Chapter 23
Integrated Pest Management in Peru
María Palacios Lazo1, Alfonso Lizárraga Travaglini2, Ricardo Velásquez
Ochoa3, Enrique Carranza Hernández4 and Isaías Segovia5
1Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, Perú; 2Red de Acción en Alternativas al
Uso de Agroquímicos and Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú;
3Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, Lima, Perú; 4Servicio Nacional de
Sanidad Agraria, Lima, Perú; 5Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
History and Evolution of IPM in Peru the elimination of natural enemies. In
1955–1956, cotton production collapsed,
Peru was the site of one of the first large- and the Farmers’ Association of the Cañete
scale IPM programs. In the early 1950s, the Valley organized an IPM program with
German–Peruvian entomologist Johannes technical support from the government.
Wille developed the concept that agri- This program banned the use of synthetic
cultural entomology was a branch of insecticides and initiated a program for
applied ecology, and recommended that biological restoration of the valley (Herrera,
insecticides be used only as a last resort 1961). The biological restoration program
(Wille, 1952). IPM in Peru began in the was facilitated by the fact that cotton, its
mid-1950s in response to problems caused insect pests and the complex of natural
by the use of organochlorines on crops enemies are all native to Peru. The IPM
such as cotton, citrus, olives and sugar- program was soon expanded to all coastal
cane (Risco, 1954, 1960; Herrera, 1961; valleys of the country. In each valley,
Beingolea et al., 1969; Beingolea and farmers’ associations were promoted and
Salazar, 1970). plant protection services were established.
Cotton Citrus
An IPM program for cotton in the Cañete By 1961, insect pests in citrus had become a
valley began in the mid-1950s after a period major problem due to the use of organo-
of intensive use of organochlorines (DDT, phosphate insecticides. Initially, alterna-
BHC, toxaphene and aldrin) from 1949 to tive strategies for managing citrus pests
1956. Problems resulting from the overuse included the use of selective insecticides
of insecticides were the development of and the release of natural enemies
insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, (Beingolea, 1961). Since citrus and many
and appearance of new pests due to of its insect and mite pests had been
©CAB International 2003. Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena
(eds K.M. Maredia, D. Dakouo and D. Mota-Sanchez) 301
302 M.P. Lazo et al.
introduced into the country, the lack of significantly impaired due to new govern-
effective natural enemies was under- ment policies (Pollack, 1994).
standable. Several beneficial insects were
introduced successfully, as demonstrated
in the rehabilitation of an 8-year-old citrus IPM education
orchard in the Chincha valley (Central
Coast of Peru) that had been severely In 1971, graduate programs (MSc level)
infested by pests after frequent applications in entomology and plant pathology were
of insecticides (Beingolea et al., 1969). initiated at the National Agrarian Univer-
sity ‘La Molina’. Important concepts of IPM
were taught, for instance, Cisneros (1980)
Olives defined IPM as integrating insect pest, dis-
ease, and weed management, and empha-
Biological control of olive pests began in sizing the inclusion of two or more pest
1937 with the first introductions of natural control techniques based on economic
enemies of the black scale, Saissetia oleae damage level. Pest control techniques
(Wille, 1952). This system, with some should be ecologically and economically
fluctuations, was maintained until 1954. In sound, minimizing undesirable effects.
that year, major outbreaks of the black scale
occurred in some olive-producing areas,
induced by the intensive use of insecticides Policies and legal issues related to IPM
such as parathion and azinphos-methyl.
Following these outbreaks, an integrated As early as 1909, Peru passed a law related
management system was established for to Plant Protection. This law was modified
olives. Integrated management of olive and expanded in 1949. In 1976, a newly cre-
pests was based on the action of predators ated Ministry of Food issued a Plant Sanita-
and cultural measures to increase mortality tion Regulation for importation and expor-
and improve the effectiveness of para- tation of plant products. In 1993, a plant
sitoids. An effective monitoring system, sanitary certificate from the country of ori-
mass-rearing of natural enemies and the gin became a requirement for the introduc-
use of high-pressure sprayers were all part tion of plant products. A law issued in 1997
of the integrated program, among other promotes IPM as the major policy in agri-
practices (Beingolea, 1993). culture. Several other policies also affect
IPM implementation directly or indirectly.
In recent years, the Government of Peru
Sugarcane has reinitiated technical assistance to farm-
ers through special programs that included
Significant losses from the sugar cane borer, the extension of IPM. These programs
Diatraea saccharalis in 1949 induced farm- include PRONAMACHCS (a national pro-
ers to try new measures for the management gram for the management of soils and water-
of this pest. In 1951, the parasitoid, sheds), and SENASA (the national service
Lixophaga diatraea was introduced into the for plant and animal health).
country. However, this species was not suc-
cessfully established. Conversely, the mass
release of a native parasitic fly Paratheresia Organizations Involved in IPM in Peru
claripalpis reduced by 83% the damage
in sugarcane as a result of high levels of Three types of institutions develop IPM
parasitism (88%) (Risco, 1954, 1960). research and extension in Peru: public
During the Agrarian Reform in the 1970s, institutions and universities, farmers’
large sugarcane farms became cooperatives associations, and private organizations
and the pest management program was (Table 23.1).
IPM in Peru 303
Table 23.1. Institutions that do research, extension and set regulations for IPM techniques in Peru.
Methods of control
Use of Plant Physical or Chemical or
Institutions Cultural Biological Behavioral varieties breeding mechanical botanical Legal IPM
Research INIA X X X X
University X X
CIP X X X X X X X
Farmers as IPM Cotton X X X X X X X X
clients Citrus X X X X X X
Potatoes X X X X X X X X X
Institutions involved INIA X X X X X X X
in IPM extension University X X X X X X X X
CIP X X X X X X X X X
NGOs X X X X X X X X
SENASA X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Institution SENASA X X X X X X
Institutions providing SENASA X X
IPM inputs Industry X
CIP X X X X
NGOs X X X X
INIA X X X
304 M.P. Lazo et al.
Public institutions control of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci and
Aleurodicus cocois) in cotton, cowpea,
Research institutes cucumber, melon, watermelon, and mango.
Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria
The first experiment station was estab- bassiana were used for the control of the
lished in La Molina in 1946, with several diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella,
departments including entomology and and the antagonistic fungus, Gliocladium
plant pathology (Vilchez, 2000). In 1981, a roseum for the control of the strawberry gray
National Institute for Agricultural Research rot, Botrytis cinerea.
and Promotion was created with a research
program in entomology. Later on, this
program has since been superseded by an Universities
INIA with four major research programs, Research conducted at the universities
one of which is the National Research focused on the development of IPM compo-
Program for IPM. nents. Sixteen agronomy faculties through-
In 1989, research began on the use of out the country are involved in basic and
hydrothermal treatments of export mangos applied research related to IPM (Arroyo,
for the immature stages of the Mediterranean 1988, 1989). These projects are most often
fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. As a result, the related to thesis research required to obtain
USA approved the importation of mangos undergraduate degrees. For instance, in
from Peru in 1991. Research on the control 1995, 75% of thesis research projects were
of the fruit flies Ceratitis capitata and related to the chemical control of insect
Anastrepha fraterculus has continued with pests at the Agrarian University at La
techniques such as mass releases of sterile Molina (Lizárraga et al., 1995). However,
flies, use of traps for monitoring, biological in the past 5 years, research on biological
control, cultural control, and chemical con- control, host plant resistance, and other
trol. Other research programs have included non-chemical measures has been given
testing the efficacy of sticky yellow traps for more importance.
leafminer flies and whiteflies, and the iden-
tification of several entomopathogenic fungi
including Neozygites, Verticillium lecanii,
Pandora neoaphidis, Entomophthora plan- Farmers’ associations
choryana, Conidiobolus, Erynia spp., Erynia
dipterigena, Zoop Tera phalloides in crops Research in agriculture was initiated by the
such as coffee, citrus, tomato, potato, farmers belonging to the National Agrarian
cucumbers and beans. Society. In 1926, farmers of the Cañete
The biological control work has been valley founded an experiment station
conducted in two geographic areas: in designed to increase productivity in export
the mountains and in the coast area. In crops such as cotton and sugarcane. The
the mountains, research and extension pest resistance in cotton inspired research
activities were carried out on the utilization to explain the factors associated with
of entomopathogens including Beauveria increased pest populations and to develop
bassiana and B. brongniartii for the control new methods of control. This work
of the Andean potato weevil; Baculovirus for established a foundation for IPM in Peru.
the control of potato tuber moths; rearing In the 1970s, due to change in the
and release of Campoletis sp. for control of government policy, the Agrarian Reform
larvae of Lepidoptera; Copidosoma koehleri truncated this unusual system of ‘farmers
for the control of tuber moth; and Pachy- promoting research for the control of pests’.
crepoideus spp. for fruit flies. In the coast Currently, only large agricultural enter-
area, research was concentrated on the prises with adequate economic resources
use of entomopathogenic fungi; Verticillium can provide facilities for research related to
lecanii and Paecilomyces farinosus for the the development of IPM.
IPM in Peru 305
International programs and local NGOs the FFS approach, sponsored by FAO, as a
training method.
FAO and NGOs Until 1990, CIP’s research findings were
transferred to the National Potato Program of
In 2000, a special IPM project known as the INIAA for on-site testing and demonstra-
‘Integrated Pest Management in Major Food tion of management strategies. Since 1992,
Crops of Peru’ was implemented. This pro- these functions have been passed to other
ject has been sponsored by FAO and run by organizations, primarily NGOs. NGOs work-
several governmental and non-governmental ing in rural areas have partially replaced the
organizations, including SENASA, INIA, role of the Peruvian Government in technol-
PRONAMACHS, UNALM, Catholic Agency ogy transfer among farmers. Several organi-
For Overseas Aid and Development, CARE zations are involved in these activities. In
(Network of relief and development organi- general, NGOs are not involved in research,
zations) and RAAA. The major objective of except for those that are working on specific
this program is to improve the quality of life projects in collaboration with universities or
of small farmers in Peru, by increasing their other research institutions such as CIP.
income, reducing pesticide exposure and To raise awareness of IPM programs and
promoting sustainable production. The management strategies, CIP produces a vari-
program was patterned after the highly ety of materials (bulletins, videos, posters,
successful FFS approach. As a result of and portfolios). Major components of these
this training, many farmers, especially management programs include cultural
potato and cotton producers, will be able practices, use of sex pheromones, colored
to implement IPM in their fields. traps, shelter and food traps, and the intro-
duction and protection of natural enemies
The CIP (Cisneros et al., 1995).
In 1971, the CIP was created to generate
improvements in potato production. CIP
has contributed to the development of Successful Cases of IPM
potato IPM, particularly in the management
of nematodes, fungi and insects. Initially, Peru has a long history of successful IPM
research emphasized the development of programs. The most well-known is the inte-
resistant plants. From 1978 until 1990, grated management of cotton pests, begun
CIP’s entomological research was focused in the mid-1950s and still in practice today.
on the management of three key pests: More recently, integrated management of
the Andean potato weevil, Premnotrypes potato pests has been implemented with the
spp., the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea support of the CIP.
operculella and the leafminer fly, Liriomyza
huidobrensis (Raman and Palacios, 1983;
Ramau, 1984, 1987, 1988a,b). Integrated management of cotton pests
In 1988, CIP organized the first IPM
Pilot Unit, and within 2 years Pilot Units Cotton has been grown in Peru for over 5000
were established in several areas of the years. On the northern coast, the varieties
country. Pilot Units demonstrate the use of Pima and del Cerro are grown. On the cen-
IPM strategies in farmers’ communities, and tral and southern coasts, the most common
help train farmers, extension workers and variety is Tangüis, which is resistant to
professionals involved in potato cultivation. wilting disease. In the north and central
Since 1998, new research findings have been jungle, a native white to red colored cotton
incorporated into the system to improve (algodón áspero) is cultivated in small
IPM implementation. In 1999 CIP initiated a areas. Cotton in the coast is irrigated
study of alternatives for the management of (surface irrigation), whereas cotton in the
potato late blight and the possibility of using jungle is grown under rainfall conditions.
306 M.P. Lazo et al.
In recent years, cotton production has predators and entomopathogens are
varied between 145,000 t and 268,000 t. important pest mortality factors. It would
The area under cultivation has also varied, be impossible to cultivate cotton without
from 73,000 ha to 137,000 ha (Perú Acorde, the regulating action of beneficial insects
2000). Currently, most cotton is grown (Herrera, 1998). The implementation of an
on small farms of 1–3 ha. Only a few IPM program in cotton including the release
producers grow 50–500 ha. of Trichogramma spp. and use of phero-
mone traps for the Indian pink bollworm
Major cotton pests reduced by 70% the use of pesticides on
more than 500 ha of small farms in the Ica
Major pests of cotton in Peru are the cotton valley (Castro et al., 1997).
stainer, Dysdercus peruvianus, the cotton In recent years, the populations of the
leaf perforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella, the silver leaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, has
Peruvian bollweevil, Anthonomus vestitus increased due to climatic changes linked to
and the Indian pink bollworm, Pectino- the El Niño phenomenon. Fortunately, the
phora gossypiella. Other pests include whitefly population was reduced by an
mites, Eriophyes gossypii, armyworms, the epizootic due to two fungi, Paecilomyces
cotton plant crown weevil, Euthinobotrus fumosoroseus and P. farinosus.
gossypii, the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, In organic cotton in the Canete Valley,
and other insects that feed on leaves, squares, the use of good cultural practices together
flowers and bolls (Anomis texana, Alabama with sprays of Bt, rotenone, oils, phero-
argillacea, Mescinia peruella, Pococera mones, sulfur and release of Trichogramma
atramentalis, Heliothis virescens). wasps reduced cost of production by 50%
(Van Elzakker, 1999).
Control methods
Pest management in cotton is primarily Integrated pest management of potato pests
applied against insects, since disease and
weed problems are minimal. Control meth- Geographical distribution of the potato crop
ods used in the integrated management of
cotton pests vary, but emphasis is placed The potato was first domesticated near Lake
on cultural, legal and biological control. Titicaca (between Peru and Bolivia). It is a
Management strategies for the cotton pests staple food for about 8 million Peruvians
in Peru had been reviewed by Herrera and a source of income for farmers. The
(1998) and González (2000) (Table 23.2). potato is grown from sea level to altitudes
Cotton IPM is based on the knowledge higher than 4200 m. The potato growing
of plant phenology, use of biological control area varies from 200,000 to 320,000 ha.
agents, correct timing, planting deadlines About 80% of this area is located in
and managing of the irrigation. This program the higher sierra (above 3000 m), 15%
has allowed cotton to be grown without the at medium altitude (500–3000 m) and 5% at
use of pesticides (i.e. organic production). the coast (0–500 m).
IPM for organic cotton production also uses
measures such as a fallow period, use of HIGH ALTITUDES Small-scale farmers at
local varieties, certified seed, and adequate higher altitudes have the lowest yields
use of irrigation and fertilization (Morán (3–4 t/ha). The production technology is
et al., 1999). Other treatments include largely traditional, but some farmers are
the use of Bt, rotenone, natural oils, beginning to use modern techniques. At
pheromones, copper sulfate, sulfur, and high altitude, potato production occurs dur-
releases of Trichogramma. ing the rainy season (September to June).
Scouting is essential for decision The major pest is a complex of Andean
making and for using preventive measures. potato weevil species (Premnotrypes
In cotton agroecosystems, parasitoids, latithorax, P. suturicallus and P. vorax).
IPM in Peru 307
Table 23.2. Components of the Peruvian model of IPM for cotton pests (adapted from González,
2000).
Pest
Common name Scientific name Control measure
Armyworms Agrotis ypsilon Roll Poisoned baits
Prodenia eridania Cramer Heavy irrigation
Prodenia ochrea Hampson Minimum tillage
Spodoptera frugiperda Sm Light traps
Whiteflies Bemisia tabaci Entomopathogens
B. argentifolii Irrigation management
Oil and rotenone
Not planting near infested fields
Organic fertilizers
Not planting hybrid cotton
Cotton crown weevil Eutinobothrus gossypii Pier. Avoiding ratoon cotton (SENASA supervision)
Domestic quarantine
Light traps
Aphids Aphis gossypii Glov. Protection of natural enemies: predators and
parasitoids
Peruvian weevil Anthonomus vestitus Bohm. Avoiding ratoon cotton
Deadline for crop residue destruction
Avoiding excessive foliage
Destruction of pest-hosting weeds
Topping (Piura); goat feeding (Pisco)
Deadlines for planting
Picking infested squares and placing them in
cages to recover parasitoids
Leafworms Anomis texana Riley Use Bacillus thuringiensis
Alabama argillacea (Hub) Protect natural enemies: predators
Release Trichogramma spp.
Light traps
Small bollworm Mescinia peruella Schauss Protect natural enemies
Picking of dried flowers
Light traps
Boll-end worm Pococera atramentalis Protect natural enemies
Picking of dried flowers
Avoid maize fruiting at the time of cotton fruiting
Light traps
Bollworm Heliothis virescens (Fab.) Protect natural enemies
Apply Bacillus thuringiensis in terminals
Release Trichogramma spp.
Irrigation management
Light traps
Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella S. Release of Trichogramma bactrae
Light traps
continued
308 M.P. Lazo et al.
Table 23.2. Continued.
Pest
Common name Scientific name Control measure
Cotton leaf perforator Bucculatrix thurberiella B. Protect natural enemies
Organic fertilization
Cotton stainer Dysdercus peruvianus Guer Frequent hand picking
(remaining populations) Destroy host plants
Comply with ‘clean field’ regulations
Poisonous baits with crushed cotton seed
Light traps
(migratory populations) Destroy focal infestation in the upper valley
Comply with ‘clean field’ regulations
Destroy host plants (guava, loquat, aubergine,
tomato, etc.)
MEDIUM ALTITUDES (INTER-ANDEAN VALLEYS) In wheat, barley or other plant debris. Larvae
the inter-Andean valleys, potato yields are tunnel inside the tubers and then pupate
highest (50–60 t/ha). Irrigated potato in the soil. The adult has two phases: a
production occurs from July to February. diapausing phase in the soil and an active
The potato tuber moth complex (Symme- phase on the crop. The diapausing phase
trischema tangolias and Phthorimaea lasts about 4 months. Adults start emerging
operculella) is the predominant pest. from the soil after the first rains and live
from 4 to 5 months.
LOW ALTITUDES (THE COAST) Yields on the
coast average 25 t/ha. Potato production POTATO TUBER MOTH The tuber moth,
is irrigated and uses modern technology, Phthorimaea operculella, is an important
including high chemical inputs (Ewell et al., pest in warm areas of the world where potato
1990; Egúsquiza, 2000). The most important is cultivated. In Peru, this pest occurs at
pest is the leafminer fly, Liriomyza huido- a wide range of altitudes. During the last
brensis. At the coast and at the mountains, decade, populations of another tuber moth
the most important disease is the late blight, species, Symmetrischema tangolias, have
Phytophthora infestans. increased significantly at altitudes between
2500 and 4000 m (Palacios and Cisneros,
Potato pests 1997). Both species damage tubers in the
field and in storage. Tuber damage is around
ANDEAN POTATO WEEVIL The Andean potato 30% in the field and above 50% in storage.
weevil is endemic to the high areas of the The larvae also damage the stems and leaves.
Andean region (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Damage caused by P. operculella has no
Colombia and Venezuela). The larva is the significant effect on yield, but tunnels
most damaging stage of this pest. When produced by S. tangolias in potato stems
infestations are high, losses of more than can reduce yield depending on the potato
50% have been reported (Raman, 1984; variety. The populations of both species can
Alcázar and Cisneros, 1997). In areas of increase significantly under dry and warm
intensive potato production where insecti- conditions. Farmers use toxic chemicals
cides such as carbofuran, parathion, aldicarb against this pest such as parathion,
and methamidophos are used, damage can aldrin, foxim, malathion, methamidophos,
reach 20–30% (Alcázar and Cisneros, 1997). propoxur and deltamethrin (Ewell et al.,
In Peru, the Andean potato weevil has 1990; Palacios and Cisneros, 1997).
only one generation per year. Adult weevils The duration of the potato tuber
feed on leaves. The female lays eggs on moth life cycle varies with environmental
IPM in Peru 309
conditions. At high and medium altitudes, Cisneros, 1997; Palacios and Cisneros,
the life cycle takes 2–4 months, with three to 1997; Cisneros et al., 2001).
five generations per year. At lower altitudes,
the life cycle is shorter and six to ten IPM technology transfer to farmers: Pilot Units
generations may occur in a year.
The CIP has defined phases of development
THE LEAFMINER FLY The leafminer fly, for IPM programs, from initial evaluation to
Liriomyza huidobrensis, has become a pest application by farmers in the field (Cisneros
particularly in the Cañete valley, where et al., 1995). IPM training in Pilot Units is
the crop is grown intensively outside of designed to first identify farmer knowledge
its native range. This pest damages gaps in relation to pests and control meth-
the leaves by larvae feeding or female ods, so that training is focused on filling
oviposition. Larvae feed on the parenchyma these gaps and reinforcing prior knowledge
and make serpentine tunnels. Mined leaves (Ortiz et al., 1997). The implementation of
dry out and photosynthesis and yields are IPM in Pilot Units and its extension by CIP
affected. Yield loss due to this pest is around and collaborating NGOs had resulted in
30–40%. To control this pest, farmers the training of 37,702 farmers covering
in the Cañete valley typically make 8–13 15,098 ha, which corresponds to about
insecticide applications. This intensive use 6% of the potato growing area (Alcázar,
of chemicals has caused the development Palacios and Ortiz, personal communica-
of insecticide resistance to carbamates, tion). IPM in Pilot Units has resulted in a
organophosphates and pyrethroids. significant reduction of key potato pest
damage and a reduction in the use of insec-
SECONDARY PESTS Secondary pests includ- ticides (Cisneros et al., 1998). Currently, the
ing the budmidge, Prodiplosis sp., the white IPM strategies developed by CIP to manage
mite, Poliphagotarsonemus latus, and potato pests are being expanded to all the
whiteflies have been observed in recent country by various institutions. These IPM
years in several crops, including potato programs have been used as models in the
(Mujica and Cisneros, 1997). The whitefly Andean region (Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia
is a polyphagous pest, with four to five and Venezuela) and the Caribbean region
generations per year, that infests a great (Dominican Republic).
number of cultivated and ornamental plants
and weeds, which favors the presence of the
pest the whole year. Final Comments
Integrated management The successful Peruvian cotton IPM
program, begun in the 1950s, has now
Potato IPM is based on the knowledge been extended to various other countries.
of biology and pest behavior, seasonal Currently, IPM in export crops such as
occurrence, spatial distribution and plant cotton, citrus, sugarcane, mango and
phenology. The principal strategies rely on asparagus has improved marginal profits for
cultural, behavioral, and biological control Peruvian producers. In crops for domestic
methods. These methods have to be applied consumption such as potato, IPM has
preventively to avoid economic damage improved the food supply for the Andean
both in the field and storage, pest migration population. In addition, it has reduced
from the field to the storage area, multi- the risk of pesticide exposure, pesticide
plication of the pest in plant residues, residues in food and in the environment.
volunteer potatoes and alternate hosts Potato IPM has also socially impacted the
(Table 23.3). In the design of IPM, several resource-poor farmers on Peruvian moun-
IPM strategies are available for farmers tains. Many of these mountain communities
according to their needs (Cisneros, 1995; are now practicing IPM strategies adapted
Alcázar and Cisneros, 1997; Mujica and to local conditions.
310 M.P. Lazo et al.
Table 23.3. IPM strategies for key pests of potato in Peru.
Andean potato weevil Potato tuber moth Leaf miner fly
Population reduction in the field Crop protection: planting – harvest Population reduction in the field
Early planting Good plowing Good quality seed
Healthy seed Planting timely Yellow sticky traps
Weevil hand picking Good coverage of seed Appropriate irrigation
Destroy volunteer plants High hilling Increase natural enemies
Harvest timely Pheromone traps Use selective insecticides
Frequent irrigation Destroy harvest residues
Use selective insecticides
Interruption of weevil migration Protection of harvested tubers Interruption of fly migration
Plant barriers Harvest timely Avoid neighboring fly-host
Chemical barrier Tuber sorting crops
Perimeter trenches Cover harvested tubers
Bait traps Destroy harvest residues
Use sheets at harvest
Store in diffuse light
Reduction of wintering population Protection of stored tubers
Plowing soil where tubers piled Cleaning and disinfestations of
up at harvest stores
Winter plowing of harvested field Use baculovirus
Use repellent plants
Store in diffuse light
Check stored tubers periodically
Several organizations, both public and Arroyo, B.O. (1989) Generación y Transferencia
private, participate in the development de Tecnología Agropecuaria en América
and transfer of IPM strategies in Peru. Com- Latina. Serie Técnica. Instituto Nacional de
munication and coordination between these Investigación Agraria, Lima, Peru, 44 pp.
groups is occasionally limited. The lack Beingolea, G.O. (1961) El valle de Palpa como
ejemplo de las posibilidades de integrar
of farmer organizations also limits a rapid medidas de control químico y biológico en
IPM implementation, leaving pesticides as a las plagas de los árboles de cítricos. Revista
major management strategy. In Peru, IPM is Peruana de Entomología 4(1), 1–4.
a model that despite some social and Beingolea, G.O. (1993) Situación actual del control
economic constraints has evolved to offer integrado de plagas en el Peru. Presentado
several pest management alternatives. en la Reunión sobre Código Internacional
de Conducta (FAO/ONU). Ministerio de
Agricultura, Lima, Peru.
Beingolea, G.O. and Salazar, T.J. (1970)
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