Received: 23 May 2024 | Revised: 6 July 2024 | Accepted: 19 July 2024
DOI: 10.1002/glr2.12098
SHORT COMMUN I CAT ION
Forage yield and nutritive value of plantain and chicory for
livestock feed at high altitudes in Peru
Luis A. Vallejos‐Fernández1 | Ricardo Guillén1 | César Pinares‐Patiño2 |
Rubén García‐Ticllacuri2 | Yudith Y. Muñoz‐Vilchez3 | Carlos Quilcate3 |
Wuesley Y. Alvarez‐García3
1Postgraduate Unit of the Faculty of Livestock
Science and Engineering, Universidad Nacional Abstract
de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru Background: Evaluation of forage resources is vital for the sustainability of
2New Zealand Support Project for the Peruvian livestock farming in the South American Andes, especially under conditions of
Dairy Sector, General Directorate of Livestock low water availability for irrigation and acid soils.
Development, Ministry of Agrarian
Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI), Methods: We evaluated the productivity and nutritive value of two cultivars
Lima, Peru of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and one of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.)
3Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, in three high‐altitude sites (AL) of the northern highlands of Peru: AL‐I:
Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria 2300–2800 m.a.s.l, AL‐II: 2801–3300 m.a.s.l. and AL‐III: 3301–3800m.a.s.l.,
(INIA), Estación Experimental de Baños del for 1 year. The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield (DMY), plant
Inca, Los Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Peru
height (PH), growth rate (GR) and nutritional value.
Correspondence Results: Plantain achieved the greatest annual DMY (ADMY), PH and GR
−1
Wuesley Y. Alvarez‐García, Dirección de compared to the two chicory cultivars (9.34, 9.56 and 13.39Mg ha for Puna
Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto II and Sese 100 chicory and Tonic plantain, respectively; p= 0.0019). The
Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), greatest ADMY and GR occurred at AL‐I. Regarding nutritional value, dif-
Estación Experimental de Baños del Inca,
Los Baños del Inca, Los Baños del Inca, ferences were observed only for in vitro digestibility of dry matter and me-
Cajamarca 06004, Peru. tabolisable energy with chicory cultivars higher than plantain.
Email: walvarez@inia.gob.pe Conclusions: The results indicate that the three cultivars evaluated may be
Handling editor: Charlie Brummer. used as a nutritional supplement in cattle feed, associated with grasses
because they have high nutritive value suitable for milk production in the
Funding information mountain regions of Peru.
Project CUI 2432072: ‘Mejoramiento de la
disponibilidad de material genético de ganado
bovino con alto valor a nivel nacional. 7 KEYWORDS
departamentos’ of the Ministry of Agrarian Cichorium intybus L., dry matter yield, high‐altitude environments, nutritive value, Plantago
Development and Irrigation‐Peru lanceolata L.
INTRODUCTION the forage supply due to their comparatively high crude
protein (CP) content compared to grasses and high
Bovine milk production, developed in different high alti- concentration of minerals, resistance to abiotic stresses
tudes (ALs), represents the primary source of income for such as drought and tolerance of low ambient temperature
most rural families, constituting 64.6% of the total popu- (González et al., 2020; Hamacher et al., 2021; Li & Kemp,
lation of the northern highlands of Peru (INEI, 2017). 2005; Teshome et al., 2020) and potential as soil improvers
Dairy cattle farming is based on a grazing system, with the (Crush et al., 2019; Zaini et al., 2021).
forage base being pastures comprised of an association The introduction of these species in our environment
between ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. ‘Cajamarquino would potentially enhance the quality of the diet of
ecotype’) and white clover (Trifolium repens L. Ladino dairy cattle, especially considering that the ALs of
variety). However, thanks to genetic improvement and environments such as the northern highlands of Peru have
exploitation of diversity by breeders, there are other forage low ambient temperature and acidic soils with high
species, such as chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and aluminium concentration (Vallejos‐Fernández et al., 2020),
plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), that could improve which would limit pasture growth (Pornaro et al., 2018;
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
© 2024 The Author(s). Grassland Research published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Chinese Grassland Society and Lanzhou University.
Grassland Research. 2024;3:243–248. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/glr | 243
244 | VALLEJOS‐FERNÁNDEZ ET AL.
Silveira & Kohmann, 2020; Vahabinia et al., 2019; weight of 1000 seeds were determined to define the
Zhumanova et al., 2021). sowing density of each Cv (Table 1).
Plantain tolerates soils with a pH range of 4.2–7.8 and
varied texture, except those that are extremely clayey or
saline. Chicory grows in well‐drained soils of medium to Soil characteristics and weather conditions
high fertility, with a pH tolerance range from 4.8 to 6.5, and
can produce high‐nutritive value forage (Li & Kemp, 2005). Three months before planting, the soils were sampled and
The yield and nutritive value of these species depend on then prepared by conventional tillage (ox team), and at
the cutting time, pH and soil fertilisation (Hamacher et al., the same time, dolomite lime was applied, the amount
2021). Yields of 7000–10 100 kg drymatter (DM) ha–1 year–1 depending on soil acidity. Planting was done by broad-
have been reported for C. intybus and 11 300 kgDMha–1 casting. Island guano and triple superphosphate were used
year–1 in P. lanceolata (Cheng et al., 2017; Mangwe et al., as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium sources. In AL‐I
2019; Martin et al., 2017). The growth rate (GR) ranges and AL‐III, the soil texture was sandy clay loam and in
from 30 kgDMha–1 day–1 (Cheng et al., 2020) to 66 kg AL‐II, the soil texture was sandy loam. Soil characteristics
DMha–1 day–1 in soil with pH 6.0–6.6 and mowing intervals are presented in Table 2. Table 3 shows the temperature
of 4–6 weeks (Glassey et al., 2013). and rainfall during the year of evaluation. Temperatures
Reported nutritive value parameters of these cultivars are cooler at higher AL, but because of proximity to the
(Cv) range from of 15.1% to 16.7% for ash, from 9.8% to equator, they vary very little with seasonal conditions.
31.6% for crude protein, from 20.4% to 40.4% for neutral
detergent fibre (NDF), from 63.1% to 84.8% for in vitro
digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and from 9.4 to Data collection
12.3MJkg–1 DM for metabolisable energy (ME) (Cave
et al., 2015; Minnée et al., 2020; Pembleton et al., 2016; Seven harvests were made during the year in AL‐I, six in
Rattanasomboon et al., 2019). This research aimed to AL‐II and three in AL‐III. Before harvest, PH was mea-
determine the productivity, GR, plant height (PH) and sured from the soil level to the height where (>70%) leaves
nutritive value of forage monocultures and C. intybus and P. were concentrated. At each harvest, three quadrat (1.0m2)
lanceolata in three ALs of the northern highlands of Peru. samples were taken from each plot to estimate DMY.
Quadrats were harvested using scissors when plants
reached a height between 15 and 25 cm (Cranston et al.,
MATERIALS AND METHODS 2016), leaving a 5 cm stubble on the soil surface.
Location and design of the experiment
TABLE 2 Soil chemical composition and fertilisation in the
experimental plots.
The experiment was conducted in Santa Cruz Province,
Cajamarca region, located in the northern Andes of Soil chemical composition AL‐I AL‐II AL‐III
Peru, Latitude 06°48′00″ S and Longitude 78°48′00″ W, pH 4.86 4.71 3.45
from January 2018 to March 2019, at three ALs: AL‐I
(2300–2800m.a.s.l.), AL‐II (2801–3300m.a.s.l.) and AL‐III Organic matter (%) 3.86 18.32 20.46
(3301–3800m.a.s.l.). Nitrogen (%) 0.32 0.96 0.86
Phosphorus (mg kg−1) 1.00 2.10 1.30
−1
Plant material and experimental design Potassium (mg kg ) 1062 1048 208
Aluminium (cmol(+) kg−1) 0.20 0.40 4.45
Two Cv of C. intybus (Puna II and Sese 100) and one of
Fertilisation
P. lanceolata (Tonic), originating from New Zealand,
were established. The Cv were planted at three ALs Nitrogen (kg ha
–1) 55 40 40
whose soils varied in pH from 3.45 to 4.86 (Soil, Plant, P O –12 5 (kg ha ) 100 100 100
Water and Fertilizer Analysis Laboratory of the
–1
National Agrarian University La Molina). The experi- K2O (kg ha ) 30 30 45
ment was conducted for 1 year, from January 2018 to CaMg(CO –13)2 (t ha ) 0.2 0.4 2.5
March 2019. A randomized complete block design with Note: The soil chemical compositions were measured in Laboratory of Soil, Plant,
three replications was used at each AL. Plots were Water and Fertilizer Analysis, National Agrarian University La Molina. AL‐I:
3 m × 2m in area at all sites. The purity, germination and 2300–2800 m.a.s.l.; AL‐II: 2801–3300 m.a.s.l.; AL‐III: 3301–3800m.a.s.l.
TABLE 1 Qualitative seed characteristics of chicory and plantain cultivars evaluated for forage at three Andean altitudinal floors in
northern Peru.
Species and cultivar Purity (%) Germination (%) 1000 seed weight (g) Sowing rate (kg ha−1)
Cichorium intybus ‘Puna II’ 96.4 90 1.5 7
C. intybus ‘Sese 100’ 99.4 71 1.5 8
Plantago lanceolata ‘Tonic’ 93.3 95 2.15 9
 27701743, 2024, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/glr2.12098 by Cochrane Peru, Wiley Online Library on [23/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PLANTAIN AND CHICORY | 245
TABLE 3 Average temperature and rainfall from January 2018 to March 2019 at the experimental sites.
Site January February March April May June July August September October November December
Temperature (°C)
AL‐I 17.6 17.5 17.2 16.9 16.3 15.8 15.4 15.7 16.2 16.6 16.8 16.9
AL‐II 14.2 13.4 13.5 13.4 12.7 11.8 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.6 13.3 13.4
AL‐III 7.3 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.1 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.9 6.8 8.0 7.8
Precipitation (mm)
AL‐I 77 93 161 113 62 33 20 37 69 90 69 54
AL‐II 98 111 133 91 42 15 8 14 40 92 68 83
AL‐III 128 59 92 141 146 8.6 5 3 35 119 147 94
Note: AL‐I: 2300–2800m.a.s.l.; AL‐II: 2801–3300m.a.s.l.; AL‐III: 3301–3800 m.a.s.l.
The samples were placed in plastic bags and of normality and homogeneity of variance of the data
then transported in polystyrene boxes with cooling gel obtained was carried out using the Levene (p< 0.05)
packs at 4°C to the National University of Cajamarca, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (p< 0.05) tests, respectively.
where 100 g of each sample was used to determine the Pearson's correlation test was used to relate PH and GR to
percentage of DM in a forced‐air oven at 105°C for 24 h DMY. Duncan's test (p< 0.05) was used to compare the
and another 400 g of the forage was dried at 65°C for mean values.
48 h and sent to the Soil, Water, Fertilizer and Pasture
Service Laboratory of INIA‐Cajamarca and the Labo-
ratory of Animal Nutrition and Food Bromatology of RESULTS
the National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza
of Amazonas to analyze the nutritive value. DMY components
GR was determined by dividing the DMY by the days
elapsed per harvest and expressed as kgDMha–1 day–1. The ADMY of plantain averaged for the three AL was
Annual DMY (ADMY) was the sum of all harvests for a higher than chicory (Table 4). For the three AL, the ADMY
given plot. averaged for chicory and plantain was, as expected,
the highest (p ≤ 0.05) in AL‐I (14.90MgDMha–1 year–1),
followed by AL‐II (11.39MgDMha–1 year–1) and AL‐III,
Nutritive value with 6.01MgDMha–1 year–1. An AL×Cv interaction was
not statistically detected, although the plantain–chicory
The CP and ash analysis was performed using the ADMY difference was more strongly evident at AL‐II
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (p<0.0001) than at AL‐III (p<0.08) (Data not shown).
984.13 methodology (AOAC, 2012; Jiang et al., 2014). Plantain also produced taller plants than chicory (Table 4),
NDF was determined according to the methodology of and no interaction of AL and Cv for PH was noted. For
Van Soest et al. (1991). The IVDDM was determined both ADMY and PH, the two chicory Cv were similar. A
using the DAISY digester (ANKOM) (Mabjeesh key feature of the yield data across the three altitudinal levels
et al., 2000; Weiss, 2015) at the Laboratory of Animal was a high value of ADMY for plantain in AL‐II, even
Nutrition and Food Bromatology of the Universidad higher than that at AL‐I.
Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas.
ME was computed using the below equation (CSIRO,
2007; Pembleton et al., 2016) for monoculture forages. Nutritive value
Estimated ME = 0.194 (OMD) − 2.577, (1) Ash, CP and NDF did not differ among Cv, but plantain
had lower IVDMD and ME than the two chicory Cv
where OMD denotes organic matter digestibility, and (Table 5). AL had similar herbage nutritive value, except
OMD= 0.84 IVDDM+ 7.32. for NDF, where AL‐III had lower values.
Statistical analysis DISCUSSION
The ADMY, GR, PH and nutritive value were analysed Fewer harvests were taken at higher ALs, with only three
by analysis of variance using the general linear model of harvests at the highest latitude, as a consequence
the RStudio platform (R Core Team, 2023). ALs (i.e., of reduced GR attributable to lower temperatures,
locations), Cv and their interaction were fixed effects and extremely acid pH, high concentrations of aluminium in
replication and harvest were random effects. The analysis the soil and limited fertilisation (Pornaro et al., 2018;
of ADMY did not include the harvest term. An analysis Silveira & Kohmann, 2020; Vahabinia et al., 2019;
 27701743, 2024, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/glr2.12098 by Cochrane Peru, Wiley Online Library on [23/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
246 | VALLEJOS‐FERNÁNDEZ ET AL.
TABLE 4 ADMY, PH and GR on a dry matter basis of selected chicory cultivars and one plantain cultivar at three altitudinal levels in
northern Peru.
ADMY
Species Cultivar Mg ha−1 Mg ha−1 year−1 PH (cm) GR (kg ha−1 day−1)
Chicory Puna II 1.68b 9.34b 18.32b 25.61
Chicory Sese 100 1.74b 9.56b 17.57b 26.22
Plantain Tonic 2.60a 13.39a 22.43a 36.72
Altitudes (AL)
AL‐I (7 harvests) 2.13 14.90a 21a 41a
AL‐II (6 harvests) 1.89 11.39a 22a 31a
AL‐III (3 harvests) 2.00 6.01b 15b 17b
p
Cv 0.0161 0.0311 0.0374 0.0874
AL 0.6218 0.0010 0.0047 0.0010
AL ×Cv 0.1094 0.1496 0.2798 0.1493
Note: Values are the means of three replicates and either three cultivars or three ALs. Treatment means within a column followed by the different letter(s) are significantly
different based on the Duncan test; p ≤ 0.05. AL‐I: 2300–2800 m.a.s.l.; AL‐II: 2801–3300 m.a.s.l.; AL‐III: 3301–3800 m.a.s.l.
Abbreviations: ADMY, annual dry matter yield; Cv, cultivar; GR, growth rate; PH, plant height.
TABLE 5 Average nutritional value of two Cichorium intybus cultivars and Plantago lanceolata, and of herbage at the three altitudes (ALs).
Species Cultivar Ash (%) CP (%) NDF (%) IVDDM (%) ME (MJ kg−1 DM)
Chicory Puna II 15.75 16.32 19.72 77.45a 11.47a
Chicory Sese 100 15.55 16.55 20.73 76.94a 11.38a
Plantain Tonic 15.53 15.45 20.73 73.74b 10.83b
p 0.9030 0.1905 0.8109 0.0151 0.0104
ALs
AL‐I 16.17 16.53 22.48a 75.08 11.07
AL‐II 15.03 16.13 21.44a 75.44 11.13
AL‐III 15.63 15.65 17.27b 77.61 11.48
p 0.1422 0.3619 0.0276 0.1008 0.0972
Note: Treatment means within a column followed by the different letter(s) are significantly different based on the Duncan test; p ≤ 0.05. AL‐I: 2300–2800m.a.s.l.; AL‐II:
2801–3300m.a.s.l.; AL‐III: 3301–3800 m.a.s.l.
Abbreviations: AF, altitudinal floor; CP, crude protein; IVDDM, in vitro digestibility of dry matter; ME, metabolisable energy; NDF, neutral detergent fibre.
Vallejos‐Fernández et al., 2020). The low yield in AL‐III Therefore, these Cv constitute an attractive alternative
was also reflected in shorter plants (Table 4). In AL‐I, the to complement the ryegrass–white clover mixtures
three Cv have similar yield, PH and GR (p> 0.05). widely used as the basis of dairy cattle feeding in this
Therefore, any of these Cv could be sown in a feed high Andean region (Cichota et al., 2020; Pirhofer‐
improvement plan for dairy cattle. In AL‐II, P. lanceo- Walzl et al., 2011). The yield advantage of P. lanceolata
lata expressed its highest yield potential, probably due to is especially evident in higher AL conditions despite the
the soil organic matter content and potassium levels low temperature and the low soil pH (Vahabinia
being higher than that in AL‐I and AL III (Table 2). et al., 2019; Vallejos Fernández et al., 2021; Zhumanova
The yield of the two chicory Cv is within the ranges et al., 2021).
reported by Cheng et al. (2017), Mangwe et al. (2019) Both the PH and GR of plantain (Table 4) were
and Martin et al. (2017), demonstrating that the chic- higher (p ≤ 0.05) than those of the chicory Cv. The values
ory, and by extension, the plantain Cv show adaptation of GR for chicory and plantain are similar to those
to the climatic conditions and soil characteristics in obtained by Cheng et al. (2020) and lower than those
our experiment (González et al., 2020; Hamacher found by Glassey et al. (2013), probably due to the
et al., 2021; Teshome et al., 2020; Zaini et al., 2021). characteristics of the soil and the climatic conditions
 27701743, 2024, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/glr2.12098 by Cochrane Peru, Wiley Online Library on [23/10/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PLANTAIN AND CHICORY | 247
where this study was conducted being similar to those in Carlos Quilcate: Funding acquisition; project administra-
the other studies. tion; resources; validation; visualisation. Wuesley Y.
The higher IVDDM andME (p ≤ 0.05) of the two Cv of Alvarez‐García: Data curation; formal analysis; resources;
chicory (Table 5) is probably due to the higher growth of software; supervision; validation; visualisation; writing—
plantain. The nutrient concentrations found in this analysis review and editing.
are within the range found by Minnée et al. (2020),
Rattanasomboon et al. (2019), Pembleton et al. (2016) and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mangwe et al. (2019). There was a lower NDF concen- The authors would like to thank the PNIA National
tration at AL‐III (p ≤ 0.05), probably due to the slower Program, the Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios
growth and reduced lignification under low temperature Pucará El Trébol de Santa Cruz, Cajamarca and the New
(Vahabinia et al., 2019; Vallejos Fernández et al., 2021; Zealand Support Project for the Peruvian Dairy Sector for
Zhumanova et al., 2021), but the higher quality was offset the logistical support in the development of this research.
by only three harvests in this AL during the year. In memory of our dear friend and researcher Julio César
The high concentration of minerals (ash), CP, IVDDM Bustíos Valdivia, who collaborated in this study.
and ME in the chicory and plantain would be very impor-
tant in effectively supplementing the diet of dairy cattle. In CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
addition, when compared to ryegrass under the same cli- The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
matic and soil conditions, chicory and plantain have a
higher percentage of crude protein and minerals (Vallejos‐ DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Fernández et al., 2020) and also higher mineral levels than The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article
white clover and red clover (Vallejos‐Fernández et al., 2020). will be made available by the authors on request.
We recommend that future work associate the three species
and evaluate forage yield in relation to soil characteristics. ORCID
This study shows the importance of chicory and plantain for Wuesley Y. Alvarez‐García https://orcid.org/0000-
the high AL conditions of the present study, and in par- 0002-9655-3149
ticular, highlights the outstanding performance of plantain
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