Peruvian Journal of Agronomy Received for publication: 14 Setember 2021
http://revistas.lamolina.edu.pe/index.php/jpagronomy/index Accepted for publication: 27 June 2022
Published:  30 August 2022 
ISSN: 2616-4477
RESEARCH ARTICLE © The authors. Published by Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina 
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930 This is an open access article under the CC BY
Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two 
different Rootstocks
Efectos de Salinidad de tres Cultivares de Mandarina en dos Patrones 
diferentes
Velásquez, R.1* ; Burga, C.2; Vargas, L.3
*Corresponding author: rvelasquez@inia.gob.pe
*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9951-0136
Abstract
Citrus, one of the most important fruit crops in the world and also they are sensitive to salt stress. The negative 
effects of stresses often lead to reductions in fruit yield and quality. To assess the effects of salinity on some 
growth traits, a greenhouse test was performed with the cultivars ‘Mihowase’, ‘Primosole’ and ‘W. Murcott’ as 
grafted on ‘Cleopatra’ and ‘Swingle citrumelo’ as rootstocks. The experiment was conducted at the Agrarian 
Experimental Station of National Institution for Agricultural Innovation in Donoso-Huaral, ubicated 90 km 
north of Lima. The plants were irrigated with water plus NaCl with an Electrical Conductivity of 0.5 or 4.5 
dS/m as salt stress. The variables under evaluation were leave losses, fresh and dry weight of stem, leaves 
and roots as well as relative water content in the plants. The results showed that the rootstocks ‘Cleopatra’ 
was more tolerant than ‘Swingle citrumelo’.  The cultivars used as scions affected both rootstocks in all 
the evaluated traits being more notorious in the amount of feeding roots. Selection of mandarin trees for 
production shout take in consideration the combination scion/rootstock.
Keywords: Mandarin, Salt stress, rootstocks, ‘Cleopatra’, ‘Swingle citrumelo’
Resumen
Cítricos, es uno de los más importantes cultivos de frutales en el mundo y son susceptibles a sales. Los 
efectos negativos de las sales generalmente reducen producción y calidad de fruta. Para evaluar los efectos 
de la salinidad en algunos parámetros de crecimiento, un experimento en invernadero fue conducido con 
los cultivares ‘Mihowase’, ‘Primosole’ y ‘W. Murcott’ en los patrones ‘Cleopatra’ y ‘Swingle citrumelo’ El 
experimento fue conducido en la Estación Experimental Agraria (EEA) del Instituto Nacional de Innovación 
Agraria (INIA), Huaral-Donoso a 90 km al norte de Lima. Las plantas fueron irrigadas con una solución salina 
ClNa y con una conductividad eléctrica de 0.5 o 4.5 dS/m. Las variables evaluadas fueron caídas de hojas, 
peso fresco y seco de tallos, hojas y raíces y contenido de agua por las plantas. Los resultados mostraron que 
el patrón ‘Cleopatra’ es más tolerante que ‘Swingle citrumelo’. Las variedades afectaron todas las variables 
How to cite this article:
Velásquez, R., Burga, C., Vargas, L. (2022). Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two different 
Rootstocks. Peruvian Journal of Agronomy, 6(2), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930
1 National Institute of Agricultural Innovation, Donoso - Huaral Agricultural Experiment Station, Huaral Chancay Highway Km 5 ½ 
Huaral, Perú.
2 External consultant.
3 José Faustino Sánchez Carrión University, Huacho-Perú.
Velásquez, R., Burga, C., Vargas, L. 
Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 6(2): 114–122(2022)
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930
de los dos patrones, siendo más notorio en la cantidad Most fruit crops are grafted and are available 
de pelos absorbentes de las raíces. La selección de different combinations of scion and rootstocks 
plantas de mandarinas para producción debería to improve fruit quality, early production or 
considerar combinación variedad/patrón. to overcome environmental and biological 
Palabras clave: Mandarina, estrés salino, patrón, constrains. Citrus rootstocks are available for 
‘Cleopatra’, “Citrumelo Swigle” many years like sweet orange, sour orange and 
“Lima Rangpur” (Citrus reticulate var. austera x 
Citrus limon), ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reticulate) and 
Introduction new ones like ‘Swingle citrumelo’ or CPB 445 
High salt concentration either in the soil of water (Duncan´grapefuit Macfad x Poncirus trifoliata 
affects growth, yield and quality of mayor fruit L.), C 22, C 35 and HRS 942 from specific 
crops.  Salinity effects are well known under arid breeding programs in USA, Spain and Brazil 
and semiarid conditions due to lack of sufficient (Gonzales, 2017). Citrus rootstocks present 
water and higher evapotranspiration rates (Zahra mechanisms of salt tolerance in the process of 
et al., 2020). absorption and translocations of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ ions present in the soil to the pattern. “Lima Rangpur” 
High levels of salts affect biochemical and exclude Cl⁻ and sequester Na⁺ in the roots, 
physiological processes in the cells. These effects ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin excludes both ions and 
are observed initially on osmosis regulation trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifolata) exclude Na⁺ 
fallow by ion toxicity and imbalance in nutrient and translocate Cl⁻ to the pattern (Khoshbakht et 
absorption. During the initial state of salt stress, al., 2018). The patter might affect the absorption 
the plants present reduced capacity to absorb and translocations of ions by the rootstocks 
water by the roots, cell membrane damages, (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2021; Vardi et al., 1988).
reduced ability to detoxify oxygen radicals, 
reduced photosynthesis and stomata aperture New citrus cultivars are available as scion 
(Siddiqui et al., 2018; Acosta et al., 2017). High and rootstocks and their combinations are 
levels of B⁺, Cl⁻ and Na⁺ ions on leaves present under continuing evaluation. The purpose of 
symptoms of toxicity as yellowing of the borders this study was to evaluate under salt stress the 
and under the present of high temperatures and early cultivars ‘Mihowase’ and ‘Primosole’ as 
winds, loss of older leaves is very common. scions and the late cultivar ‘W. Murcott’, that 
Absorption of a specific ion, or combination with have not been previously evaluated, on the two 
others, might induce imbalance in plant nutrition, most commonly used rootstocks: ‘Cleopatra’ y 
as have been observed in Citrus (Etehadpour et ‘Swingle citrumelo’. These new grafted mandarin 
al., 2020).  combinations might extend the window of supply for export and local market. 
The Citrus plants are considered sensitive to 
the salts present in the soil or irrigation water. 
Levels of salts in the soil over 2.0 dS/m or 1.0 Materials and Methods
dS/m in the irrigation water might reduce yield 
by 13.0 % to 13.5 % for an increase of 1.0 dS/m The experiment was conducted under greenhouse 
(Khoshbakht et al., 2018). The ions B⁺, Na⁺ condition, from October to December of 2019, at 
and Cl⁻ when present in the citrus leaves at the the Agricultural Experimental Station in Donoso-
levels of 0.005 % to 0.17 % of dry matter, 0.04 Huaral, 90 km north of Lima at 11˚ 31 ̔̕ 17” S 
% and 0.7 % respectively are considered toxic and 77˚ 14 ̕ 6” W and 130 masl. The average 
(Farhangi & Torabian, 2017). Toxicity symptoms temperature was 25.5º C, relative humidity 88.5 
are observed when the levels of Cl⁻ ion in the % and natural light conditions. The plants were 
leaves are 1.0 % dry weight and 0.1 % to 0.25 % provided by the tree nursery AgroViperos located 
for Na⁺. It will induce yield reduction when the in the Sta. Rosa valley near the Agricultural 
Cl⁻ in leaves is 0.2 % dry weight (Syverten et al., Experimental Station. The plants were grown 
1988). for 9 months in a greenhouse in 6.0 kg plastic 
115
Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two different Rootstocks
May - August 2022
bag container with a substrate with EC = 0.05 ‘W. Murcott’ scion. ‘Swingle citrumelo’ roots 
dS/m, pH = 7.7, OM = 10.5 % and CEC = 12.68. showed less leaf loss with ‘Mihowase’ scion 
The scions were: ‘Mihowase’ (C. unshiu Milho), but similar with ‘Primosole’ and ‘W. Murcott’ 
‘Primosole’ (C. ushiu Milho x C. reticulata) and (Table 1 and Figure 1). Similar results have 
“W. Murcot” (C.reticulata x C. sinensis) grated been obtained when engrafted and ungrafted 
on the rootstocks ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni) and rootstocks respond different to salt stress, where 
‘Swingle citrumelo’ (C. paradise x Poncirus engrafted are more susceptible. 
trifoliata L. Raf). The treatments were allocated 
in a complete block design with 3 replications 
and 3 plant per replication.  It was evaluated Plant dry weight
the number of leaves loss at 45 and 90 days, 
fresh and dry weight of roots, stem and leaves, ‘Cleopatra’ rootstock showed 18.13 % plant 
and water loss at 90 days. Plant water content dry weight loss and ‘Swingle citrumelo’ 9.52 
was estimated by the differences between fresh % under 4.5 dS/m salt concentration. They also 
weight less dry weight. Statistical analysis of observed the dry weight loss in stem + leaves and 
the data was done with the SPSS v.22 Statistic in the roots of both rootstocks with more weight 
program and the means were compared with the loss in roots.  The tree cultivars used as scions 
Duncan test (P < 0.05). reduced dry weight loss of both rootstocks but 
‘W. Murcott’ increased the weight loss of stem + 
leaves and roots on ‘Swingle Citrumelo’ (Table 
Results 2, Figure 2, Figura 3, and Figura 4). 
Leaf loss
‘Cleopatra’ rootstocks showed less leaves Plant water loss
loss (18.13 %) when it is compared at the low Plant water content was estimated by the 
and high salt treatments; however, ‘Swingle difference between fresh weigth less dry weight. 
citrumelo’ showed higher leave loss (31.65 %). The plants of ‘Cleopatra’ rootstock losses 26.7 
More leaf loss was observed at the second period % and ‘Swingle citrumelo’ 5.59 % of water, 
of evaluation, 45 to 90 days, in both rootstocks. respectevely. The three cultivars used as scion 
The cultivars used as scions affected the leaf reduce this water loss in ‘Cleopatra’ but incresed 
loss of both rootstocks. ‘Cleopatra’ rootstocks on ‘Swingle citrumelo’ when compared to the 
were not affected by the ‘Mihowase’ scion but rootstocks alone (Table 2 and Figure 5).
presented more leaf loss with the ‘Primosole’ and 
Table 1. Duncan test of the effects of salts stress on the leaves loss of each scion/rootstock 
combination a 45 and 90 days. 
Number of days 0-90 0-45 45-90
Electric conductivity (dS/m) 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5
Cleopatra 14.67 a 17.33 ab 8.00 d 8.67 d 6.67 abc 8.67 abcd
Mihowase/Cleopatra 17.33 ab 16.33 a 0.33 a 1.67 ab 14.67 def 17.00 def
Primosole/Cleopatra 21.33 ab 26.33 ab 3.33 bc 4.00 bc 17.33 def 23.00 f
W. Murcott/Cleopatra 19.00 ab 23.99 ab 4.00 bc 10.00 de 9.67 abcde 19.00 ef
S. Citrumelo 20.00 ab 26.33 ab 9.67 d 11.33 ef 10.33 bcde 15.00 cdef
Mihowase/S. Citrumelo 17.33 ab 17.00 ab 4.67 c 3.00 bc 12.67 cde 14.00 cdef
Primosole/S. Citrumelo 15.33 a 19.00 ab 15.00 g 17.33 h 0.33 a 1.67 ab
W. Murcott/S. Citrumelo 20.33 ab 26.67 ab 8.00 d 12.67 f 12.67 cde 14.00 cdef
Coefficient of Variation (CV) 22.65 11.4 25.2
*Means with the same letter are not statistically different with the Duncan test (P<0.05)
116
Variety/pattern
Velásquez, R., Burga, C., Vargas, L. 
Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 6(2): 114–122(2022)
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930
Figure 1. Effects of salt stress on leaves loss / plant of each scion/rootstock combination at 90 days. *CLE (‘Cleopat-
ra’), MIO (‘Mihowase’), PRI (‘Primosole’), WMU (‘W. Murcott’), CIT (‘Swingle Citrumelo’).
Table 2. Effects of salt stress on plant dry weight and plant water content for each scion/rootstock combination.
Weight part of the 
plant (g) Total Plant Stem+Leaves Roots
Stem+Leaves/ 
Roots Water content in plant
Electric conductivity 
(dS/m) 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5 0.5 4.5
Cleopatra 20.8 ab 17.87 a 16.0 a 11.23 a 6.27 a 4.77 ab 2.79 e 2.33 d 18.7 ab 13.7 abcd
Mihowase/
Cleopatra 61.4 f 61.83 f 44.5 gh 17.0 hi 25.17 ijklm 19.13 fghi 1.51 abc 1.47 abc 33.33 fghij 30.00 abcd
Primosole/
Cleopatra 47.43 de 45.2 de 41.73 gh 18.0 fg 22.77 ghijklm 22.0 ghijkl 1.13 a 1.14 a 24.4 bcdef 23.63 cdefg
W.Murcott/
Cleopatra 65.77 fg 61.97 f 60.13 jkl 19.0 jk 28.93 mno 27.27 klm 1.29 ab 1.27 ab 36.23 ijk 34.37 ghij
S. Citrumelo 25.83 abc 23.27 ab 25.87 cd 20.0 bc 11.83 bcd 10.27 abcd 1.29 a 1.19 ab 19.67 abcd 18.57 abcd
Mihowase/S. 
Citrumelo 45.43 de 41.93 cde 35.87 de 21.0 de 18.43 efgh 16.53 defg 1.56 abc 1.51 abc 24.37 cdefg 18.57 abd
Primosole/S. 
Citrumelo 70.47 g 62.47 f 63.17 kl 22.0 no 34.27 nop 27.2 klm 1.26 a 1.12 ab 35.10 hij 30.37 fghi
W. Murcott/S. 
Citrumelo 64.33 fg 49.87 de 41.6 fg 23.0 j 28.2 ghijkl 22.1 klmn 1.31 ab 1.26 ab 33.9 fghij 25.87 defgh
Coefficient of 
Variation (CV) 19.3 8.8 16.5 22.2 19.01
*Means with the same letter are not statistical different at the Duncan test (P<0.05)
117
Variety/pattern
Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two different Rootstocks
May - August 2022
Figure 2.  Effects of salt stress on plant dry weight (g) for each scion/rootstock combination at 90 days.  *CLE 
(‘Cleopatra’), MIO (‘Mihowase’), PRI (‘Primosole’), WMU (‘W. Murcott’), CIT (‘Swingle citrumelo’).
*CLE (‘Cleopatra’), MIO (‘Mihowase’), PRI (‘Primosole’), WMU (‘W. Murcott’), CIT (‘Swingle Citrumelo’)
Figure 3. Effects of salt stress on roots for each scion/rootstock combination at 90 days.
118
Velásquez, R., Burga, C., Vargas, L. 
Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 6(2): 114–122(2022)
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930
*CLE (‘Cleopatra’), MIO (‘Mihowase’), PRI (‘Primosole’), WMU (‘W. Murcott’), CIT (‘Swingle Citrumelo’)
Figure 4. Effects of salt stress on roots for each scion/rootstock combination at 90 days.
Figure 5. Effects of salt stress on plant water content (g) for each scion/rootstock combination at 90 days. *CLE 
(Cleopatra), MIO (Mihowase), PRI (Primosole), WMU (W. Murcott), CIT (Swingle Citrumelo).
119
Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two different Rootstocks
May - August 2022
Discussion to factors associated with water stress (osmotic 
effect) and constitute a typical mechanism of 
Leaf loss plant resistance under saline conditions. Similar 
The results on leaf defoliation showed that the results have been reported about the effects of 
‘Cleopatra’ rootstock and the three scions grafted salinity on plant mass reduction on different 
in this rootstock presented less leaves loss than scion/rootstocks combination on orange or 
in ‘Swingle citrumelo’ rootstock and the three grapefruit (Brito et al. 2014; Garcia et al. 2016) 
scions in this rootstock. “Rangpur lime” and but there are lack of information on mandarin. 
‘Cleopatra’ mandarin are mentioned as the Much attention has been dedicated to understand 
most salt resistance and ‘Swingle citrumelo’ adverse effects of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ on morphological, 
and trifoliate orange as the most susceptible. physiological, and biochemical processes on 
‘Cleopatra’ resistance to salts is associated with citrus and how these ions contribute to plant 
its capacity to limit the accumulation of Cl⁻ in growth inhibition. Chlorophyll content, net 
leaves.  This response of leaves loss was most CO₂ assimilation rate, transpiration and stomata 
significant at the first 45 days treatment. Similar conductance significantly decrease in response 
results have been observed when the plants were to salinity. The salt–tolerant ‘Cleopatra’ was 
exposed to the salinity treatment from the first less affected on these physiological parameters 
day and they were not applied gradually to allow than the salt-sensitive ‘Swingle citrumelo’ 
plant adaptation to the new conditions (Simpson (Mahmoud et al., 2020). ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin 
et al., 2014). The cultivar ‘Mihowase’ as scion is using a donor of salt tolerance in traditional 
grafted on both rootstocks reduced more leaves breeding programs, because it possesses the three 
loss than the other two cultivar used as scions. mechanism of salt tolerance in citricus; chloride 
Similar results have been reported where the exclusion, water saving and accumulation of 
effects of the scion grafted on a rootstock can soluble solids (Garcia et al., 2016; Rodrigues et 
be linear of quadratic pending in the rootstock al., 2019; Mahmoud et al., 2020).   
(Brito, 2014). The defoliation observed on the 
older leaves, more than 2 months old, did not 
show symptoms of injury like leaf bronzing and/ Plant water loss
or leaf tip yellowing probable because the leaves The two rootstocks, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, 
had less than 0.7 % Cl⁻ dry weight; minimum ‘Swingle citrumelo’, and the scions grafted in 
level of Cl⁻ in leaves to showed up visible these rootstocks presented water loss at 90 days. 
symptoms (Ferguson & Grattan, 2005). The ‘Swingle citrumelo’ and the scions grafted 
on this rootstock showed 48.2 % more water 
loss than the ‘Cleopatra’ rootstock and the scions 
Plant dry weight grafted in it. Similar results have been presented 
The presence of salts reduced total plant dry in previous research on orange (Navarro, 2010) 
weight in all treatments and this reduction but there are still missing information on plant 
on plant biomass was less on the rootstocks dehydration on mandarin cultivars and interaction 
‘Cleopatra’ and its scion combinations than on with different rootstocks combinations. Plants 
the rootstock ‘Swingle citrumelo’ and its scion dehydration under salinity stress presented lower 
combinations. This effect of biomass reduction root hydraulic conductance, leaf and stem water 
was higher on leaves and stems than on roots. potential, decrease in stomata conductance, leaf 
Both rootstocks and their scion combinations ultrastructure disorganization, and photosynthesis 
presented similar leaves and stem dry weight loss, decline, due to more difficulty in taking up water 
however the rootstock ‘Cleopatra’ and its scion from the soil and salt accumulation (Acosta et al., 
combination presented less mass loss than the 2017; Simpson et al., 2014). Specific mechanism 
rootstock ‘Swingle citrumelo’ and lower leaves for salt avoidance, has been suggested for 
plus stem/root ratio. The decrease of shoot/root salt – tolerant ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, like 
ratio is a common response to salt stress, related minimization of salt entry in the plant, decrease 
120
Velásquez, R., Burga, C., Vargas, L. 
Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 6(2): 114–122(2022)
https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1930
of salt concentration in the cytoplast of the ORCID and e-mail
cell (compartmentalization in vacuoles), and 
accumulation of proline, organic and inorganic Velásquez, R. rvelasquez@inia.gob.pe
solutes that reduces cellular osmotic potential https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9951-0136
(Ziogas et al., 2021).  Proline is widely used in Burga, C. caburga00@gmail.com
traditional breeding programs to transfer salt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-6288
tolerant from ‘Cleopatra’. Vargas, L. yems1718@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1509-1975
Conclusions
The combination of mandarin scion/rootstocks References
showed similar growth and biomass responses to Acosta, J. R., Ortuno, M. F., Bernal, A., Diaz, P., 
water salinity as previously reported on orange Sanchez, M. J., & Hernandez, J. A. (2017). 
and grapefruit. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and the Plant responses to salat stress: Adaptive 
scions grafted in it presented more salt tolerant mechanims. Agron. Journal, 7(18), 1–38. 
than ‘Swingle citrumelo’ in all traits under https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7010018 
evaluation like: leaves loss, plant dry weight loss, 
canopy/root ratio decreases and plant water loss. Brito, M., Sonale, K., Dantas, P., Raj, H., Fernandes, 
The response to salinity of the scion/rootstocks J., Dos Santos, W., Soares, A., & Azevedo, 
combinations were also influenced by the scion D. (2014). Growth of undergrafted and 
with being more notorious in the amount of grated citrus rootstocks under saline water 
feeding roots.  Mandarin agronomic practices irrigation. African Journal of Agricultural 
should take in consideration the combination Research, 9(50), 3600–3609. https://doi.
scion/rootstock. org/10.5897/2014.9039  
Etehadpour, M., Fatahi, R., Zamani, Z., Golein, 
B., Naghavi, M. R., & Gmitter, F. (2020). 
Acknowledgements Evaluation of the salinity tolerance of 
This work was financed by the National Iranian citrus rootstocks using morph-
Program Agrarian Innovation (Project 191_PI). physiological and molecular methods. 
The authors want to thanks INIA Donoso – Sci. Hortic., 261, 109012. https://doi.
Huaral for its support. org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109012 
Ferguson, L., & S. R. Grattan. (2005). How 
salinity damages citrus: Osmotic effects 
Author contributions and specific ion toxicities. HortTechnology, 
15(1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.21273/
Elaboration and execution, development of HORTTECH.15.1.0095 
methodology, conception and design; editing 
of articles and supervision of the study have Farhangi, S., & Torabian, S. (2017). Antioxidant 
involved all authors. enzyme and osmotic adjustment changes in 
bean seedlings as affected by biochar under 
salt stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ., 137, 64–
Conflicts of interest 70. https://10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.029 
The signing authors of this research work 
declare that they have no potential conflict of 
personal or economic interest with other people 
or organizations that could unduly influence this 
manuscript.
121
Effects of Salinity on three Mandarin Cultivars grafted on two different Rootstocks
May - August 2022
Garcia, M. R., Bernet, G. P., Puchades, J., Gomes, of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange grafted onto 
I., Cabonell, E. A., & Asins, M. J.  (2016). rootstocks in the state of Acre. Brazil. 
Reliable and easy screening technique Pesq. Agropec. Bras., (54), 56–62. https://
for salt tolerance of citrus rootstock doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2019.
under controlled environment. Austral. v54.01349 
J. Agr. Res., (53), 653–662. https://doi.
org/10.1071/AR01071 Simpson C.R., Nelson, S., Melgar, J., Jifon, J., 
Schuster G., & Volder. A.  (2014). Growth 
Gonzales, D. (2017). Patrones y variedades de response of grated and ungrafted citrus 
cítricos. Un recorrido histórico [Master trees to saline irrigation. Sci. Horticult. 
thesis, Universidad Miguel Hernández de 169, 199–205. https://doi/10.1016/J.
Elche]. SCIENTA.2014.02.020 
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M., Chowdhury, Siddiqui, H., Hayat, S., & Bajguz, A. (2018). 
A., Rahman, K., Nowroz, F., Rahman, M., Regulation of photosynthesis by brassi-
Nahar, K., & Fujita, M. (2021). Regulation nosteroids in plants. Acta Physiol Plant, 
of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant 40(3), 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-
defense in plants under salinity. Int. J. Mol. 018-2639-2
Sci., 22(17), 9326. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijms22179326 Syvertsen, J. P, Lloyd J. & Riedmann, E. (1988). 
Salinity and drought effects on foliar ion 
Khoshbakht, D., Asghari, M., & Haghighi, concentration, water relation, and photo-
M. (2018). Effects of foliar applications synthetic characteristics of  orchard citrus. 
of nitric oxide and spermidine on Australian Journal of Agricultural Re-
chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis search, 39, 619–627
and antioxidant enzyme activities of 
citrus seedlings under salinity stress. Vardi. A., Spiegel-Roy R., Ben Hayim, G., 
Photosynthetica, 56, 1313–1325. https:// Neumann, H., & Shalhevet, J. (1988). 
doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0839-z Response of Shamouti orange and 
Minneola tangelo on six rootstocks to 
Lauchli, A., & Epstein, F. (1990). Plant responses salt stress. Proc. 6th Intl.  Citrus Congr., 
to saline and sodic conditions. In K. K. Tanj 1,188-192
(Ed.), Agricultural salinity assessment and 
management (pp.113–137). ASCE Manual Ziogas, V., Tanau, G., Morianou, G., Kourgialas, 
and Rpts. on Eng. Practice Nº 71 Amer. N., & Kourgialas, N. (2021). Drought and 
Soc. Chem. Eng. Salinity in Citriculture. Optimal Practices 
to alleviate salinity and Water Stress. 
Mahmoud, L., Dutt, M., Vicent, Ch. I., & Agronomy, 11(7), 1 – 15. https://doi.
Grosser, J. D.  (2020). Salinity-induced org/10.3390/agronomy11071283 
Physiological Responses of Three 
Putative Salt Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks. Zahra, N., Ali, Z., & Mahmood, S. (2020). Effect 
Horticulturae 6(4) 90–94. https:// of salinity stress on various growth and 
doi:10.3390/horticulturae6040090   physiological attributes of two contrastring 
maize genotypes. Agriculture, Agribusiness 
Navarro, J., Lopez, A., Garcia, B., Andujar, J., and Biotechnology, 63, 1-10.  http://doi.
Tallon, C., & Porras, I. (2010). Estudios org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020200072 
de la respuesta a la salinidad de diferentes 
patrones de cítricos. XII Congreso Iberico 
de Horticultura. Actas, 112-115
Rodrigues, M. J. Da S., Romero, A., Sebastiao, 
E., Dos Santos, W., Giraldi, E. A., Saraiva 
L., & Oliveira. U.  (2019). Performance 
122