J estr Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 JOURNAL OF Engineering Science Research Article and Technology Review www.jestr.org rEf ficiency of a Compound Parabolic Collector for Domestic Hot Water Production using the F - Chart Method Kevin Ortega Quispe1,2, Oscar Huari Vila3, Dennis Ccopi Trucios1,2, Arlitt Lozano Povis1, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo1,2 and Betty Cordova Torres2,* 1Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3089, 12002 Huancayo, Perú 2Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Estación Experimental Agraria Santa Ana, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Carretera Saños Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Perú 3Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3089, 12002 Huancayo, Perú Received 13 December 2023; Accepted 23 May 2024 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Among solar energy technologies, differences exist in terms of costs, performance, and environmental sustainability. Flat- plate solar collectors, solar towers, and parabolic dish systems offer high thermal efficiency and versatility, but they may be more costly and bulky compared to other collector models. This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of a cylindrical parabolic collector (CPC) for the production of domestic hot water in a high Andean region of Peru, using the F-Chart method. Its performance was estimated considering the energy demand for hot water in a single-family home with four occupants, in accordance with national regulations and international recommendations. Additionally, the collector area, water temperature, and incident solar radiation were determined based on meteorological data obtained using the PVsyst software. On the other hand, the F-Chart methodology was employed to find the dimensionless factors X and Y of the CPC collector, which allowed estimating the solar fraction factor and the monthly useful energy that can be provided by the designed CPC system. The results showed that, during months of maximum solar radiation, the CPC is capable of satisfying between 129% and 144% of the energy demand for hot water. This indicates that there is a surplus of usable solar energy in the collector during the summer, while in autumn and winter, the solar contribution balances and slightly exceeds the demand. CPC can significantly contribute to the development of high Andean areas by improving quality of life, reducing costs, and promoting environmental sustainability compared to other available technologies. Keywords: Efficiency, Thermal Performance, Domestic Hot Water, Solar Radiation, Thermal Modeling ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction generating highly detrimental emissions to the environment and having a negative impact on the economy of the In recent years, population development has been driven by population [11]. Therefore, cylindrical parabolic collectors the use of conventional energies, which pose a significant (CPC) have emerged as a promising and emerging alternative threat to the sustainability of the planet, the quality of life for for obtaining domestic hot water due to their high thermal people, and future generations [1-2]. Furthermore, it is known efficiency and design that allows them to capture and that due to industrial development and the increase in the concentrate incident radiation with minimal emissions of world population, energy demand has significantly risen, harmful gases [12-14]. On the other hand, flat solar collector resulting in negative impacts on the environment and limiting systems, solar towers and parabolic dishes offer high thermal the availability of the planet's finite resources [3-4]. As a efficiency and versatility due to their ability to effectively consequence, renewable energies and other sustainable capture and concentrate solar radiation into thermal energy. options are gaining unprecedented importance to meet the However, this efficiency and versatility can come with growing energy needs of the population. This momentum is higher costs and greater bulk [15]. In non-concentrating solar promoting by the objective of mitigating the effects of climate thermal collectors, the surface area of the collector is equal to change [5].Well, they are more accessible, generate fewer the area of the absorber. In contrast, in concentrating solar emissions than fossil fuels, and other non-renewable sources thermal collectors, the collector surface is larger than the [3]. Among these, solar energy emerges as a viable option absorption region [16]. Vacuum tube collectors (ETC) and since it provides an inexhaustible energy source and does not flat plate collectors (FPC) are the main types of commercial cause harm to the environment [6-9]. non-concentrated collectors available on the market. Working On the other hand, the need to produce domestic hot water fluid temperatures can vary between 303 and 423 K, is among the areas or sectors that re depending on the collector system [17]. In concentrating solar quire special attention to reduce energy consumption [10]. collectors, mirrors, reflectors, or solar trackers are used to Currently, conventional water heating systems rely on direct solar radiation from the collector area to the absorption electricity and/or fossil fuels, which have proven to be region. Concentrating collectors operate with working fluids extremely energy-inefficient, exacerbating the issue by that reach significantly higher temperatures than non- concentrating collectors [18]. ______________ *E-mail address: 46754383@continental.edu.pe ISSN: 1791-2377 © 2024 School of Science, DUTH. All rights reserved. doi:10.25103/jestr.173.17 Kevin Ortega Quispe, Oscar Huari Vila, Dennis Ccopi Trucios, Arlitt Lozano Povis, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo and Betty Cordova Torres/ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 Regarding this topic, several researchers have studied the by the quadratic expression 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥!/80. The values issues and focused on the study of the structure of CPCs for assigned to 𝑋 correspond to the area of the reflective surface the production of domestic hot water. They have also (stainless steel metal sheet). It is important to note that the suggested various techniques and methods to improve their directrix of the function is 𝑌 − 𝑃 = 0, perpendicular to the performance [13]. However, while there is still much to focal axis. discover in this field, these authors agree that the use of CPCs In Fig. 1, the reference points for bending the sheet are has positioned itself as a very promising alternative for the illustrated. It is worth noting that each value taken by the production of domestic hot water, taking advantage of the variable X will determine the walls of the concentrator. abundant available solar energy [14] as is the case in the Andean region of Peru, with an average of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day [19]. Thus, the F-Chart method emerges as a structured and efficient system for thermal solar systems [20-22]. This approach is based on conducting an energy balance, which allows estimating the fraction of total heating load that will be provided by solar energy for a heating system such as a CPC. In turn, it enables a precise and detailed assessment of the collector's performance according to critical parameters affecting its efficiency. Moreover, it accurately calculates the amount of heat that can be captured and transferred, considering important factors such as incident solar radiation, ambient temperature, and water temperature [23]. The objective of this research is to assess the efficiency of a cylindrical parabolic collector (CPC) using the F-Chart Fig. 1. Points of Reference for Sheet Bending method, based on estimating the average behavior of thermal solar systems in relation to the demand for domestic hot water For the construction of the CPC prototype (Fig.2), a 240 in a high Andean region and a single-person household. x 140 cm, 3 mm thick stainless-steel sheet was used. The Additionally, this research aims to contribute to the supporting metal structure was crafted using 3/8" corrugated achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals iron, 3/8" cylindrical bar, and 1 1/2" square tube for the (SDGs), including SDG 3 for health and well-being by uprights. The parabolic movement of the system, generating promoting clean energies that do not cause air pollution; SDG its directionality, was achieved using 6205-2RS series 7 for affordable and clean energy by fostering renewable bearings. The absorber consisted of a 1" inch and 240 cm long sources; SDG 11 for sustainable cities and communities by copper tube, positioned 20 cm from the reflective sheet, encouraging low-carbon technologies; and SDG 6 for clean coinciding with the focus of the parabola. Hydraulic water and sanitation by proposing sustainable options that do connections utilized 1" PVC fittings, two 1/2" ball valves, two not compromise water resources. In this way, progress can be 1" to 1/2" galvanized reducers, two 3/4" to 1/2" galvanized made in various targets and indicators of the mentioned unions, and a 10-meter hose. SDGs, supporting the transition towards an inclusive, reliable, and environmentally sustainable energy model for the country, with both environmental and social benefits [24-25]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Location The current study was conducted in the city of Huancayo, located in the central Andean region of Peru (12.0°S, 75.3°W). With an average of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day [19], the city is an ideal location for solar energy utilization due to its high direct radiation throughout most of the year. The CPC prototype was installed on the rooftop of a building in the city center at an approximate altitude of 3,266 meters above sea level. This location in the central Andes provides ideal (a) (b) conditions of radiation and dry climate for the implementation Fig. 2. Model CPC side view (a), prototype CPC to scale and actual size (b). of such technologies [26]. Additionally, the system is supplied with drinking water from the city's distribution The system relied on the principle of reflecting sunlight network, and both measurements and system tests were towards a common focal point to harness solar energy [3]. The conducted throughout the twelve months of the year 2022. parabolic surface reflected the incident radiation towards the focal point, where a copper receiver tube was positioned. The 2.2 Cylindrical Parabolic Collector focal point of the parabola served as the placement location The parabolic shape is common in many energy concentrators for this tube. As a result, the reflected sunlight was because this design has the ability to reflect sunlight in concentrated on the tube, reaching the necessary temperature parallel towards its axis, concentrating the rays at its focus to heat the sanitary water that flowed through the copper tube. with the same intensity along its walls [27]. The CPC The design and construction of the prototype achieved a prototype used in this study has been constructed by applying capacity of 1.76 m2 for the reception area of solar light. the equation of a parabola, where the equation is determined 145 Kevin Ortega Quispe, Oscar Huari Vila, Dennis Ccopi Trucios, Arlitt Lozano Povis, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo and Betty Cordova Torres/ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 With respect to the calibration of the prototype, it was )$ performed at the National University of Central Peru (UNCP) 𝐹 = ∑'*)''#( )$ (5) ∑'*) #' through a standard 0 to 100°C thermometer, Nicety digital thermometer model DT 811, which exhibits a measurement 2.4. Domestic Hot Water Requirement range of -10 to 250°Celsius. This calibration procedure was To assess the efficiency of the CPC, the domestic hot water conducted prior to each measurement or experimental requirement for a single-family dwelling with four occupants operation involving the equipment. was determined following ISO Standard 010 [30] and OMS 2.3. F-Chart Method guidelines. The allocation must meet consumption needs at a This method provided an estimation of the fraction of the total minimum temperature of 60°C, ensuring the elimination of heating load supplied by solar energy to the system [28], bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, commonly found in through the value of 𝑓, which corresponds to the fraction of water supply systems. Hot water should cover all hygiene and the monthly heating load (hot water) provided by solar energy cleaning needs. The calculated allocation was 40 L/day, as a function of two dimensionless parameters. 𝑋 (collector corresponding to four residents [31]. The thermal demand for loss) represented the ratio between collector losses and hot domestic water corresponded to Equation 6. heating loads, while Y (collector gain) represented the ratio between absorbed solar radiation and heating loads [23], [29]. 𝐷),6 = 𝑄),672 8 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐶3 ∗ 2𝑇%&' − 𝑇('4 ∗ 𝑁 (6) +,- In order to determine the dimensionless loss variable 𝑋, the following equation was utilized: Meanwhile, the monthly thermal demand was calculated based on the daily consumption of domestic hot water at a ! 𝑋 = 𝐹 𝑈 $ " )#" # ∗ 0 1 ∗ 2𝑇%&' − 𝑇(4 ∗ ∆𝑡 ∗ (1) reference temperature (𝑄),6(2+,-)), which is a crucial value to $" # generate to avoid oversizing the CPC. Also, the density of From this equation, 𝐹 which is the heat exchanger water (𝜌) is required, which is 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑙, and the specific heat " efficiency factor of the collector, 𝑈 , the overall loss (𝐶9) is equivalent to 4.187 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶. Regarding temperatures, # * the cold water transported by the water supply systems' coefficient of the collector typically expressed in 0 $ °𝐶 1,, + distribution network (𝑇%&') and the reference water the total number of seconds in a month denoted as ∆𝑡, another temperature (𝑇(') both measured in °𝐶, are needed. Finally, variable 𝑇(, the average monthly ambient temperature (°C), ! 𝑁 represents the number of days in the month. 𝑇 $ "%&', the empirical reference temperature (100° 𝐶), 0 1 the On the other hand, the energy demand for the volume of $" collector heat exchanger correction factor (0.97), 𝐴 , the domestic hot water was calculated using Equation7. , collector area (𝑚!), and L, the total monthly heating load (𝐺𝐽), could be extracted. On the other hand, the incident solar 𝐸 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶3 ∗ 2𝑇),6 − 𝑇('4 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶3 ∗ ∆𝑡 (7) variable was represented by the gain variable Y, given in Equation 2. Where 𝐸 represents the energy demanded by the domestic hot water installation expressed in 𝑘𝑊ℎ, m is the mass of the ! 𝑌 = 𝐹 (𝜏𝛼) ∗ 0$ "1 ∗ (/0) ∗ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ )# (2) hot water in 𝑘𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝐶9 is the specific heat of water, and " - $ 2" (/0)& # ∆𝑡 is the temperature variation between the average temperature of the domestic hot water service and the Where (𝜏𝛼)- was evaluated as the average monthly temperature of the cold water or water from the network transmittance product of absorbance, and (/0) as the ratio supply (15°C). (/0)& between the transmittance and the average monthly incident absorbance (0.96). Regarding N, it represented the number of 2.5. Monthly Incident Solar Radiation days in the month, 𝐻 the monthly average of daily incident Solar radiation consists of three components: direct beam, 2 radiation on the collector surface per unit area shown in diffuse, and reflected radiation. In this context, the F-chart (𝐽/𝑚!). Next, to determine L (total monthly heating load for method is employed to identify an optimal tilt angle that maximizes the solar radiation reaching a collector with a hot water), Equation3 will be used. collection area of 1.76 m2. To achieve this, the average radiation for each month is taken into account. In the event 𝐿 = 𝑝 ∗ 75 ∗ 𝑐3 ∗ (𝑇* − 𝑇+) ∗ 𝑁 (3) that the radiation data is provided on a daily basis, it is necessary to calculate a monthly average [32]. Where 𝑝 is the number of beneficiaries. So, once the The models for obtaining radiation values are diverse, values of 𝑋 and 𝑌 are obtained, f (monthly fraction of the load such as the empirical Bristow Campbell model, which utilizes satisfied by solar energy) was estimated, deduced from monthly average temperatures or data from meteorological Equation4. It is worth noting that if the formula yields a value stations [33]. Additionally, the data was compared and of 𝑐 less than 0, the value of 0 is used, but if 𝐹 is greater than adjusted using the PVsyst software due to its capability to 1, the value of 1 is used. calculate daily solar radiation values based on monthly data from sources like NASA-SSE and Meteonorm. Moreover, 𝑓 = 1.029𝑌 − 0.065𝑋, − 0.245𝑌! + 0.0018𝑋!, + this software incorporates a comprehensive global 0.0215𝑌4 (4) meteorological database from ground stations, including irradiance, temperature, and wind speed [19]. It also provides On the other hand, the fraction 𝐹 is a representation of the tools for optimization, design, and simulation of solar performance of the thermal solar system. This annual heating systems. Another key advantage is that it generates detailed load supplied by solar energy was the sum of the monthly solar trajectory information for the specific project site. contributions of solar energy divided by the annual load, as shown in Equation 5. 3. Results and Discussion 146 Kevin Ortega Quispe, Oscar Huari Vila, Dennis Ccopi Trucios, Arlitt Lozano Povis, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo and Betty Cordova Torres/ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 regulations and recommendations mentioned earlier. Factors Table 1 synthesizes the compilation of essential data for such as daily consumption per person, population, required calculating the domestic hot water requirement, considering a water temperature, and other relevant parameters were taken single-family dwelling occupied by four individuals, as into account. The analysis reveals a total annual energy detailed in Equation6,7, and specified for each month of the requirement of 872.62 kWh to meet the domestic hot water year 2022, based on a collection area of 1.76 m2. The table needs of the dwelling based on its characteristics and location. also includes the calculation of the monthly energy demand for domestic hot water in a residence, according to the Table 1. Monthly Energy Demand Requirement Year Conv. Service T° Days Cp (kJ/kgºC) Indicated T° Service T° Tap Energy 2022 Factor demand Month (ºC) (ºC) Water T° Demand (ºC) (kWh/mth) Jan 1.38 34.62 31 4.187 60 45 6 77.88 Feb 1.39 34.87 28 4.187 60 45 7 69.04 Mar 1.42 35.42 31 4.187 60 45 9 73.55 Apr 1.44 36.03 30 4.187 60 45 11 68.39 May 1.45 36.36 31 4.187 60 45 12 69.23 June 1.47 36.72 30 4.187 60 45 13 65.60 July 1.48 37.10 31 4.187 60 45 14 66.34 Aug 1.47 36.72 31 4.187 60 45 13 67.78 Sept 1.45 36.36 30 4.187 60 45 12 66.99 Oct 1.44 36.03 31 4.187 60 45 11 70.67 Nov 1.42 35.42 30 4.187 60 45 9 71.18 Dec 1.38 34.62 31 4.187 60 45 6 77.88 Total 872.62 *Daily demand = 40 L The monthly variation of incident solar radiation on the directly influence the energy that the CPC receiver can collector plane, as shown in Table 2, provides essential capture during each season of the year. information for estimating exploitable thermal energy. It is Furthermore, correction factors for solar radiation were evident that higher radiation values will be recorded during necessary to estimate factor 𝑋, according to Equation 1. This the spring and summer months, while lower levels occur in dimensionless factor is a crucial input that represents the the fall and winter months, following a characteristic relationship between collector losses and heating loads. seasonality pattern. Additionally, these fluctuations will Table 2. Energy to be captured by the monthly CPC Year Hasr (kWh/m2· Correction factor 2022 day) K Casr (kWh/m 2·day) Absorbed energy Demand (kWh/ Month) (kWh/ Month) 𝑿 Jan 4.59 1.39 6.38 292.93 77.88 3.76 Feb 4.80 1.29 6.19 256.79 69.04 3.72 Mar 4.56 1.16 5.29 242.87 73.55 3.30 Apr 5.59 1.04 5.81 258.31 68.39 3.78 May 5.65 0.95 5.37 246.44 69.23 3.56 June 5.98 0.92 5.50 244.45 65.60 3.73 July 6.45 0.95 6.13 281.34 66.34 4.24 Aug 6.42 1.05 6.74 309.50 67.78 4.57 Sept 5.31 1.21 6.43 285.48 66.99 4.26 Oct 5.64 1.39 7.84 359.95 70.67 5.09 Nov 5.67 1.50 8.51 377.90 71.18 5.31 Dec 4.82 1.48 7.13 327.53 77.88 4.21 *Horizontal average solar radiation = Hasr; Corrected average solar radiation = Casr In Table 3, the dimensionless factors Y corresponding to May 12 14.1 0.91 6.41 solar gain were obtained from Equation2 using the F-Chart June 13 18.8 0.88 5.96 method. It is observed that the Y factor varies throughout the July 14 22.5 0.86 5.69 year in accordance with changes in solar radiation. In contrast, Aug 13 22 0.82 5.34 the X factor depends primarily on ambient and water Sept 12 18.6 0.83 5.56 temperatures, resulting in a less variable behavior. Oct 11 12.8 0.89 6.21 Nov 9 7.5 0.89 6.32 Table 3. Solar profit by monthly CPC Dec 6 4.5 0.81 5.63 Year Tap Water Ambient 2022 Temperature temperature K2 Y Table 4 presents the calculation of the solar fraction or (ºC) (ºC) factor 𝑓 obtained from Equation4, representing the proportion Jan 6 4.3 0.81 5.67 of the monthly energy demand that can be covered by the CPC Feb 7 5.5 0.84 5.86 collector, based on the previously determined values of the Mar 9 8 0.88 6.23 dimensionless variables X and Y. It is observed that during Apr 11 10.3 0.93 6.68 the months with maximum solar radiation, corresponding to 147 Kevin Ortega Quispe, Oscar Huari Vila, Dennis Ccopi Trucios, Arlitt Lozano Povis, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo and Betty Cordova Torres/ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 the summer season, the 𝑓 factor exceeds unity, reaching demand, covering the demand without creating a pronounced values from 1.29 to 1.44. This indicates that in these months, surplus. there is a surplus of solar energy available that can be utilized by the CPC in relation to the demand for domestic hot water. It is interesting to discuss how the system behaves in other regions with different solar radiation. In a study by Frauberth et al. [19], conducted in Malaysia, the reported values for the f factor ranged between 0.70 and 0.92, which is lower than the value obtained in our case. Although the capture area of the reflector in this study was larger at 2 m2 compared to our prototype of 1.76 m2, the radiation levels in Malaysia were significantly lower, with an average of 4 kWh/m2-day compared to our 5.3 kWh/m2-day in our high-altitude zone. Herefore, to assess the adaptability and renewable capacity of the CPC system, it is necessary to consider not only the relationship between solar radiation and the capture area but also other parameters and meteorological conditions. Additionally, adjustments over time can result in optimized system performance, as supported by Afzanizam et al. [23]. This comparative analysis suggests that the proposed CPC system offers good performance and opens the possibility of adaptation to areas with varied solar energy resources, provided proper prototype sizing, consideration of climatic Fig. 3. Covered demand for domestic hot water characteristics, and detailed analysis of radiation for each region are undertaken. In a similar scenario, during the coldest months of winter, Therefore, a properly sized CPC collector has the capacity the 𝑓 factor manages to reach unity, with values between 1.17 to provide the required power and generation of domestic hot and 1.28. This indicates that the solar fraction provided by the water throughout the year, even during months of higher CPC is still sufficient to meet 100% of the energy demand for energy demand. It is important to note the efficiency of the a single-family home in the high-altitude zones during those CPC model compared to other solar collectors in this context. months. The study by Kocer and Ertekin [28] compares the By contrasting the calculated demand with the monthly performance of a CPC collector against a flat-plate collector useful energy supplied by the CPC collector, it is confirmed under the meteorological conditions of Turkey. The results that a surplus of energy is obtained during the summer, while report higher monthly 𝑓 factor values for the CPC, reaching in the fall and winter, solar contribution is just enough to 0.9 in the summer months, whereas the flat-plate collector cover the demand. Consequently, an auxiliary system is only achieves 0.7. Similarly, the useful energy provided by required to complement the CPC contribution during the the CPC is higher throughout the year, especially during the colder months of the year, allowing it to operate smoothly. winter months, where it nearly doubles the generation of the flat-plate system. Table 4. Monthly usable useful energy During the study of the cylindrical parabolic collector Useful (CPC) in the Peruvian Andes, several challenges and Year Demand X Y 𝒇 (kWh/ Energy limitations were identified. Seasonal variations, cloud cover, 2022 month) (kWh/ and solar radiation affected its performance, particularly in month) autumn and winter [34-35]. The accuracy of meteorological Jan 3.76 5.67 1.24 77.88 96.39 data and proper sizing of the collector are crucial to avoid Feb 3.72 5.86 1.23 69.04 84.59 evaluation errors and power issues. Additionally, the initial Mar 3.30 6.23 1.17 73.55 85.71 installation and maintenance costs require a long-term Apr 3.78 6.68 1.20 68.39 81.80 profitability analysis. Special conditions in high Andean May 3.56 6.41 1.19 69.23 82.06 regions, such as altitude and low temperatures, also influence June 3.73 5.96 1.22 65.60 80.12 efficiency of the CPC [18]. July 4.24 5.69 1.29 66.34 85.31 CPCs can be efficiently adapted to various geographical Aug 4.57 5.34 1.34 67.78 90.93 conditions with minimal efficiency losses and are viable for Sept 4.26 5.56 1.29 66.99 86.69 large district heating systems. Additionally, CPCs are suitable Oct 5.09 6.21 1.39 70.67 98.35 for producing heat at high temperatures with low heat losses, Nov 5.31 6.32 1.44 71.18 102.19 unlike flat plate collectors [36]. In high-altitude regions, the Dec 4.21 5.63 1.28 77.88 100.03 use of high thermal efficiency materials is crucial due to low temperatures. In cloudy areas, it is recommended to combine In Figure 3, the monthly energy demand for domestic hot the CPC with alternative energy sources and solar tracking water, calculated, is visually compared with the useful energy systems. Furthermore, the CPC can be adapted to different provided by a CPC solar collector through a 1.76 m2 scales, from single-family homes to industrial applications, collection panel. It is evident that during the hot summer benefiting from economies of scale and potential government months (December to March), the energy supplied by the incentives [37]. CPC significantly exceeds the energy demand, suggesting The implementation of thermal solar energy systems such that surplus solar energy can be utilized for other basic needs. as parabolic trough collectors on a larger scale poses various On the other hand, during the fall and winter (April to significant economic challenges. It is essential to carefully August), solar contribution approximately balances with the evaluate the cost of electricity and the overall project value. 148 Kevin Ortega Quispe, Oscar Huari Vila, Dennis Ccopi Trucios, Arlitt Lozano Povis, Lucia Enriquez Pinedo and Betty Cordova Torres/ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 17 (3) (2024) 144 - 150 Although they may be viable in various high-radiation verified the technical feasibility of the CPC system for the regions, highly optimized systems are necessary to ensure proposed residential application throughout the year, as the profitability. Therefore, specific studies considering local solar energy proportion would be balanced and even exceed climatic and economic conditions are required [38-39]. the demand for hot water. Regarding the scalability and economic viability of the Therefore, this study extends the potential use of the F-Chart technology, the compound parabolic collector (CPC) can be method to model and optimize concentration thermal solar utilized at the industrial level in thermal power plants. systems in regions of Latin America with high levels of solar Additionally, it could be employed on a large scale in all the radiation or other areas with similar meteorological highland regions of Peru for the generation of sanitary hot conditions. The results obtained lay the groundwork for the water, as a means to reduce the high mortality rates in children design and implementation of larger-scale CPC systems in and elderly people due to annual low temperatures (friajes). urban areas or rural communities in the Andean region, Although other models exist that could perform the same aiming to bridge gaps and achieve sustainable development function [40-43], the model under study presents greater goals. viability from an economic standpoint, since the materials Based on the results of our CPC prototype, it is recommended used for its construction are accessible anywhere and are low- to investigate the use of advanced materials with enhanced cost. Likewise, the construction process can be carried out in thermal properties for key components of the CPC, such as any metal-mechanic workshop with basic equipment and reflectors and the thermal receiver. This could include the use specialized labor. of selective coatings to improve solar radiation absorption and This demonstrates that, under different geographic and reduce thermal losses, as well as the use of materials with high climatic conditions, the CPC collector exhibits better thermal conductivity to enhance heat transfer within the efficiency and thermal performance compared to system. Economic and environmental feasibility studies are conventional flat-plate technologies. Therefore, the proposed recommended for future research to assess cost-benefit in CPC model in this study would also have performance different contexts and application scenarios. advantages over alternatives, making it a promising option for This would help inform investment decisions and policies solar water heating in high-radiation areas. related to the adoption and promotion of CPC as a viable and sustainable renewable energy technology. These recommendations could provide promising areas for future 4. Conclusions research and improvements in CPC design, with the aim of maximizing its performance and its contribution to the use of The analysis conducted using the F-Chart method allowed for clean and sustainable energy in the high Andean regions and a detailed description of the thermal performance of a CPC, beyond. estimating its instantaneous performance under actual conditions at the research location. The simulation results Acknowledgments indicate that the CPC can meet between 117% and 144% of A heartfelt gratitude goes to the Faculty of Environmental the monthly energy demand for domestic hot water in a four- Engineering at Continental University and the Faculty of person single-family home in a high-altitude region. This Mechanical Engineering at the National University of Central suggests that during the months of peak solar radiation, Peru for generously providing access to equipment and corresponding to the summer, the CPC will have an excess of research facilities. thermal energy, and there will be a balance between demand and available useful energy during the winter months. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of These surpluses can be utilized to supplement other domestic the Creative Commons Attribution License. energy needs, such as heating or similar requirements, which are crucial in these high-altitude areas where low temperatures are common. Additionally, the applied approach ______________________________ References [1] A. Ullah, Q. Zhang, S. Raza, and S. Ali, “Renewable energy: Is it a [7] N. Soudi, S. Nanayakkara, N. Jahed, and S. Naahidi, “Rise of nature- global challenge or opportunity? 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