix Brix degrees (°Brix) and pulp/seed ratio (pulp/se) or total soluble solids. °Brix is associated with the ripening The °Brix range was from 15.0 to 22.0. The varieties period; to investigate this aspect in promising varieties is with the lowest °Brix value were: Kevis & Patil, Golex, required. Haden, Irwin, and Tolbert, these last two varieties could be considered important for the consumption of people with insulin resistance or diabetes, due to their low level of total soluble solids. In this context, Shah et al. (2010) indicate that mango has antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral, cardiotonic, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast, the varieties with the highest °Brix were Blacman (21.3 °Brix) and Julie (22.0 °Brix). Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) Characterization of fruits of varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) conserved in Peru 5 Table 1. Averages of fruit width (FW), fruit thickness (FT), fruit length (FL), fruit weight (Fw), seed width (SW), seed thickness (ST), seed length (SL), seed percentage (% Se), fresh skin percentage (% PFs), pulp percentage (% Pp), texture (Text), Brix degree (°Brix) and pulp/seed ratio (Pulp/se) of 40 mango varieties. N VARIETIES FW FT FL Fw SW ST SL % % % Text Pulp/(mm) (mm) (mm) (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) Se PFs Pp (kg/cm2) °Brix se 1 AROEMANIS 65.0 54.0 110.0 210.0 30.0 16.0 91.0 10.0 15.2 74.8 2.0 19.0 7.5 2 AMINI 74.5 63.5 85.0 226.0 33.0 23.5 61.5 10.6 14.4 75.0 - 18.5 7.4 3 BLACMAN 76.5 59.5 89.0 215.0 43.0 17.0 67.0 9.5 12.6 77.9 2.3 21.3 8.4 4 BOMBAY 73.0 64.5 76.0 209.0 40.5 18.5 60.5 12.0 11.7 76.3 1.0 16.0 6.4 5 CAMPON 87.0 83.0 165.0 628.0 44.0 19.0 137.5 7.2 10.6 82.2 2.3 16.0 11.5 6 CAPOC 78.0 66.0 196.0 512.0 30.0 20.0 161.0 9.2 8.2 82.6 3.0 21.0 9.0 7 CHATO DE ICA 82.0 66.5 151.0 291.0 43.0 21.5 82.0 12.5 10.3 77.2 1.0 18.5 6.2 8 CHIRIMOLLO 71.0 58.5 75.0 174.0 44.5 18.5 58.0 12.1 15.8 72.1 2.6 17.0 5.9 9 COLOMBO KYLDE 61.0 54.5 109.0 200.0 33.0 17.0 90.5 14.3 13.7 72.0 2.8 20.0 5.1 10 DAVIS HADEN 94.5 87.0 124.0 569.0 45.0 20.5 98.0 7.7 10.7 81.6 1.0 16.0 10.6 11 EDWARD 92.5 90.5 127.0 599.0 45.5 21.0 107.5 6.3 15.3 78.4 2.3 18.0 12.5 12 ERLYVETI 83.0 72.0 98.0 296.0 45.5 25.5 76.5 14.5 10.8 74.7 3.7 16.5 5.1 13 FACELLA 91.0 78.5 113.0 428.0 39.0 20.5 86.0 9.2 17.6 73.2 2.3 20.5 7.9 14 FAIRCHILD 85.5 78.5 104.0 376.0 39.5 19.5 77.5 8.9 17.7 73.4 3.9 16.5 8.2 15 GLENN 87.0 76.5 106.0 439.0 36.5 19.5 83.0 6.9 10.3 82.8 3.9 16.0 11.9 16 GOLEX 116.0 100.5 139.0 879.0 44.5 25.0 96.0 5.3 21.0 73.7 4.9 15.0 13.7 17 GUADALUPE 73.0 64.0 108.0 263.0 35.0 20.0 86.0 9.8 12.5 77.7 1.0 17.0 7.8 18 HADEN 77.0 73.0 99.0 322.0 39.0 19.5 81.0 10.9 17.5 71.6 5.7 14.8 6.6 19 HADEN X CARABAO 1 85.0 76.5 127.0 475.0 37.0 19.5 102.5 6.6 9.4 84.0 1.0 15.8 12.7 20 HADEN X CARABAO 2 106.0 89.0 137.0 681.0 47.5 22.5 95.0 7.7 9.5 82.8 2.6 17.5 10.7 21 IRWIN 75.0 69.5 106.0 298.0 34.5 18.0 80.0 7.7 8.7 83.6 3.1 15.5 10.8 22 JAFFRA 106.5 101.0 121.0 688.0 45.5 22.5 80.0 4.8 11.6 83.6 4.8 16.3 17.4 23 JULIE 78.0 61.0 102.0 261.0 41.5 20.0 82.5 8.8 16.7 74.5 2.5 22.0 8.4 24 KENT 99.0 91.0 118.0 625.0 36.5 20.5 80.5 7.0 10.8 82.2 2.6 18.8 11.6 25 KEVIS Y PATIL 105.5 90.5 132.0 663.0 44.5 24.0 98.0 8.1 17.9 74.0 4.9 15.0 9.2 26 LIPPENS 77.5 62.5 103.0 254.0 37.0 23.0 81.5 13.4 9.8 76.8 2.2 20.5 5.7 27 MODOE 80.5 65.5 96.0 323.0 39.5 18.5 79.5 9.4 15.2 75.4 2.2 19.0 7.9 28 MULGOA 84.0 77.0 108.0 370.0 37.0 20.5 87.0 10.0 16.0 74.0 2.3 19.0 7.4 29 ONO 65.5 52.5 86.0 155.0 33.5 19.5 68.0 15.8 14.5 69.7 - 18.8 4.4 30 PALMER 67.0 57.0 86.0 183.0 38.0 21.5 650 16.2 12.3 71.5 - 20.5 4.4 31 PHILIPS 79.0 70.0 102.0 298.0 46.5 23.0 76.0 13.9 16.4 69.7 3.1 16.3 5.0 32 ROSADO DE ICA 82.5 71.0 98.0 322.0 47.0 21.5 75.0 9.8 9.9 80.3 1.0 16.0 8.2 33 SABINA 75.5 68.0 82.0 240.0 39.0 22.0 61.0 12.3 11.5 76.2 3.5 17.5 6.2 34 SAIGON 59.5 52.5 92.0 167.0 35.0 19.0 73.0 18.3 17.3 64.4 2.4 20.5 3.5 35 SENSATION 70.0 62.5 88.0 209.0 39.5 18.5 69.5 14.1 13.4 72.5 3.2 16.5 5.1 36 SPRINFFELS 96.0 84.5 152.0 670.0 46.5 20.0 124.0 7.2 10.5 82.3 1.0 16.5 11.4 37 SUBTANJALLA 67.0 57.5 97.0 198.0 33.5 19.5 75.0 10.1 9.3 80.6 3.8 16.3 7.9 38 TOLBERT 84.0 80.0 87.0 333.0 41.0 22.0 60.0 9.0 9.3 81.7 3.0 15.0 8.7 39 TOMMY ATKINS 95.0 86.0 118.0 510.0 46.5 19.0 91.0 7.7 7.5 84.8 2.6 15.8 10.9 40 ZILL 79.5 64.5 88.0 239.0 36.5 19.0 64.0 10.0 13.8 76.2 3.0 17.0 7.6 Mean 82.1 72.0 110.0 375.0 39.8 20.4 84.2 10.1 12.9 77.0 2.5 17.6 8.4 Standard deviation 13.0 13.2 25.4 186.5 5.0 2.1 20.9 3.1 3.3 4.9 1.4 2.0 3.0 Coefficient of variation (%) 15.9 18.3 23.1 49.7 12.6 10.5 24.8 31.0 25.5 6.3 54.2 11.4 35.3 Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) 6 Lady Laura Tuisima Coral & Hector Alonso Escobar-Garcia Table 2. Correlation analysis of 12 quantitative fruit variables of 40 mango varieties. FW SW FT ST °Brix Text FL LS %PFs Fw %Se %Pp FW 1 SW 0.62** 1 FT 0.95** 0.59** 1 ST 0.53** 0.42** 0.47** 1 °Brix -0.39* -0.39* -0.50** -0.22 1 Text 0.34* 0.15 0.37* 0.17 -0.36* 1 FL 0.51** 0.14 0.49** 0.14 -0.02 0.08 1 LS 0.35* 0.03 0.37* -0.02 0.03 0.05 0.93** 1 %PFs 0.81** 0.39* 0.78** 0.44** -0.287 0.43** 0.47** 0.38* 1 Fw 0.93** 0.48** 0.93** 0.40* -0.36* 0.31 0.71** 0.62** 0.83** 1 %Se 0.73** 0.49** 0.72** 0.53** -0.23 0.24 0.71** 0.62** 0.64** 0.80** 1 %Pp 0.91** 0.47** 0.92** 0.35* -0.36* 0.27 0.72** 0.63** 0.76** 0.99** 0.77** 1 ** The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. * The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. Fruit width (FW), seed width (SW), fruit thickness (FT), seed thickness (ST), Brix degrees (°Brix), texture (Text), fruit length (FL), seed length (LS), fresh skin percentage (%PFs), fruit weight (Fw), seed percentage (%Se) and pulp percentage (%Pp). Grouping of forty mango varieties according to in the first half of December; early; ripe fruits towards quantitative variables. the end of December and beginning of January; medium; ripe fruits from the second half of January to the end of The PCA results of the thirteen quantitative February; late; ripe fruits from the end of February to the variables indicated that the total variance explained with end of March; very late; mid-March to the end of April. the first, second, third and fourth components was 84.3%. Table 3 shows the averages of the fruit quantitative The first component accounted for about 47.97% of the variables evaluated in the 40 mango varieties according total variability, the second for an additional 16.69%, while to the groups formed. Group I, is characterized by lower the third and fourth components accounted for 11.19% and average values for the variables fruit weight (FW; 252.5 8.44% of the variability, respectively. The first component g), fruit length (FL; 102.3 mm), seed percentage (% included five variables, which illustrated high or moderate Se; 12.1), fresh skin percentage (% FPs; 14.2), pulp values in fruit width, fruit thickness, fruit weight, seed percentage (% Pp; 73.6) and texture (Text; 1.7 kg/ percentage, and pulp/seed ratio. cm2), while the °Brix value was higher and statistically On the other hand, the dendrogram generated significant. Therefore, in Group I, we cand find the distinguishes three groups at a distance of approximately sweeter varieties, although the average pulp/seed ratio 20%, the calculated coefficient of cophenetic correlation was not ideal (pulp/se = 6.5). In contrast, Group III was 0.72 which indicated a poor hierarchical structure. showed higher values of the above-mentioned variables, However, when observing in Figure 2, it is notable that the except ° Brix. Although the large sizes and weights do grouping obtained is mainly due to the size and weight of not represent quality or competitiveness in the market, the fruit, so that the first group was formed by 13 mango the knowledge and understanding of these values will varieties, which are distinguished mostly by being smaller allow better use and management of the different mango in size and weight. The second group was made up of 14 varieties. In addition, complementary studies on the varieties which have medium sizes, and the third group nutritional diversity of the varieties would expand the was conformed of 13 mango varieties, of which the main market potential, allowing its use both for consumption as characteristics were their greater weight and size. In Peru, fresh fruit and in industrialized form. It is also necessary Banco Agrario (2007), also made a classification of three to evaluate the correlation between quantitative variables groups of mango varieties, but, according to the epicarps and the ripening period, which will ensure the public color, where red varieties are also larger, and this coincides consumer’s satisfaction. From this research it is also with the dendrogram obtained. In this Group I, represented expected to initiate studies on the industrialization and by smaller varieties are mostly of green epicarp. Mango commercialization of products derived from the identified fruit varieted constituted Group III with red epicarp and promising varieties, as well as the conservation and larger in size than Group I and II. Considering the ripening packaging, nutritional characterization, and management period in the subtropical zone of Argentina, Fernandez et techniques during the harvesting period, considering al. (2001) classify mango varieties as very early; ripe fruits the environmental characteristics of the harvesting and agroindustrial transformation area. Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) Characterization of fruits of varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) conserved in Peru 7 Figure 2. Dendrogram generated from the similarity between the 40 mango varieties present in the germplasm bank of the EEA El Chira, Piura, Peru. The image of each fruit is placed in the order of the dendrogram from left to right, from top to bottom indicated by the number corresponding to the variety. Table 3. Average of the main characteristics of mango varieties according to groupings. GROUPS FW FT FL Fw SW ST SL % % % Text (mm) (mm) (mm) (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) Se PFs Pp (kg/cm2) °Brix Pulp/se Group I 76.0 a 61.8 a 102.3 a 252.5 a 37.1 a 19.8 a 78. a 12.1 a 14.4 a 73.6 a 1.7 a 19.9 b 6.5 a Group II 76.8 a 68.1 a 93.4 a 269.8 a 40.1 ab 20.4 a 71.4 a 11.1 a 12.7 a 76.1 a 3.0 b 16.3 a 7.1 a Group III 96.0 b 86.3 b 135.5 b 610.6 b 42.3 b 21.0 a 104. b 7.1 b 11.8 b 81.1 b 2.8 ab 16.7 a 11.8 b Fruit width (FW), fruit thickness (FT), fruit length (FL), fruit weight (Fw), seed width (SW), seed thickness (ST), seed length (SL), seed percentage (% Se), fresh skin percentage (% PFs), pulp percentage (% Pp), texture (Text), Brix degree (°Brix) and pulp/seed ratio (Pulp/se). Different letters next to the numbers indicate significant differences between values. Conclusion Acknowledgments The results obtained in this work allowed Special thanks to Ing. Ulises Vegas Rodríguez, highlighting the potential of some mango varieties, Director of the Estación Experimental Agraria El Chira- mainly due to a higher percentage of pulp, pulp/seed Piura, for his contribution to the understanding of mango ratio, and °Brix; proving to be an alternative for the cultivation. We also appreciate Ing. Oswaldo Bereche Crisanto for obtaining fruit characterization data in the national and international fresh fruit market, as well as field and laboratory. To Mr. Santos Porras Meca for the for the export agroindustry through by-products based care and integrated management of the germplasm bank on mango pulp, preserves, chunks, and juices. and to Mr. Antony Del Aguila for the help with Figure 1. Financially supported by the project “Mejoramiento de los Servicios de Investigación en la Caracterización de los Recursos Genéticos de la Agrobiodiversidad en 17 Departamentos del Perú (PROAGROBIO)”. Viabilizado con Código Único de Inversiones - CUI N° 2480490. Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2021, v. 43, n. 2: (e-710) 8 Lady Laura Tuisima Coral & Hector Alonso Escobar-Garcia References MITCHAM, E.J.; MCDONALD, R.E. Cell wall modification during ripening of ‘Keitt’ and ‘Tommy AGRODATAPERU. Exportaciones agropecuarias del Atkins’ mango fruit. Journal of the American Society Perú 2020. Disponible en: https://www.agrodataperu. for Horticultural Science, Alexandria, v.117, n.6, p.919- com/2021/01/mangos-frescos-peru-exportacion-2020- 924, 1992. diciembre.html. Acesso em: 8 jan. 2021. PITCHAON, M. Antioxidant capacity of extracts and BANCO AGRARIO. Cultivo y variedades de mango. fractions from mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) seed Lima: Agrobanco, 2007. p.1-20. kernels. 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