Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage. 9(1): 31-42, Winter 2023, Serial #33 Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM) Homepage: https://www.gjesm.net/ Podcasts ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Bioprocessing of organic wastes from poultry and bovine slaughterhouses as food substrate for Hermetia illucens larval development A.P. Luperdi1, S.S. Flores-Calla1,*, X.J. Barriga1, V. Rivera1, I. Salazar1, P.L. Manrique1,2, J.E. Reátegui1 1Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú 2Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo para el Sur, Postal address 04018, Perú ARTICLE INFO ABSTRAC T BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the meat industry, inefficient management of organic Article History: waste exists, therefore the study aims to evaluate different bovine and poultry organic Received 19 March 2022 residues as food substrates during larval development of the black soldier fly, such as a Revised 30 May 2022 sustainable alternative to obtain high protein meal. Accepted 09 July 2022 METHODS: The research evaluates the use of organic waste from cattle and poultry slaughterhouses, as food substrate for black soldier fly larvae, including raw beef blood T1, Keywords: raw beef viscera T2, cooked beef blood T3, cooked beef viscera T4, raw chicken viscera T6 and Black soldier fly (BSF) cooked chicken viscera T7; further, as a control measure balanced feed (7 treatments and 5 Cattle slaughterhouses replicates). Larvae were fed for 5 days and processed to make meal by drying and grinding; evaluating mortality, weight, size, proximal chemical composition, and apparent digestibility Organic residues to determine the most viable substrate, analyzing effects and significance by multifactorial Protein ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. Poultry slaughterhouses FINDINGS: The results show Mortality (F = 917,81, p < 0,0001): T1 y T3 with 76,40 ± 2,86 (%) Sustainability (F = 917,81, p < 0,0001), following T6 with 69,67 ± 4,55%, T7 with 24,00 ± 3,48%, T2 with 4,60 ± 1,92 %, T5 y T4, both with 4,20 ± 2,00 %. Weight (F = 825,62, p < 0,0001): T2 with 1,78 ± 0,22 gram outperformed the control T5 (1,76 ± 0,50 gram), T4 with 1,45 ± 0,06 g and T7 with 1,66 ± 0,07 gram. Size (F = 248,95, p < 0,0001): T5 with 16,03 ± 0,34 mm, T2 with 15,86 ± 0,22 mm, T4 with 14,72 ± 0,35 mm and finally, 14,51 ± 0,14 millimeter in T7. Proximal chemical analysis of crude protein and fat: T2 resulted in the following results 50,81 % and 21,88 %, T4 with 53,90% y 15,04%, T7 with 42,63 % and 32,03%, and T5 con 41,1 % and 19.55%, respectively. Digestibility: T5 with 20,39%, T2 with 12,66%, T4 with 10,61% and T7 with 5,97%. T2 raw beef viscera were determined to be the most viable substrate, followed by T4 cooked beef viscera and T7 cooked chicken viscera. CONCLUSION: Testing the effectiveness of cattle viscera as substrate, the experimental data presented may help design a process for an effective treatment method for slaughterhouse waste, which might benefit developing nations in managing their waste effectively, generating DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2023.01.03 high protein meal, with the potential for a circular bioeconomy. NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 61 3 5 *Corresponding Author: Email: sfloresc@ucsm.edu.pe Phone: +51 949 127 680 ORCID: 0000-0003-1257-2711 Note: Discussion period for this manuscript open until April 1, 2023 on GJESM website at the “Show Article”. A.P. Luperdi et al. INTRODUCTION Fonseca et al., 2018; Gold et al., 2018). Biowaste Globally, waste generation is expected to reach nutritional quality like the sum of macronutrients, 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050, currently, 44% of total organic matter, protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates accumulated waste comprises biodegradable (NFC), fiber quantity (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose), materials, with a higher proportion in low to middle- and lipids, is important to determine the level of income countries; most of these are disposed of nourishment provided (Barragán-Fonseca et al., in landfills (37%) or open dumps (33%) (Lopes et 2018; Gold et al., 2018; Gold et al., 2020; Tinder et al., al., 2022). These forms of biodegradable waste 2017). BSF feeding experiments suggest that proteins, disposal are considered important threats to the NFC, and lipids are highly digestible and therefore environment, due to the greenhouse gases (GHG) their supply improves performance (Barragán- released into the atmosphere and the contamination Fonseca et al., 2018; Beniers and Graham, 2019). of soil and water with toxic compounds, among other Fiber, on the contrary, is less digestible and tends to factors (Koda et al., 2017). A promising method for decrease larval growth rates (Liu et al., 2018). Faced treating biodegradable waste that could contribute with these different nutritional conditions, fly larvae to the current challenge; black soldier fly (BSF) larvae adjust their growth rate and nutrient accumulation, treatment represents an efficient and economical with the primary goal of amassing sufficient option for recycling biological matter (Gold et al., reserves to complete the non-feeding life stages of 2018; Salam et al., 2022). BSF, Hermetia illucens metamorphosis and adulthood (Danielsen et al., (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a generalist saprophytic 2013). In this insect-based treatment, biodegradable detritivorous species that colonize a wide variety waste is converted into products like larval biomass of matter (Guo et al., 2021; Morais, 2020). Its rich in lipids and proteins (Lalander et al., 2019) potential is related to the biological characteristics that can be used in animal feed; and in residues like of its larval stage (Giannetto et al., 2020), capable exoskeleton with chitin processing (Siddiqui et al., of reducing 60 to 90 percent (%) of the organic 2022), frass considered fertilizer (Beesigamukama matter volume of substrates (Morales Quintana, et al., 2020; Siddiqui et al., 2022; Xiao et al., 2018), 2021). Hermetia illucens presents a bioconversion as valuable products are generated, this technology rate of 140 %, with larvae consuming their own fulfills with the principles of a circular bioeconomy, weight in food every 12 h (Makkar et al., 2014; in which the waste from one process becomes the Oonincx et al., 2015), accumulating around 40% or resource in another (Slorach et al., 2019). There are more as protein (Ebeneezar et al., 2021). This high different organic wastes of high environmental impact protein concentration and the content of other that have the ability to be used as food substrate for nutrients such as fatty acids, pigments, vitamins, Hermetia illucens; this is the case of waste from the and minerals, allow its inclusion in poultry, livestock, meat industry, which generates liquid effluents from and aquaculture diets (El-Hack et al., 2020; Giraldo the washing of livestock and poultry, bleeding area, J., 2019; Liland et al., 2017). It is important to note removal of hides, fur, feathers, viscera and cleaning that in the adult stage, its jaw is atrophied and it does operations, resulting from the processing of meat. not need feed to produce viable offspring, being easy Blood and viscera represent approximately 25% of to control (Giraldo J., 2019). In addition, BSF is not a the total weight of a 1000 kg carcass, generating vector for the spread of diseases (Singh and Kumari, effluents with raised amount of organic compounds 2019) compared to other insects, favoring safe High biochemical oxygen demand BOD 520 milligram breeding and its application in biotechnologies. Like per liter (mg/L)), as well as suspended solids 1728 other animal species used for feeding, the nutrient mg/L, and a high concentration of phosphorus 63 content of biowaste is assumed to have the greatest mg/L, a parameter related with matter putrefaction influence on yield (Gold et al., 2020; Tinder et al., (Ruiz Sánchez, 2019), exceeding by far MPL (250 2017). Biowaste nutritional quality is determined by mg/L, 300 mg/L, 40 mg/L, respectively) (Salas and factors including the density (humidity), proportion, Condorhuamán, 2008). Therefore, the objective of and type of nutrients they contain, as the sum of this study, is the conversion of cattle and poultry macronutrients, organic matter, protein, non-fibrous slaughterhouse wastes into high protein meal, taking carbohydrates (NFC), fiber, and lipids (Barragán- advantage of Hermetia illucens larval development, 32 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(1): 31-42, Winter 2023 which reduces organic matter and treatment costs. The at 60% was monitored, adding solid standard feed or overall findings of this study could be very helpful to water (purified using Reverse Osmosis Water Purifier the scientific society, and animal and meat industries, PREC PRO7/D1 – 100, Peru). A growth system was providing baseline knowledge and guidance on how established in a controlled environment at 28°C; BSF treatment facilities may systematically operate with a minimum development temperature of 19°C using biowastes of varying types, eventually, low-cost (Holmes et al., 2016) and 60 % humidity (Purkayastha protein food will be produced by giving added value and Sarkar, 2022), insects are ectothermic organisms and making the production sustainable. This study that regulate their physiological functions according has been carried out at the Catholic University of to environmental conditions (Abram et al., 2017); Santa Maria, Arequipa, Peru in 2019. applying 7 treatments and 5 replications for each one, 35 experimental units in total. In the oviposition MATERIALS AND METHODS unit, hatched BSF eggs at larval stage 1 were carefully For the experimental tests, aseptic conditions, collected in porous cardboard structures called sterilized materials, and supplies were used, applied eggies, approximately 10,000 to 15,000 eggs were an autoclave (Ecoshel CVQ-B100L, Mexico). sown in moist balanced feed; 5 days later, once the secondary larvae had reached stages 2 to 3, 500 g Obtaining Black soldier fly of larvae were randomly transferred to individual Oviposition units were obtained from adult black trays containing 3 kg of each feed substrate (T1 – T7). soldier fly BSF, Hermetia illucens, reared under a Then, after 5 days of treatment, larvae were in larval controlled environment from the pilot plant of the 5 and prepupal stage, the optimal point for food Catholic University of Saint Mary, located at Fundo “La processing (Lalander et al., 2018), characterized by Católica”, district of Pedregal, Province of Caylloma, whitish color and soft exoskeleton. Larvae were sifted Arequipa region, Peru. Geographically located at and several parameters were registered as weight South Latitude 16° 20´ 08.35´´, West Longitude 72 ° using a digital electronic balance (ABranddeals SF- 09´ 08,56´´ at an altitude of 1498 meters above sea 400, Mexico) and size measured using an electronic level (m.a.s.l.), (MAP, 805. Pampa de Majes, Ubigeo vernier (Uberman RM813, Chile). Moreover, Code 040520). humidity (H), mortality (M), total dry matter (TDM), crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), ash (A), Larval growth on different substrates and meal crude fiber (CF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), volatile production organic matter (VOM) and apparent digestibility Blood and beef viscera were collected as organic (AD) were evaluated in the percentage of dry matter waste from “Santa María de la Colina” metropolitan (%DM), according to The Association of Official animal slaughterhouse, likewise, chicken viscera Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International protocols, from “Gamboa” poultry processing center, both before and after growth, to control the organic located in Majes city; the biomass was packaged residues degradation. At the end of the larval growth at 4 °C for 24 h and brought to the experimental period, larvae were manually separated, dried in a temperature prior to each feeding experiment, hot air dehydrator (Own manufacturing, Peru) at 70 to avoid external conditions that could affect the °C for 5 h, and pulverized in an electric mill (Own feeding. All viscera were processed in a mincer manufacturing, Peru) to obtain larvae meal, which (Thomas TH-9010 400 w, Germany) to get a uniform was characterized according to the AOAC protocol puree and facilitate the Hermetia illucens larvae (Feldsine et al., 2002). consumption. Half wastes were cooked for 5 minutes on a hot plate electric stove (Star JX – 6121B, Spain). Statistical analysis Thereby 6 food substrates for the larvae were Treatment effects were analyzed by multifactorial obtained: raw beef blood T1, raw beef viscera T2, ANOVA, using substrate type and time as main cooked beef blood T3, cooked beef viscera T4, raw variables. Means and standard deviations were chicken viscera T6, and cooked chicken viscera T7; calculated from the data obtained. The Kruskal-Wallis also a standard balanced feed (50 % bran, 20% corn test was applied to determine the significance (α = meal and 30% alfalfa mixture) T5; moisture content 0.05) between treatments. 33 Slaughterhouse waste as food for high protein Hermetia illucens larvae RESULTS AND DISCUSSION fiber also varied among the wastes. Wastes have an All the experimental treatments were performed amount of highly digestible lipids and protein and with 5 repetitions, considering statistical analysis. will have a greater impact on development up to prepupae (Barragán-Fonseca et al., 2018; Beniers and Waste degradation Graham, 2019). Table 1 shows the quality parameters of each waste substrate at the beginning and end, being the Larval growth on different substrates most outstanding, CP levels of T3 with 89.35%, while Weight and size analyses showed a significant the control T5 only contains 12.83 %, explained by difference (P < 0.0001) over 5 days and between its high fiber composition. T6 and T7 raw and cooked treatments. Fig. 1 shows the weight through 5 days, chicken viscera respectively have 26.23 % and 25.79 it was observed that T2 (1.78 ± 0.02 g) and T5 (1.76 % but a low level of EE indicating a low level of CF. ± 0.05 g) are practically equal, demonstrating their The content of dry matter, protein, lipids, ash, and effectiveness, followed by T4 (1.45 ± 0.06 g) and Table 1: Comparison of initial and final nutritional parameters for each of the seven different treatments Table 1: Comparison of initial and final nutritional parameters for each of the seven different treatments Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 nutritional parameters Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final TDM (%) 35.73 20.56 33.17 43.55 21.90 45.75 29.13 38.15 31.30 27.75 38.73 27.79 43.50 72.46 H (%) 64.27 79.44 66.83 56.45 78.10 54.25 70.87 61.85 68.70 72.25 61.27 72.21 56.50 47.54 CP (%DM) 54.57 48.60 65.17 51.88 89.35 36.07 57.44 59.59 12.83 14.69 26.23 26.88 25.79 24.25 EE (%DM) 0.09 2.01 6.38 5.22 0.53 0.50 2.89 2.27 1.06 1.59 31.55 25.76 25.93 22.59 A (%DM) 3.85 8.54 7.46 6.81 3.65 5.11 6.11 8.34 9.27 6.18 3.95 4.38 4.40 5.12 CF (%DM) 4.57 18.81 2.03 3.66 0.06 7.72 0.42 2.44 22.52 8.56 4.64 4.74 6.03 8.33 NFE (%DM) 36.92 2.04 18.95 32.44 6.41 50.61 33.14 27.37 54.33 68.98 33.63 38.24 37.84 39.70 VOM (%DM) 96.15 91.46 92.54 93.19 96.36 94.46 93.89 91.66 90.73 93.82 96.05 95.62 95.60 96.05 2.00 Treament 1.80 1.60 T1 1.40 T2 1.20 T3 1.00 T4 0.80 T5 0.60 T6 0.40 T7 0.20 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Days Fig. 1: Weight of Hermetia illucens larvae for each treatment over time. Larval growth system Fi(gT.1 :1 r:a Ww beeigehf bt loof dH, eTr2m: reawti ab eileluf vciescnesr ala, Trv3:a ceo ofoker de baecehf tbrloeoadtm, Te4:n cto okvedr bteimefe v.i sLcaerav,al growth system T5: (cTo1n:t rraowl ( bbaelaenf cbeldo ofede, dT)2, :T 6ra: wra wbe cehfi cvkiescne vriasc, eTr3a:, caonodk Te7d: cboeoekfe bdl ochoidc,k eTn4 :v cisocoerkae)d beef viscera, T5: control (balanced feed), T6: raw chicken viscera, and T7: cooked chicken viscera) 34 Weight (g) Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(1): 31-42, Winter 2023 TTaabblele 2 2:: A ANNOVVA Herrmettiia illucens larvae weiigghtt aatt ddaayy 5 5 Source Sum of Squares Gl Half-square F P Substrate 21.7665 1 21.7665 825.62 0.0000 Cooking 0.071286 1 0.071286 2.70 0.1021 Interaction 5.28469 1 5.28469 200.45 0.0000 Residue 4.11277 156 0.0263639 Total (correct) 31.265 159 17.00 16.00 Treatment 15.00 14.00 T1 13.00 T2 12.00 T3 11.00 T4 10.00 T5 9.00 T6 8.00 T7 7.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Days Fig. 2: Size of Hermetia illucens larvae for each treatment over time. Larval growth system (T1: raw beef blood, T2: raw beef viscera, T3: cooked beef blood, T4: cooked beef viscera, Fig. 2: Size oT5f :H coenrtmroel t(ibaa liallnucceedn fese lda)r, vTa6e: r faowr cehaicckhen t rveisacetmra,e anntd oTv7e: cro toimkeed .c Lhaicrkveanl v gisrcoewrat).h system (T1: raw beef blood, T2: raw beef viscera, T3: cooked beef blood, T4: cooked beef viscera, T5: control (balanced feed), T6: raw chicken viscera, and T7: cooked chicken viscera). TTaabbllee 33:: AANNOOVVAA HHeerrmmeettiiaa iilllluucceennss llaarrvvaaee ssiizzee aatt d daayy 5 5 Source Sum of Squares Gl Half-square F P Substrate 273.49 1 273.49 248.95 0.0000 Cooking 68.037 1 68.037 61.93 0.0000 Interaction 232.012 1 232.012 211.19 0.0000 Residue 171.377 156 1.09857 Total (correct) 697.911 159 T7 (1.06 ± 0.07 g), and finally T1 (0.49 ± 0.04 g), T3 In Table 2 can be observed the type of substrate (0.65 ± 0.05g), T6 (0.64 ± 0.05 g). Gold et al. (2020) used having an influence on weight (F = 825.62, presented data about low-weight larvae in the same P < 0.0001), but not on whether the substrate was stage fed with substrates like Mill by-products (0.17 raw or cooked (F = 2.70, P > 0.0001). On the other g), Cow manure (0.06 g), Human feces (0.24 g), and hand, there was an interaction between the type of Poultry slaughterhouse waste (0.16 g). Similar results, substrate and the cooking process (F = 200.45, P < Zhou et al. (2013) tried with Poultry manure (0.15 – 0.0001). 0.26 g), Cow manure (0.07 – 0.15 g) and Human faeces Fig. 2 shows evolution profiles of BSF size, T2 (0.07 - 0.30 g). In addition, Tinder et al. (2017) studied (15.86 ± 0.22 mm) remains very close to T5 (16.03 millings and brewery side streams (0.08 – 0.29 g). ± 0.34 mm) with little difference, the next profile is 35 Size (mm) A.P. Luperdi et al. 90.00 80.00 Treatment 70.00 T1 60.00 T2 50.00 T3 40.00 T4 30.00 T5 20.00 T6 10.00 T7 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Days Fig. 3: Mortality of Hermetia illucens larvae for each treatment over time. Larval growth system (T1: raw beef blood, T2: raw beef viscera, T3: cooked beef blood, T4: cooked beef viscera, Fig. 3: MortalTi5ty: coofn tHroelr (mbaelatniac eidll ufeceedn),s T l6a:r rvaawe c fhoicrk eena cvhis cterreaa, atmnde Tn7t: coovoekre dt icmhiec.k eLna rvvisacel rgar)owth system (T1: raw beef blood, T2: raw beef viscera, T3: cooked beef blood, T4: cooked beef viscera, T5: control (balanced feed), T6: raw chicken viscera, and T7: cooked chicken viscera) TTaabl bl ee 44:: AANNOOVVAA HHeerrmmeettiiaa iilllluucc e ennss llaarrvvaaee mmoorrttaaliltityy a att d daayy 5 5 Source Sum of squares Gl Half-square F P Substrate 67522.0 1 67522.0 917.81 0.0000 Cooking 19895.0 1 19895.0 270.43 0.0000 Interaction 19210.0 1 19210.0 261.12 0.0000 Residue 11476.7 156 73.5684 - - Total (correct) 110284.0 159 - - - T4 (14.72 ± 0.35 mm) with small stagnation due to found by Rehman et al. (2017) with M% less than the digestibility of the larvae. T7 (14.51 ± 0.40 mm) 20%. Lalander et al. (2018) reported a range of has a very slow growth below the rest in the first 4 0 - 19%, except for wastewater. In Table 4, it was days. Finally, T1 (9.98 ± 0.12 mm), T3 (11.14 ± 0.35 possible to identify the type of substrate used for mm) and T6 (10.67 ± 0.40 mm). In addition, it was larval production (F = 917.81, P< 0.0001), cooking (F = shown in Table 3 that substrate type (F = 248.95, P 270.43, P < 0.0001) and the interaction between both < 0.0001), cooking (F = 61.93, P < 0.0001) and the (F = 261.12, P<0.0001) significantly influenced the interaction between the two (F = 211.19, P < 0.0001) %BSF mortality. The apparent digestibility analysis did influence BSF size and growth. was carried out for the treatments with the lowest % As shown in Fig. 3, T1 and T3 have the highest mortality, obtaining 20.39% in T5, 12.66% in T2, 10.61 mortality, reaching 76.40 ± 2.86%, followed by T6 % in T4, and 5.97% in T7. with 69.67 ± 4.55 %. Likewise, T7 with 24.00 ± 3.48%. In treatments T1 and T3, which had cooked and T2 with 4.60 ± 1.92%, T4, and T5 with 4.20 ± 2.00%. raw cattle blood respectively, as they were liquid Some authors indicate this result in % survival units in consistency, they were thickened by adding dry (% complementary to mortality), Gold et al. (2020) feed; the cooked blood being more digestible and use as biomass mill by-products, human feces, cow assimilable by the soldier fly larvae than the raw manure, and poultry slaughterhouse waste, with blood. These two treatments, together with T6, results from 1% to 10% and were not significantly presented the highest mortality % over time since different between the types of biowaste. Similar they initiated a decomposition natural process which 36 Mortality (%) Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(1): 31-42, Winter 2023 Table 5: Comparison of meal nutritional parameters according to four viable treatments Table 5: Comparison of meal nutritio(nTa2l, pTa4r,a Tm5e, tTe7r)s according to four viable treatments Meal nutritional parameters T2 T4 T5 T7 TDM (%) 26.82 91.93 93.65 97.89 H (%) 73.18 8.07 6.35 2.11 CP (%DM) 50.81 53.90 41.11 42.63 EE (%DM) 21.88 15.04 19.55 32.03 A (%DM) 5.04 5.75 8.09 6.08 CF (%DM) 5.47 4.87 5.91 5.00 NFE (%DM) 16.79 20.44 25.34 14.27 VOM (%DM) 94.96 93.92 91.91 93.92 makes the humidity and temperature not ideal for but not the most viable due to the weight, size, and larval survival, as indicated by Tomberlin (Tomberlin mortality of larvae. Being T2 treatment of raw beef and Sheppard, 2002), while T3, being cooked, its víscera was the optimum for obtaining high protein decomposition is slower, here, dry and hard complexes content Hermetia Illucens meal, with a crude protein are formed. These three substrates have the lowest value of 50.81 %, being above the range reported growth and weight, and the highest mortality, by other authors that goes from 42.00% to 45.00% confirming that blood is not a viable substrate for CP (Hopkins et al., 2021); exceeding by more than BSF larval development. In raw chicken viscera 10.00% the content of soybeans, 41.10%, Beetles, substrate, the pH is acidified, which is not suitable 42.20%, Eristalis tenax, 40.90%, Tenebrio molitor, for larval development, several studies indicate that 38.30% to Crickets, 32.60%, fruits and vegetables, a pH above 6 to 10 is more appropriate (Meneguz et 12.90% to 18.40% (Adámková et al., 2017; Barbi al., 2018), since BSF is capable of regulating the pH et al., 2020; Cashion et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2020; of liquid alkaline substrate but not strongly acidic Kuntadi et al., 2018; Nesic and Zagon, 2019; Nyakeri medium (Singh and Kumari, 2019). Factors like et al., 2017; Sogari et al., 2019; Zielińska et al., organic matter, protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates 2015). Compared to other organic wastes, such as (NFC), and lipids are important to determine quality fruit and vegetable wastes, 48.00%, distillers’ grains nutrition (Barragán-Fonseca et al., 2018, Gold et al., and cellulose wastes, 47.00 %, being lower values; 2018, Gold et al., 2020, Tinder et al., 2017); thus wheat and barley grain wastes, 41.00 % to 54.00 % viscera wastes are rich in organic matter, protein (50– (Barragán-Fonseca et al., 2018; Bava et al., 2019; 63%) and lipids (Kazemi-Bonchenari et al., 2017), it Chia et al., 2020; Salomone et al., 2017), with values had almost no NFC (Gold et al., 2020), with controlled like the one obtained. The highest protein content density (humidity), proportion-based in balanced was found in BSF fed with S. aurita fish waste, feed, instead, blood wastes do not have necessary 77.40% a 78.80 % (Barroso et al., 2019). Likewise, nutritional requirements (liquid consistency, low the ethereal extract of T2, with 21.88%, is within protein, and fat). Considering the previous results, the range reported between 18.10% and 35.00% treatments T2, T4, and T7 were selected as the (Nyakeri et al., 2017; Weththasinghe et al., 2021), most viable, discarding T1, T3, and T6 due to their this parameter varies depending on the substrate mortality percent higher than 50%. Table 5 shows the on which the crop is grown (Nyakeri et al., 2017). comparison of the 3 meals and the control, where Soldier fly meal exhibits a good amino acid and fatty T4 has the highest level of crude protein of 53.90 % acid profile suitable for inclusion in feed, with high and low fat of 15.04%, the T2 treatment with 50.81% levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated crude protein and fat of 21.88 %, both T2 and T4 fatty acids such as lauric acid (59%), linoleic acid have a notably higher percentage than the control (98%), α-linolenic acid (0.79%) (Renna et al., 2017), treatment T5 of 41.11% protein, which indicates that palmitic acid (15,23 %) and myristic acid (14,34%) the residual substrates have been assimilated. (Abduh et al., 2022). In recent years, insect species The T4 treatment of cooked beef viscera was the have received increasing attention as ingredients for substrate with maximum protein amount obtained, animal feed production .Makkar et al., 2014; Nesic 37 Slaughterhouse waste as food for high protein Hermetia illucens larvae and Zagon, 2019); such as Tenebrio molitor, which is biodiesel, and chitin from adulthood. The BSF being studied in the feeding of Hyplus rabbits, proving rearing system can be implemented at all levels of its additional efficiency in digestibility and nitrogen society and technology, this approach, which also parameters (Kowalska et al., 2021); and Hermetia incorporates cost considerations, is applied for feed illucens, in guinea pig feed at 16.00% improving feed formulation in commercial livestock production. conversion to 2.50 ± 0.04 and with no detrimental Future research should investigate whether these effects (Reátegui et al., 2020), and in aquaculture results are transferable to treatment plants with feeds, using zebrafish as an animal model, replacing higher larval densities and feeding temperatures. 100.00% of its protein source and tripling its body Various balanced formulations of biowaste should weight (Fronte et al., 2021), replacing fish meal in be investigated with additional analytical resources Totoaba macdonaldi (Villanueva-Gutiérrez et al., and new technologies. 2022), also several studies that support BSFL meal can improve the disease resistance of aquatic animals AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS against pathogens (Mohan et al., 2022). Although A. Luperdi Puente de la Vega conceived the study the mass production of insects is still under review and processed data, S. Flores Calla analyzed data (Sogari et al., 2019), the production of BSF larval and wrote the manuscript, X. Barriga processed and meal is increasing, due to its high protein content, analyzed data, V. Rivera Valdez wrote and translated its form of consumption and sustainability must be the manuscript, P. Manrique conducted experiments optimized (Addeo et al., 2021; Weththasinghe et al., and statistical analyses, I. Salazar Churata conducted 2021). Hence, waste management with insect larvae experiments, J. Reátegui Ordoñez conducted is considered one of the most efficient techniques experiments. All authors read and approved the final for resource recovery. manuscript. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The increase in the human population has The authors would like to thank the Research Vice- generated a massive demand for animal protein and Rectorate of the Catholic University of Santa Maria. has created the need to seek protein alternatives This work was financed by the Banco Mundial (BM), in a climate emergency context. Currently, insects Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), Programa are cultivated to produce protein-rich foods and Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria (PNIA) Contract replace more polluting productions. Hermetia [No. 0292016-INIA-PNIA/UPMSI/IE] and the Catholic illucens is a saprophytic species, which colonizes University of Santa Maria (UCSM) Resolution [No. and bioprocesses poultry and cattle slaughterhouse 24305-R-2017]. waste to convert it into its body mass; raw beef viscera was the most viable substrate generating CONFLICT OF INTEREST more crude protein (50,81% - 53,90%) than the The authors declare no potential conflict of standard balanced feed (41,11%), being a valuable interest regarding the publication of this work. In experimental data to scale and use this residual to addition, the ethical issues including plagiarism, finally obtain high protein meal as food substrate. informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and, The treatments with BSF meal represent a valid or falsification, double publication and, or submission, alternative; due to its low carbon footprint in and redundancy have been completely witnessed by production and its high nutritional value, it is a the authors. promising sustainable innovation, which can be OPEN ACCESS applied as a supplement or added to animal feed. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons BSF meal is being recognized as a feed ingredient in Attribution 4.0 International License, which animals for its protein-rich content. An additional permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and factor is that this process represents a complete reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you management of residues; frass can be recovered give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and and used as fertilizers for its multiple plant the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons nutrients, larval fats can be extracted to obtain license, and indicate if changes were made. The 38 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(1): 31-42, Winter 2023 images or other third-party material in this article are INIA Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the kg Kilograms material. If material is not included in the article’s MPL Maximum permissible limit Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the m.a.s.l. Meters above sea level permitted use, you will need to obtain permission mg/L Milligram per liter directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/ mm Milimeters licenses/by/4.0/ M Moisture PUBLISHER’S NOTE NFE Nitrogen free extract GJESM Publisher remains neutral with regard NFC Non-fibrous carbohydrates to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. P Probability value PNIA Programa Nacional de Innovación ABBREVIATIONS Agropecuaria °C Degrees Celsius T1 Treatment 1, raw beef blood ° ‘ ‘’ Degrees, latitude, altitude T2 Treatment 2, raw beef viscera % Percent T3 Treatment 3, cooked beef blood %DM Percentage of dry matter T4 Treatment 4, cooked beef viscera %M Percentage of mortality T5 Treatment 5, standard balanced feed A Ash T6 Treatment 6, raw chicken viscera AD Apparent digestibility T7 Treatment 7, cooked chicken viscera AOAC Association of official analytical chemists ANOVA Analysis of variance REFERENCES BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Abduh, M.Y.; Perdana, M.P.; Bara, M.A., Anggraeni, L.W.; Putra, R.E., (2022). Effects of aeration rate and feed on growth, BM Banco mundial productivity and nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae. J. Asia-Pacific Entomology. 25(2): BOD Biochemical oxygen demand 101902. Abram, P.K.; Boivin, G.; Moiroux, J.; Brodeur, J., (2017). 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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES Luperdi, A.P., B.Sc., Research Assistant, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú.  Email: alexandra.luperdi@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0001-5708-4979  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Flores, S.S., Ph.D. Candidate, Professor, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú.  Email: sfloresc@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0003-1257-2711  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Barriga, X.J., M.Sc., Research Assistant, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú. Email: alexandra.luperdi@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0001-5708-4979  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Rivera, V., B.Sc., Research Assistant, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú.  Email: valeria.riverav@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0002-9223-1871  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Salazar, I., Ph.D., Professor, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú.  Email: isalazar@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0001-7057-2897  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Manrique, P.L., M.Sc., Professor, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú, Chief, Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo para el Sur, Postal address 04018, Perú.  Email: plmanrique@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0002-5889-2748  Web of Science ResearcherID: NA  Scopus Author ID: NA  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ Reategui, J.E., Ph.D., Professor, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Postal address 04013, Perú.  Email: jreategui@ucsm.edu.pe  ORCID: 0000-0001-6359-3999  Web of Science ResearcherID: J-3173-2018  Scopus Author ID: 57201032915  Homepage: https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/ HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Luperdi, A.; Flores-Calla, S.S.; Barriga, X.; Rivera, V.; Salazar, I.; Manrique, P.; Reátegui, J., (2023). Bioprocessing of organic wastes from poultry and bovine slaughterhouses as food substrate for Hermetia illucens larval development. Global J. Environ. Sci Manage., 9(1): 31-42. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.01.03 url: https://www.gjesm.net/article_253253.html 42